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单词 shorthand
释义

shorthand


short·hand

S0363800 (shôrt′hănd′)n.1. A system of rapid handwriting employing symbols to represent words, phrases, and letters.2. A system, form, or instance of abbreviated or formulaic reference: "The classical error is to regard a scientific law as only a shorthand for its instances" (Jacob Bronowski).

shorthand

(ˈʃɔːtˌhænd) na. a system of rapid handwriting employing simple strokes and other symbols to represent words or phrasesb. (as modifier): a shorthand typist.

short•hand

(ˈʃɔrtˌhænd)

n. 1. a method of rapid handwriting using simple strokes, abbreviations, or symbols that designate letters, words, or phrases. 2. a simplified or abbreviated form or system of communicating. adj. 3. of, pertaining to, or using shorthand. 4. written in shorthand. [1630–40]
Thesaurus
Noun1.shorthand - a method of writing rapidlyshorthand - a method of writing rapidly stenography, tachygraphyhandwriting, script, hand - something written by hand; "she recognized his handwriting"; "his hand was illegible"
Adj.1.shorthand - written in abbreviated or symbolic form; "shorthand notes"written - set down in writing in any of various ways; "written evidence"
Translations
速记

short

(ʃoːt) adjective1. not long. You look nice with your hair short; Do you think my dress is too short? 短的 短的2. not tall; smaller than usual. a short man. 矮的 矮的3. not lasting long; brief. a short film; in a very short time; I've a very short memory for details. 短暫的 短暂的4. not as much as it should be. When I checked my change, I found it was 20 cents short. 短少的 短少的5. (with of) not having enough (money etc). Most of us are short of money these days. 缺少的 缺少的6. (of pastry) made so that it is crisp and crumbles easily. 脆的 脆的 adverb1. suddenly; abruptly. He stopped short when he saw me. 突然地,猛然 突然,急忙 2. not as far as intended. The shot fell short. 未達目標 达不到预想程度地ˈshortness noun 短,矮 短,矮 ˈshortage (-tidʒ) noun a lack; the state of not having enough. a shortage of water. 缺少 缺少ˈshorten verb to make or become shorter. The dress is too long – we'll have to shorten it. 弄短,變短 弄短,缩短 ˈshortening noun (especially American) the fat used for making pastry. (尤在美國)製作糕點時所使用的油脂 食用油脂(酥油/雪白奶油) ˈshortly adverb soon. He will be here shortly; Shortly after that, the police arrived. 不久 不久,即刻 shorts noun plural short trousers for men or women. 短褲 短裤ˈshortbread noun a kind of crisp, crumbling biscuit. 奶油酥餅 奶油脆饼ˌshort-ˈchange verb to cheat (a buyer) by giving him too little change. 少找零錢欺騙客人 故意少找给顾客零头short circuit the missing out by an electric current of a part of an electrical circuit (verb ˌshort-ˈcircuit) 短路 短路ˈshortcoming noun a fault. 缺點 缺点ˈshortcut noun a quicker way between two places. I'm in a hurry – I'll take a shortcut across the field. 捷徑 近路,捷径 ˈshorthand noun a method of writing rapidly, using strokes, dots etc to represent sounds. 速記 速记ˌshort-ˈhanded adjective having fewer workers than are necessary or usual. 缺乏人手的 缺乏人��的 ˈshort-list noun a list of candidates selected from the total number of applicants for a job etc. 決選名單 决选名单 verb to put on a short-list. We've short-listed three of the twenty applicants. 列入決選名單 列入决选名单ˌshort-ˈlived (-ˈlivd) , ((American) -ˈlaivd) adjective living or lasting only for a short time. short-lived insects; short-lived enthusiasm. 短命的 短命的ˌshort-ˈrange adjective1. not reaching a long distance. short-range missiles. 短程的 短程的2. not covering a long time. a short-range weather forecast. 近期的 近期的ˌshort-ˈsighted adjective seeing clearly only things that are near. I don't recognize people at a distance because I'm short-sighted. 近視的,短視的 近视的,目光短浅的 ˌshort-ˈsightedly adverb 近視地,短視地 近视地,目光短浅地 ˌshort-ˈsightedness noun 近視,短視 近视,目光短浅 ˌshort-ˈtempered adjective easily made angry. My husband is very short-tempered in the mornings. 易怒的 脾气坏的,易怒的 ˌshort-ˈterm adjective1. concerned only with the near future. short-term plans. 短暫的 短期的2. lasting only a short time. a short-term loan. 短期的 短期延续的by a short head by a very small amount. to win by a short head. 少量的,小幅度的 小胜for short as an abbreviation. His name is Victor, but we call him Vic for short. 簡稱(或簡寫)為... 简称(或简写)为... go short to cause oneself not to have enough of something. Save this carton for tomorrow, or else we'll go short (of milk). 使...缺少 缺少in short in a few words. 總之 简而言之,总之 in short supply not available in sufficient quantity. Fresh vegetables are in short supply. 供應不足,缺乏的 供应不足make short work of to dispose of very quickly. The children made short work of the ice-cream. 迅速解決 迅速处置某事run short1. (of a supply) to become insufficient. Our money is running short. 變缺(少的) 快用完了,不够 2. (with of) not to have enough. We're running short of money. 缺少 缺少short and sweetHis reply was short and sweet: `Get out!' he shouted. 簡短扼要 简短扼要short for an abbreviation of. `Phone' is short for `telephone'; What is `Ltd.' short for? 是...的略語,簡稱 是…的缩写,简写 short of not as far as or as much as. Our total came to just short of $1,000; We stopped five miles short of London. 缺乏,不足 缺少,差一点

