| 释义 |
pica
pi·ca 1 P0283600 (pī′kə)n.1. a. A printer's unit of type size, equal to 12 points or about 1/6 of an inch.b. An equivalent unit of composition measurement used in determining the dimensions of lines, illustrations, or printed pages.2. A type size for typewriters, providing ten characters to the inch.
[Probably from Medieval Latin pīca, list of church services (perhaps from the typeface used to print it).]
pi·ca 2 P0283600 (pī′kə)n. A psychiatric disorder characterized by the compulsive eating of nonfood substances, such as soil, clay, ice, or hair.
[New Latin pīca, from Latin, magpie (from its omnivorous nature).]pica (ˈpaɪkə) n1. (Printing, Lithography & Bookbinding) Also called: em or pica em a printer's unit of measurement, equal to 12 points or 0.166 ins2. (Printing, Lithography & Bookbinding) (formerly) a size of printer's type equal to 12 point3. (Printing, Lithography & Bookbinding) a typewriter type size having 10 characters to the inch[C15: from Anglo-Latin pīca list of ecclesiastical regulations, apparently from Latin pīca magpie, with reference to its habit of making collections of miscellaneous items; the connection between the original sense (ecclesiastical list) and the typography meanings is obscure]
pica (ˈpaɪkə) n (Pathology) pathol an abnormal craving to ingest substances such as clay, dirt, or hair, sometimes occurring during pregnancy, in persons with chlorosis, etc[C16: from medical Latin, from Latin: magpie, being an allusion to its omnivorous feeding habits]pi•ca1 (ˈpaɪ kə)
n., pl. -cas. 1. a 12-point type of a size between small pica and English. 2. the depth of this type size as a unit of linear measurement for type, pages containing type, etc.; one sixth of an inch. 3. a 12-point type, widely used for typewriters, having 10 characters to the inch. Compare elite (def. 4). [1580–90; appar. < Medieval Latin pīca collection of church rules, literally, pie2, on the model of other type sizes, as brevier and canon, orig. used in printing liturgical books] pi•ca2 (ˈpaɪ kə)
n. an abnormal appetite or craving for substances that are not fit to eat, as chalk or clay. [1555–65; < New Latin, figurative use of Latin pīca jay, magpie, with ref. to its omnivorous feeding] picaA unit of length, used by printers, approximately equal to 1⁄6 in.Thesaurus| Noun | 1. | pica - an eating disorder, frequent in children, in which non-nutritional objects are eaten persistentlygeophagia, geophagy - eating earth, clay, chalk; occurs in some primitive tribes, sometimes in cases of nutritional deficiency or obsessive behavioreating disorder - a disorder of the normal eating routine | | 2. | pica - a linear unit (1/6 inch) used in printingpica em, emlinear measure, linear unit - a unit of measurement of lengthin, inch - a unit of length equal to one twelfth of a footpoint - a linear unit used to measure the size of type; approximately 1/72 inchen, nut - half the width of an em | | 3. | Pica - magpiesgenus Picabird genus - a genus of birdsCorvidae, family Corvidae - crow; raven; rook; jackdaw; chough; magpie; jaymagpie - long-tailed black-and-white crow that utters a raucous chattering call |
Translations
pica
pica Pathol an abnormal craving to ingest substances such as clay, dirt, or hair, sometimes occurring during pregnancy, in persons with chlorosis, etc. pica[′pī·kə] (graphic arts) A printer's unit of measurement, 0.166044 inch (approximately ⅙ inch) and equal to 12 points. (medicine) Craving for substances not normally used as food; an abnormal appetite; sometimes seen in hysterical patients or during pregnancy. pica(1) In word processing, a monospaced font that prints 10 characters per inch.
