Barbizon school

(bär'bĭzōN`, bär`bĭzŏn'), an informal school of French landscape painting that flourished c.1830–1870. Its name derives from the village of Barbizon, a favorite residence of the painters associated with the school. Théodore RousseauRousseau, Théodore
, 1812–67, French landscape painter; leader of the Barbizon school. He first received recognition in the Salon of 1848 and was commissioned by the state to paint his Sortie de la forêt de Fontainebleau (Louvre).
..... Click the link for more information. was the principal figure of the group, which included the artists Jules DupréDupré, Jules
, 1811?–1889, French landscape painter of the Barbizon school. He excelled in portraying dramatic and tragic aspects of nature. A frequent and honored exhibitor at the Salon, Dupré spent his last years at L'Isle-Adam, where some of his best work
..... Click the link for more information. , Narciso Diaz de la PeñaDiaz de la Peña, Narciso Virgilio
, 1808–76, French landscape and figure painter of the Barbizon school, b. Bordeaux, of Spanish parents. Mainly self-taught, he was influenced by Delacroix and Théodore Rousseau.
..... Click the link for more information. , Constant TroyonTroyon, Constant
, 1810–65, French painter of the Barbizon school, famous for his pictures of animals, particularly cows, in landscape. Among his paintings are Oxen at Work (Louvre) and Holland Cattle and Road in the Woods (Metropolitan Mus.).
..... Click the link for more information. , and Charles-François DaubignyDaubigny, Charles-François
, 1817–78, French landscape painter. He went to Italy early in life and later studied in Paris with Paul Delaroche. Although usually classed with the Barbizon school, he never lived in Barbizon.
..... Click the link for more information. . These men reacted against the conventions of classical landscape and advocated a direct study of nature. Their work was strongly influenced by 17th-century Dutch landscape masters including RuisdaelRuisdael or Ruysdael, Jacob van
, c.1628–1682, Dutch painter and etcher, the most celebrated of the Dutch landscape painters.
..... Click the link for more information. , CuypCuyp
or Kuyp
, family of Dutch painters of Dordrecht. Jacob Gerritszoon Cuyp, 1594–c.1651, pupil of Abraham Bloemaert, was a portrait and landscape painter.
..... Click the link for more information. , and HobbemaHobbema, Meindert
, 1638–1709, Dutch landscape painter. In landscape art Hobbema was second only to his contemporary Jacob van Ruisdael, with whom he may have studied. Most of his life was spent in a poor district of Amsterdam, where he died a pauper.
..... Click the link for more information. . CorotCorot, Jean-Baptiste Camille
, 1796–1875, French landscape painter, b. Paris. Corot was one of the most influential of 19th-century painters. The son of shopkeepers, he worked in textile shops until 1822, when he began to study painting.
..... Click the link for more information. and MilletMillet, Jean François,
1814–75, French painter. He was born into a poor farming family. In 1837 an award enabled him to go to Paris, where he studied with Delaroche.
..... Click the link for more information. are often associated with the Barbizon group, but in fact Corot's poetic approach and Millet's humanitarian outlook place them outside the development of the school. The Barbizon painters helped prepare for the subsequent development of the impressionist schools. Paintings of the Barbizon school were very popular with American collectors of the late 19th and early 20th cent. and influenced American painters of this period. The school is well represented in American collections, notably the Corcoran Gallery, the Isaac Delgado Museum of Art, New Orleans, the Metropolitan Museum, and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Bibliography

See American Art Assn., Master Prints of the Barbizon School (1970); studies by J. Bouret (tr. 1973) and C. R. Sprague (1982).

Barbizon School

a group of French masters of realistic landscape painting of the 1830’s to 1860’s. It received its name from the village of Barbizon near Fontainebleau (southeast of Paris), where some of the members of the group did a great deal of painting.

The Barbizon school began during an upswing of the democratic movement, the development of national realistic art, and a crisis of the academic and romantic schools. In contrast to the idealization and conventionality of the “historical landscape” of the academics and the romantic cult of the imagination, the Barbizon school affirmed the aesthetic value of real nature in France—its forests and fields, rivers and mountain valleys, and towns and villages in their everyday aspects. In consistently creating a realistic system of landscape painting, the Barbizon artists drew on the heritage of Dutch 17th-century painting and the work of the English landscape painters of the early 19th century, John Constable and R. Bonington. First and foremost, however, they developed the realistic tendencies of French landscape painting of the 18th and first quarter of the 19th centuries—especially G. Michel and the leading masters of the romantic “school, T. Géricault, E. Delacroix, and P. Huet. The Barbizon painters freed landscape painting from the prescribed norms and observed and studied various areas of France directly. Besides Barbizon, they worked in many districts of Ile-de-France, Picardy, Normandy, Burgundy, Auvergne, Dauphiné, and others. They strove to individualize landscape subjects and to represent various states of nature, light, and air. The Barbizon painters attached great importance to artistic generalization and to the spiritual nature of the landscape—its emotional and visual integrity and its ties linking nature and the daily lives of ordinary people. Work from nature on a study or a picture and the artist’s intimate association with nature were combined in the Barbizon school with a tendency toward an epic breadth of images sometimes akin to a peculiar kind of romanticism and heroism. Chamber pictures were alternated with large landscape canvases. The Barbizon school systematically developed a method of tonal painting, restrained and at times almost monochromatic, rich in fine hues and nuances of light and color—subdued brown, ochre, and green tones are vitalized by occasional loud accents. The composition in the landscapes of the Barbizon school is natural but carefully constructed and balanced.

