| 释义 |
stillbirth
still·birth S0759200 (stĭl′bûrth′)n.1. The birth of a dead infant.2. An infant who is dead at birth.stillbirth (ˈstɪlˌbɜːθ) n1. (Pathology) birth of a dead fetus or baby2. (Pathology) a stillborn fetus or babystill•birth (ˈstɪlˌbɜrθ)
n. 1. the birth of a dead child or animal. 2. a fetus dead at birth. [1745–55] Thesaurus| Noun | 1. |  stillbirth - a natural loss of the products of conceptionspontaneous abortion, miscarriageabortion - termination of pregnancyhabitual abortion - repeated spontaneous abortion (often for no known reason)imminent abortion, threatened abortion - the appearance of symptoms that signal the impending loss of the products of conceptionincomplete abortion, partial abortion - termination of pregnancy without expulsion of all of the products of conceptionlive birth - the birth of a living fetus (regardless of the length of gestation) |
TranslationsStillbirth
stillbirth[′stil‚bərth] (medicine) Birth of a dead infant. Stillbirth the birth of a dead fetus after 28 weeks of pregnancy; the fetus does not breathe after birth. Such a fetus is no less than 35 cm long and weighs no less than 1,000 g. As a statistical index, stillbirth is the ratio of the number of stillbirths to 1,000 births. Smaller fetuses of lower weight are late abortions. There are several types of stillbirth: prenatal stillbirth, when the death of the fetus occurs before the onset of labor (after 28 weeks of pregnancy); intranatal stillbirth, when the fetus dies during birth; and postnatal stillbirth, when the fetus is born with a heartbeat, but extrauterine respiration is not established. Stillbirth is most often observed in women who suffer from chronic infections (brucellosis, toxoplasmosis, listerellosis, tuberculosis, syphilis) and in women who had acute infections during pregnancy (angina, influenza, pneumonia). Stillbirth may result from toxemia of pregnancy, cardiovascular disease, or Rh incompatibility. Stillbirth may also result from abnormalities in fetal development, as well as from placental presentation, premature detachment of the placenta, birth complications accompanied by uterine inertia, premature bursting of the amniotic membrane, or transverse or breech presentation of the fetus. Other causes of stillbirth may be the delivery of an unusually large fetus (5,000 g or more), a narrow pelvis in the mother, improper insertion of the head of the fetus, presentation and prolapse of the umbilical cord, or coiling of the umbilical cord around the neck and trunk of the fetus. The prevention of stillbirths is ensured by systematic care of pregnant women, by timely diagnosis and treatment of diseases of pregnancy and complicated birth, and by strict observance of the measures for protection of the mother’s health, that is, by observing all aspects of prenatal care. REFERENCESZhordania, I. F. Uchebnik akusherstva, 4th ed. Moscow, 1964.
Persianinov, L. S. “O probleme asfiksii ploda i novorozhdennogo.” In AntenataVnaia okhrana ploda. Moscow, 1968.
Petrov-Maslakov, M. A., and I. I. Klimets. PerinataVnaia smertnost’ Leningrad, 1965.O. K. NIKONCHIK stillbirth
Stillbirth DefinitionA stillbirth is defined as the death of a fetus at any time after the twentieth week of pregnancy. Stillbirth is also referred to as intrauterine fetal death (IUFD).DescriptionIt is important to distinguish between a stillbirth and other words that describe the unintentional end of a pregnancy. A pregnancy that ends before the twentieth week is called a miscarriage rather than a stillbirth, even though the death of the fetus is a common cause of miscarriage. After the twentieth week, the unintended end of a pregnancy is called a stillbirth if the infant is dead at birth and premature delivery if it is born alive.Factors that increase a mother's risk of stillbirth include: age over 35, malnutrition, inadequate prenatal care, smoking, and alcohol or drug abuse.Causes and symptomsCausesA number of different disorders can cause stillbirth. They include:- Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. These are disorders of late pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, fluid retention, and protein in the urine.
- Diabetes in the mother.
- Hemorrhage.
- Abnormalities in the fetus caused by infectious diseases, including syphilis, toxoplasmosis, German measles (rubella), and influenza.
- Severe birth defects, including spina bifida. Birth defects are responsible for about 20% of stillbirths.
- Postmaturity. Postmaturity is a condition in which the pregnancy has lasted 41 weeks or longer.
- Unknown causes. These account for about one-third of stillbirths.