(2) In typography, about 1/6th of an inch (0.166") or 12 points.pica
Pica DefinitionPica is the persistent craving and compulsive eating of nonfood substances. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, classifies it as a feeding and eating disorder of childhood.DescriptionThe puzzling phenomenon of pica has been recognized and described since ancient times. Pica has been observed in ethnic groups worldwide, in both primitive and modernized cultures, in both sexes, and in all age groups. The word pica comes from the Latin name for magpie, a bird known for its unusual and indiscriminate eating habits. In addition to humans, pica has been observed in other animals, including the chimpanzee.Pica in humans has many different subgroups, defined by the substance that is ingested. Some of the most commonly described types of pica are eating earth, soil or clay (geophagia), ice (pagophagia) and starch (amylophagia). However, pica involving dozens of other substances, including cigarette butts and ashes, hair, paint chips, and paper have also been reported. In one unusual case, the patient ingested transdermal patches of fentanyl, an opioid medication given for severe pain. Eating the skin patch increased the patient's dose of the drug by a factor of 10.Although pica can occur in individuals of any background, a higher incidence of pica is associated with:- pregnancy
- developmental delay and mental retardation
- psychiatric disease and autism
- early childhood
- poor nutrition or low blood levels of iron and other minerals
- certain cultural or religious traditions
Causes and symptomsEvidence suggests that there may be several causes of pica. One widely held theory points to iron deficiency as a major cause of pica. Several reports have described pica in individuals with documented iron deficiency, although there has been uncertainty as to whether the iron deficiency was a cause of pica or a result of it. Because some substances, such as clay, are believed to block the absorption of iron into the bloodstream, it was thought that low blood levels of iron could be the direct result of pica. However, some studies have shown that pica cravings in individuals with iron deficiency stop once iron supplements are given to correct the deficiency. Another study looked specifically at the rate of iron absorption during pica conditions and normal dietary behavior, and showed that the iron absorption was not decreased by pica. In addition, low blood levels of iron commonly occur in pregnant women and those with poor nutrition, two populations at higher risk for pica. Such findings offer strong support of iron deficiency as a cause, rather than result, of pica.Other reports suggest that pica may have a psychological basis and may even fall into the spectrum of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Pica has a higher incidence in populations with an underlying diagnosis involving mental functioning. These diagnoses include psychiatric conditions like schizophrenia, developmental disorders including autism, and conditions with mental retardation. These conditions are not characterized by iron deficiency, which supports a psychological component in the cause of pica.Cultural and religious traditions may also play a role in pica behavior. In some cultures, nonfood substances are believed to have positive health or spiritual effects. Among some African Americans in the south, ingesting a particular kind of white clay is believed to promote health and reduce morning sickness during pregnancy. Other cultures practice pica out of belief that eating a particular substance may promote fertility or bring good luck.The hallmark feature of pica, consistently consuming nonfood substances, often does not present publicly. People may be embarrassed to admit to these unusual eating habits, and may hide it from their family and physician. In other cases, an individual may not report the pica to a physician simply because of a lack of knowledge of pica's potential medical significance.Because the eating behaviors of pica are not usually detected or reported, it is the complications of the behavior that bring it to attention. Complications vary, depending on the type of pica. Geophagia has potential side effects that most commonly affect the intestine and bowel. Complications can include constipation, cramping, pain, obstruction caused by formation of an indigestible mass, perforation from sharp objects like rocks or gravel, and contamination and infection from soil-dwelling parasites.Amylophagia usually involves the consumption of cornstarch and, less frequently, laundry starch. The high caloric content of starch can cause excessive weight gain, while at the same time leading to malnutrition, as starch contributes "empty" calories lacking vitamins and minerals. Amylophagia during pregnancy can mimic gestational diabetes in its presentation and even in its potential harmful effects on the fetus.Pica involving the ingestion of substances such as lead-based paint or paper containing mercury can cause symptoms of toxic poisoning. Compulsive consumption of even a seemingly harmless substance like ice (pagophagia) can have negative side effects, including decreased absorption of nutrients by the gut.DiagnosisIn order for the diagnosis of pica to be made, there must be a history of persistent consumption of a nonfood substance continuing for a minimum period of one month. Infants and toddlers are typically excluded from this diagnosis since mouthing objects is a normal developmental behavior at that age. Individuals with mental retardation who function at or below an approximate cognitive level of 18 months may also be exempt form this diagnosis.Pica