shorthand

速记zhCN

shorthand


shorthand,

any brief, rapid system of writing that may be used in transcribing, or recording, the spoken word. Such systems, many having characters based on the letters of the alphabet, were used in ancient times; the shorthand of Tiro, Cicero's amanuensis, was used for centuries. Modern systems date from 1588, when Timothy Bright published his 500-odd symbols for words; a French system was developed by Jacques Cossard in 1651, a German one in 1679. In 1602, Rev. John Willis published the Arte of Stenographie; there followed dozens of systems before 1837, when the shorthand of Isaac PitmanPitman, Sir Isaac,
1813–97, English inventor of phonographic shorthand. In Stenographic Soundhand (1837) he set forth a shorthand system based on phonetic rather than orthographic principles; adapted to more than a dozen languages, it became one of the most-used
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 appeared. This, with improvements, is in wide use in English-speaking countries today; it is perhaps the most rapid shorthand system and is favored by many court and convention reporters. The Pitman system makes use of shading (a line heavily drawn has a meaning different from that of the same line lightly drawn) and of differences in slope and position on a given line; it is geometric in outline and is difficult to master but makes possible very great speed. John Robert Gregg (1867–1948) in 1888 published a popular system of business shorthand that is still in use today. Its outlines are curved and natural, resembling those of ordinary script; need for lifting the pen was eliminated as much as possible, so that a cursive motion is used; there is no shading, but variation in length of line indicates variation in meaning. The outlines were scientifically worked out for simplicity and writing ease. Other shorthand systems employ shortened forms of longhand, e.g., Speedwriting, used where legibility is the principal concern. On the Continent, F. X. Gabelsberger (Germany) and Émile Duployé (France) originated widely used systems; in South America and Canada, the Sloan-Duployan shorthand is favored. Rapid writing with shorthand machines has also developed. Use of keyboard machines such as the Stenotype or Stenograph machines is extensive in courts of law and other places where great speed, silence, and portability of equipment are essential in recording speech; such machines are now computerized, with the transcribed text appearing on a small display screen. Even though now virtually all offices use computers and word-processingword processing,
use of a computer program or a dedicated hardware and software package to write, edit, format, and print a document. Text is most commonly entered using a keyboard similar to a typewriter's, although handwritten input (see pen-based computer) and audio input (as
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 software for correspondence, shorthand continues to have a role in business.

Bibliography

See H. Glatte, Shorthand Systems of the World (1959); L. A. Leslie, The Story of Gregg Shorthand (1964); J. R. Gregg, Gregg Shorthand Dictionary (1972).

Shorthand

 

(also called stenography), a system of rapid writing that uses signs and word and word-group abbreviations to achieve the synchronous transcription of speech and a more simplified and efficient technique of writing. The speed of shorthand is usually four to seven times that of ordinary writing.

Shorthand was known in remote antiquity. One of the earliest records of a shorthand system is an inscription on a marble slab dating from 350 B.C., found in the Acropolis of Athens. In the schools of ancient Rome, a system of rapid writing (notaría) was taught along with ordinary writing (abecedario). This system, which was used until the 11th century, was called Notae Tironianae after its inventor, Tiro (first century B.C.).