SymptomsIn most cases the only symptom of stillbirth is that the mother notices that the baby has stopped moving. In some cases, the first sign of fetal death is premature labor. Premature labor is marked by a rush of fluid from the vagina, caused by the tearing of the membrane around the baby; and by abdominal cramps or contractions.DiagnosisWhen the mother notices that fetal movement has stopped, the doctor can use several techniques to evaluate whether the baby has died. The doctor can listen for the fetal heartbeat with a stethoscope, use Doppler ultrasound to detect the heartbeat, or give the mother an electronic fetal nonstress test. In this test, the mother lies on her back with electronic monitors attached to her abdomen. The monitors record the baby's heart rate, movements, and contractions of the uterus.TreatmentMedicalIn most cases of intrauterine death, the mother will go into labor within two weeks of the baby's death. If the mother does not go into labor, the doctor will bring on (induce) labor in order to prevent the risk of hemorrhage. Labor is usually induced by giving the mother a drug (oxytocin) that cause the uterus to contract.Follow-up therapyEmotional support from family and friends, self-help groups, and counseling by a mental health professional can help bereaved parents cope with their loss.PrognosisWith the exception of women with diabetes, women who have a stillbirth have as good a chance of carrying a future pregnancy to term as women who are pregnant for the first time.PreventionThe risk of stillbirth can be lowered to some extent by good prenatal care and the mother's avoidance of exposure to infectious diseases, smoking, alcohol abuse, or drug consumption. Tests before delivery (antepartum testing), such as ultrasound, the alpha-fetoprotein blood test, and the electronic fetal nonstress test, can be used to evaluate the health of the fetus before there is a stillbirth.ResourcesBooksJohnson, Robert V. Mayo Clinic Complete Book of Pregnancy and Baby's First Year. New York: William Morrow and Co., Inc.OrganizationsCompassionate Friends. P.O. Box 3696, Oak Brook, IL 60522. (877) 969-0010. 〈http:www/compassionatefriends.org〉.GriefNet. P.O. Box 3272, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. http://rivendell.org.Hannah's Prayer. P.O. Box 5016, Auburn CA 95604. (775) 852-9202. http://www.hannah.org.M.E.N.D. (Mommies Enduring Neonatal Death). P.O. Box 1007, Coppell, TX 75067. (972) 459-2396; (888) 695-6363. http://www.mend.org/home_index.asp.Pregnancy and Infant Loss Support (SHARE). St. Joseph Health Center, 300 First Capitol Dr., St. Charles, MO 63301. (800) 821-6819. http://www.nationalshareoffice.com/index.html.Key termsAlpha-fetoprotein analysis — A blood test that can be done after the sixteenth week of pregnancy to evaluate the possibility of spina bifida and other birth defects in the fetus.Electronic fetal nonstress test — A test in which electronic monitors attached to the mother's abdomen to detect contractions of the uterus as well as the baby's heartbeat and movements.Miscarriage — The spontaneous end of a pregnancy before the twentieth week. The death of the fetus is a common cause of miscarriage.Oxytocin — A drug that is given to induce labor in some cases of stillbirth.Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia — Disorders of late pregnancy associated with high blood pressure, fluid retention, and protein in the urine. They can cause stillbirth.Premature delivery — The birth of a live baby when a pregnancy ends spontaneously after the twentieth week.stillbirth [stil´berth] delivery of a dead child.still·birth (stil'berth), The birth of an infant who has died before delivery.stillbirth (stĭl′bûrth′)n.1. The birth of a dead infant.2. An infant who is dead at birth.stillbirth A term which is specifically defined in England and Wales as a child issuing forth from its mother after the 24th completed week of pregnancy, which did not at any time after being completely expelled from its mother breathe or show any other signs of life.stillbirth Death in utero Obstetric Fetal death before complete extraction or expulsion of a product of conception, irrespective of duration of pregnancy Reproduction medicine A fetus or infant delivered without signs of life after 20 wks or more of gestationstill·birth (stil'bĭrth) The birth of an infant who has died before delivery. stillbirth Birth of a dead baby. The distinction from MISCARRIAGE is arbitrary and, in Britain, is set at 28 weeks of pregnancy. Stillbirths must be registered and the cause of death established before a certificate of stillbirth can be provided and burial may take place.stillbirth
Related to stillbirth: miscarriageSynonyms for stillbirthnoun a natural loss of the products of conceptionSynonyms- spontaneous abortion
- miscarriage
Related Words- abortion
- habitual abortion
- imminent abortion
- threatened abortion
- incomplete abortion
- partial abortion
Antonyms |