is most often diagnosed when a report of such behaviors can be provided by the patient or documented by another individual. In other cases, pica is diagnosed after studies have been performed to assess the presenting symptoms. For example, imaging studies ordered to assess severe gastrointestinal complaints may reveal intestinal blockage with an opaque substance; such a finding is suggestive of pica. Biopsy of intestinal contents can also reveal findings, such as parasitic infection, consistent with pica. Pica may also be suspected if abnormal levels of certain minerals or chemicals are detected in the blood.Pica in pregnant women is sometimes diagnosed after childbirth because of a health problem in the newborn caused by the substance(s) ingested by the mother. In one instance reported in Chicago, a newborn girl was treated for lead poisoning caused by her mother's eating fragments of lead-glazed pottery during pregnancy.TreatmentTreatment of pica will often depend on the cause and type of pica. Conventional medical treatment may be appropriate in certain situations. For example, supplementation with iron-containing vitamins has been shown to cause the unusual cravings to subside in some iron-deficient patients.Medical complications and health threats, including high lead levels, bowel perforation or intestinal obstruction, will require additional medical management, beyond addressing the underlying issue of pica.Alternative treatmentBecause most cases of pica do not have an obvious medical cause, treatment with counseling, education, and nutritional management is often more successful and more appropriate than treatment with medication. Some therapists specializing in eating disorders may have expertise in treating pica.PrognosisThe prognosis for individuals with pica varies greatly, according to the type and amount of substance ingested, the extent of presenting side effects, and the success of treatment. Many of the side effects and complications of pica can be reversed once the behavior is stopped, while other complications, including infection and bowel perforation, pose significant health threats and if not successfully treated may result in death.When seen in children, pica behavior tends to lessen with age. However, individuals with a history of pica are more likely to experience it again. Counseling and nutritional education can reduce the risk of recurrence.PreventionThere are no known methods of preventing pica. However, once pica is known or suspected, measures can be taken to reduce further ingestion of nonfood substances. Removing the particular substance from readily accessible areas can be helpful. Close observation of the individual with pica may limit inappropriate eating behaviors.Key termsAmylophagia — The compulsive eating of purified starch, typically cornstarch or laundry starch.Geophagia — The compulsive eating of earthy substances, including sand, soil, and clay.Pagophagia — The compulsive eating of ice.ResourcesBooksAmerican Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed, revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.Beers, Mark H., MD, and Robert Berkow, MD., editors. "Anemias." In The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 2004.Beers, Mark H., MD, and Robert Berkow, MD., editors. "Malnutrition." Section 1, Chapter 2 In The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 2002.PeriodicalsJackson, W. Clay. "Amylophagia Presenting as Gestational Diabetes." Archives of Family Medicine 9 (July 2000): 649-652.Kirschner, Jeffrey. "Management of Pica: A Medical Enigma." American Family Physician 63, no. 6 (March 15, 2001): 1169. http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010315/tips/9.html.Liappas, I. A., N. P. Dimopoulos, E. Mellos, et al. "Oral Transmucosal Abuse of Transdermal Fentanyl." Journal of Psychopharmacology 18 (June 2004): 277-280.Moya, J., C. F. Bearer, and R. A. Etzel. "Children's Behavior and Physiology and How It Affects Exposure to Environmental Contaminants." Pediatrics 113 (April 2004): 996-1006.Mycyk, M. B., and J. B. Leikin. "Combined Exchange Transfusion and Chelation Therapy for Neonatal Lead Poisoning." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 38 (May 2004): 821-824.OrganizationsAmerican Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 3615 Wisconsin Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20016-3007. (202) 966-7300. Fax: (202) 966-2891. http://www.aacap.org.Other"Pica: Dirt Eating or 'Geophagy'." Support, Concern and Resources For Eating Disorders, 2000. http://www.eating-disorder.org/pica.html."Pica." KidsHealth. The Nemours Foundation, 2001. http://kidshealth.org/parent/emotions/behavior/pica.html.pica [pi´kah] (L.) compulsive eating of nonnutritive substances, such as ice (pagophagia), dirt (geophagia), gravel, flaking paint or plaster, clay, hair (trichophagia), or laundry starch (amylophagia). It is often seen during pregnancy and also occurs in some patients with iron or zinc deficiencies. In children this syndrome, classified with the eating disorders in DSM-IV, is a rare mental disorder with onset typically in the second year of life; it usually remits in childhood but may persist into adolescence.pi·ca (pī'kă, pē'kă), A perverted appetite for substances not fit as food or of no nutritional value; for example, clay, dried paint, starch, ice. [L. pica, magpie] pica (pī′kə)n. A psychiatric disorder characterized by the compulsive eating of nonfood substances, such as soil, clay, ice, or hair.pica The oral ingestion of material and substances which are not regarded as food. While this is often pronounced in the UK as it is in the US, there exists a less common UK-specific pronunciation.