The older generation of Barbizon artists, T. Rousseau, J. Dupré, N. V. Diaz, preserving a definite tie with the romantic school, accentuated the heroic principles of the landscape, its plastic qualities, the material nature of the images, and the emotional role of light. The greatest representative of the younger generation, C. F. Daubigny, attached a great deal of importance to spontaneous impressions and an exact definition of the states of the surrounding air and light. A number of the Barbizon artists and the masters who were close to them, such as C. Troyon, C. Jacque, and R. Bonheur, attached substantive importance to genre and animal images in landscape painting, which were an organic part of the texture of the picture in the works of the leading artists. Many French painters of the 19th century show a closeness to the Barbizon school—for example, C. Corot in a number of his landscapes. J. F. Millet, who worked for many years in Barbizon, had particularly close ties with the Barbizon school. The influence of the Barbizon school on the subsequent development of realistic landscape painting was great in France (G. Courbet and E. Boudin) and in other countries (the Dutch artist J. B. Jongkind, the Belgian H. Boulenger, the Hungarians M. Munkacsy and L. Paal, the Pole J. Szermentowski, the Rumanian N. Grigorescu, the American landscape painter G. Inness, and the Russian landscape painters A. P. Bogoliubov, A. K. Savrasov, and F. A. Vasil’ev).

REFERENCES

Iavorskaia, N. V. Peizazh barbizonskoi shkoly. Moscow, 1962.
Dorbec, P. L’art du paysage en France. Paris, 1925.