The term “stenography” was introduced in 1602 in England, by J. Willis. Since the 17th century, approximately 3,000 shorthand systems and variants have been devised worldwide. At the present time (1976), several dozen systems are used, in view of a continuing tendency to reduce the number of systems. The socialist countries are gradually adopting a unified state system of shorthand.

Modern shorthand has both cursive and geometric systems. The signs for consonants in the cursive systems are taken from elements of ordinary writing and are connected with lines. The signs in the geometric systems are circles, parts of circles, and straight lines inclined at various angles, all combined without connecting lines. Both types were invented in England: the geometric system by Willis (1602) and the cursive by S. Bordley (1789). The geometric systems are generally used for languages with relatively short words, such as English, French, and Spanish; the cursive systems, for languages with long words, such as the Slavic and Scandinavian languages and German. (See Figure 1 for illustrations of several shorthand systems.)

Shorthand systems may also be orthographic or phonetic. Orthographic systems retain the spelling patterns of ordinary writing, while phonetic systems form abbreviations by eliminating those letters that correspond to silent sounds. The Russian systems of M. A. Terne (1874) and of Z. I. Sapon’ko and A. I. Sa-pon’ko (1913) were based on stress: among internal vowels, only those with stress were retained.

Most shorthand systems represent consonants and vowels differently. In cursive systems, the consonants are depicted with elements of standard handwritten script. The vowels are depicted in several ways: by changing the length and direction of the thin line connecting the consonant signs; by altering the consonant signs, especially by making them heavier; and by changing the position of signs—raising or lowering them in relation to the line and to one another. The aggregate of shorthand signs for consonants is extralinguistic, thus facilitating the adaptation of a given shorthand system to different languages.

In prerevolutionary Russia, shorthand was rarely used. Predominating were variations of German cursive systems. The first original shorthand system for Russian that was put to practical use was the system of M. I. Ivanin, published in 1858 in his On Stenography or the Art of Rapid Writing and Its Application to Russian. Shorthand (Ivanin’s system) was first used in Russia in 1860, at the University of St. Petersburg, to transcribe a debate between Academician M. P. Pogodin and Professor N. I. Kosto-marov on the origins of Rus’.

After the October Revolution of 1917, new systems of shorthand appeared, including those of M. I. Lapekin (1920), N. I. Fa-leev (1922), and N. N. Sokolov (1924). During the 1920’s, when shorthand was taught according to different systems, the development of stenographic education was impeded.

A theoretical and practical comparison of the seven best shorthand systems was conducted by the People’s Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR in 1933. The all-Union Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR then adopted a decree introducing the Uniform State System of Shorthand (GESS) in the RSFSR, based mainly on Sokolov’s system.

The GESS system, now used in the USSR, is a cursive system based on a study of the biomechanics of writing, the frequency of the letters and morphemes in standard written material, and the frequency of the signs in shorthand systems. One of the principles of GESS is standardization: each word can be written in only one way. Vowels are indicated by changing the position of signs in relation to one another. The most convenient shorthand signs, that is, those most closely resembling elements of ordinary writing, are used to represent the most frequently occurring linguistic units. The GESS system has been adapted to Ukrainian, Uzbek, Georgian, Polish, and other languages.

The GESS system is continually being improved and simplified, with the aim of achieving maximum ease of transcription and of learning. Major efforts are being directed toward closely approximating shorthand signs to elements of the letters used in ordinary handwriting, toward eliminating signs impeding standardized connections between combinations of consonants and vowels, and toward reducing the number of composite signs, that is, those representing consonant clusters.

REFERENCES

Ershov, N. A., comp. Obzor russkikh stenograficheskikh sistem: Istoriia, kritika i literatura russkoi stenografii. St. Petersburg, 1880.
Sokolov, N. N. Teoreticheskie osnovy gosudarstvennoi edinoi sistemy stenografii. Moscow, 1949.
Iurkovskii, A. M. Stenografiia skvoz’ veka. Moscow, 1969.
Petrásek, J. Déjiny tésnopisu. Prague, 1973.

N. N. SOKOLOV and N. P. SKORODUMOVA

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shorthand


  • all
  • noun
  • adj

Synonyms for shorthand

noun a method of writing rapidly

Synonyms

  • stenography
  • tachygraphy

Related Words

  • handwriting
  • script
  • hand

adj written in abbreviated or symbolic form

Related Words

  • written
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