Pronunciation
Medspeak-UK: pronounced, PEE kuh
Medspeak-US: pronounced, PIE kuhpica Psychiatry An eating disorder consisting of the craving and eating of unusual foods or other substances with no known nutritional value, 'classically' associated with iron-deficiency anemia Other ingestants Paint, laundry starch, ice–pagophagia, newspapers; pica also occurs in zinc, copper and vitamin deficiencies Associations Various medical conditions, pregnancy, mental disorders. See Geophagy. pi·ca (pī'kă) An appetite for substances not fit as food or of no nutritional value (e.g., clay, dried paint, starch). [L. pica, magpie]pica A craving for, and the eating of, unsuitable material such as sand, earth, chalk or coal. Pica is commoner during pregnancy than at other times and may occur in cases of iron-deficiency anaemia. Also known as paroxia.pi·ca (pī'kă) Perverted appetite for substances not fit as food or of no nutritional value; e.g., clay, dried paint, starch, ice. [L. pica, magpie]FinancialSeeEmPICA
| Acronym | Definition |
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| PICA➣Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery | | PICA➣Picatinny Arsenal | | PICA➣Prudential Insurance Company of America | | PICA➣Project Interface Control Agreement | | PICA➣Portland Institute for Contemporary Art | | PICA➣Publications in Construction and Agriculture (Association of Equipment Manufacturers) | | PICA➣Podiatry Insurance Company of America (Franklin, TN) | | PICA➣Pacific Islanders' Cultural Association | | PICA➣Power Industry Computer Applications (Conference) | | PICA➣Picosecond Imaging Circuit Analysis | | PICA➣Pacific Institute of Culinary Arts (British Columbia, Canada) | | PICA➣Parasite Infected Cell Agglutination Assay | | PICA➣Polymerization-Induced Colloid Aggregation | | PICA➣Professional Investigating & Consulting Agency, Inc. (Tampa, FL) | | PICA➣Programa de Investigacion de Cultivos Andinos (Peru) | | PICA➣Plum Island Community Airfield, Inc (Massachusetts, USA) | | PICA➣Primary Inventory Control Activity/Agent | | PICA➣Preliminary Inventory Control Activity | | PICA➣Procedures for Inventory Control Afloat | | PICA➣Porch Index Communication Abilities | | PICA➣Prime Interest/Coordinating/Action |
pica
Synonyms for picanoun an eating disorder, frequent in children, in which non-nutritional objects are eaten persistentlyRelated Words- geophagia
- geophagy
- eating disorder
noun a linear unit (1/6 inch) used in printingSynonymsRelated Words- linear measure
- linear unit
- in
- inch
- point
- en
- nut
noun magpiesSynonymsRelated Words- bird genus
- Corvidae
- family Corvidae
- magpie
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