单词	barbizon school
释义	Barbizon School Barbizon School (ˈbɑːbɪˌzɒn) n (Art Movements) a group of French painters of landscapes of the 1840s, including Théodore Rousseau, Daubigny, Diaz, Corot, and Millet[C19: from Barbizon a village near Paris and a favourite haunt of the painters] Barbizon school Barbizon school (bär'bĭzōN`, bär`bĭzŏn'), an informal school of French landscape painting that flourished c.1830–1870. Its name derives from the village of Barbizon, a favorite residence of the painters associated with the school. Théodore RousseauRousseau, Théodore , 1812–67, French landscape painter; leader of the Barbizon school. He first received recognition in the Salon of 1848 and was commissioned by the state to paint his Sortie de la forêt de Fontainebleau (Louvre). ..... Click the link for more information. was the principal figure of the group, which included the artists Jules DupréDupré, Jules , 1811?–1889, French landscape painter of the Barbizon school. He excelled in portraying dramatic and tragic aspects of nature. A frequent and honored exhibitor at the Salon, Dupré spent his last years at L'Isle-Adam, where some of his best work ..... Click the link for more information. , Narciso Diaz de la PeñaDiaz de la Peña, Narciso Virgilio , 1808–76, French landscape and figure painter of the Barbizon school, b. Bordeaux, of Spanish parents. Mainly self-taught, he was influenced by Delacroix and Théodore Rousseau. ..... Click the link for more information. , Constant TroyonTroyon, Constant , 1810–65, French painter of the Barbizon school, famous for his pictures of animals, particularly cows, in landscape. Among his paintings are Oxen at Work (Louvre) and Holland Cattle and Road in the Woods (Metropolitan Mus.). ..... Click the link for more information. , and Charles-François DaubignyDaubigny, Charles-François , 1817–78, French landscape painter. He went to Italy early in life and later studied in Paris with Paul Delaroche. Although usually classed with the Barbizon school, he never lived in Barbizon. ..... Click the link for more information. . These men reacted against the conventions of classical landscape and advocated a direct study of nature. Their work was strongly influenced by 17th-century Dutch landscape masters including RuisdaelRuisdael or Ruysdael, Jacob van , c.1628–1682, Dutch painter and etcher, the most celebrated of the Dutch landscape painters. ..... Click the link for more information. , CuypCuyp or Kuyp , family of Dutch painters of Dordrecht. Jacob Gerritszoon Cuyp, 1594–c.1651, pupil of Abraham Bloemaert, was a portrait and landscape painter. ..... Click the link for more information. , and HobbemaHobbema, Meindert , 1638–1709, Dutch landscape painter. In landscape art Hobbema was second only to his contemporary Jacob van Ruisdael, with whom he may have studied. Most of his life was spent in a poor district of Amsterdam, where he died a pauper. ..... Click the link for more information. . CorotCorot, Jean-Baptiste Camille , 1796–1875, French landscape painter, b. Paris. Corot was one of the most influential of 19th-century painters. The son of shopkeepers, he worked in textile shops until 1822, when he began to study painting. ..... Click the link for more information. and MilletMillet, Jean François, 1814–75, French painter. He was born into a poor farming family. In 1837 an award enabled him to go to Paris, where he studied with Delaroche. ..... Click the link for more information. are often associated with the Barbizon group, but in fact Corot's poetic approach and Millet's humanitarian outlook place them outside the development of the school. The Barbizon painters helped prepare for the subsequent development of the impressionist schools. Paintings of the Barbizon school were very popular with American collectors of the late 19th and early 20th cent. and influenced American painters of this period. The school is well represented in American collections, notably the Corcoran Gallery, the Isaac Delgado Museum of Art, New Orleans, the Metropolitan Museum, and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Bibliography See American Art Assn., Master Prints of the Barbizon School (1970); studies by J. Bouret (tr. 1973) and C. R. Sprague (1982). Barbizon School a group of French masters of realistic landscape painting of the 1830’s to 1860’s. It received its name from the village of Barbizon near Fontainebleau (southeast of Paris), where some of the members of the group did a great deal of painting. The Barbizon school began during an upswing of the democratic movement, the development of national realistic art, and a crisis of the academic and romantic schools. In contrast to the idealization and conventionality of the “historical landscape” of the academics and the romantic cult of the imagination, the Barbizon school affirmed the aesthetic value of real nature in France—its forests and fields, rivers and mountain valleys, and towns and villages in their everyday aspects. In consistently creating a realistic system of landscape painting, the Barbizon artists drew on the heritage of Dutch 17th-century painting and the work of the English landscape painters of the early 19th century, John Constable and R. Bonington. First and foremost, however, they developed the realistic tendencies of French landscape painting of the 18th and first quarter of the 19th centuries—especially G. Michel and the leading masters of the romantic “school, T. Géricault, E. Delacroix, and P. Huet. The Barbizon painters freed landscape painting from the prescribed norms and observed and studied various areas of France directly. Besides Barbizon, they worked in many districts of Ile-de-France, Picardy, Normandy, Burgundy, Auvergne, Dauphiné, and others. They strove to individualize landscape subjects and to represent various states of nature, light, and air. The Barbizon painters attached great importance to artistic generalization and to the spiritual nature of the landscape—its emotional and visual integrity and its ties linking nature and the daily lives of ordinary people. Work from nature on a study or a picture and the artist’s intimate association with nature were combined in the Barbizon school with a tendency toward an epic breadth of images sometimes akin to a peculiar kind of romanticism and heroism. Chamber pictures were alternated with large landscape canvases. The Barbizon school systematically developed a method of tonal painting, restrained and at times almost monochromatic, rich in fine hues and nuances of light and color—subdued brown, ochre, and green tones are vitalized by occasional loud accents. The composition in the landscapes of the Barbizon school is natural but carefully constructed and balanced. The older generation of Barbizon artists, T. Rousseau, J. Dupré, N. V. Diaz, preserving a definite tie with the romantic school, accentuated the heroic principles of the landscape, its plastic qualities, the material nature of the images, and the emotional role of light. The greatest representative of the younger generation, C. F. Daubigny, attached a great deal of importance to spontaneous impressions and an exact definition of the states of the surrounding air and light. A number of the Barbizon artists and the masters who were close to them, such as C. Troyon, C. Jacque, and R. Bonheur, attached substantive importance to genre and animal images in landscape painting, which were an organic part of the texture of the picture in the works of the leading artists. Many French painters of the 19th century show a closeness to the Barbizon school—for example, C. Corot in a number of his landscapes. J. F. Millet, who worked for many years in Barbizon, had particularly close ties with the Barbizon school. The influence of the Barbizon school on the subsequent development of realistic landscape painting was great in France (G. Courbet and E. Boudin) and in other countries (the Dutch artist J. B. Jongkind, the Belgian H. Boulenger, the Hungarians M. Munkacsy and L. Paal, the Pole J. Szermentowski, the Rumanian N. Grigorescu, the American landscape painter G. Inness, and the Russian landscape painters A. P. Bogoliubov, A. K. Savrasov, and F. A. Vasil’ev). REFERENCES Iavorskaia, N. V. Peizazh barbizonskoi shkoly. Moscow, 1962. Dorbec, P. L’art du paysage en France. Paris, 1925.
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