Verkholensk Exile

a place of exile for common and political criminals in tsarist Russia in Verkholensk District, Irkutsk Province. In the first half of the 19th century Decembrists were in the Verkholensk exile; subsequently the exile was used for participants in the Polish insurrection of 1863, and later for Marxists, including N. E. Fedoseev, the organizer of the first Marxist circles in Kazan. After the defeat of the Revolution of 1905-07 there were about 170 political exiles in the Verkholensk exile, mainly Bolsheviks, including M. V. Frunze and V. V. Kuibyshev. During World War I there were more than 270 political exiles in the Verkholensk exile. After the February Revolution of 1917 the Verkholensk exile ceased to exist.