pump

pump1top: jet pumpbottom: centrifugal pump

pump¹

P0657700 (pŭmp)n.1. A machine or device for raising, compressing, or transferring fluids.2. Physiology A molecular mechanism for the active transport of ions or molecules across a cell membrane.3. Physics Electromagnetic radiation used to raise atoms or molecules to a higher energy level.4. Informal The heart.5. Informal The place where consumers purchase gasoline. Used with the: gas prices rising at the pump.v. pumped, pump·ing, pumps v.tr.1. To cause to flow by means of a pump or pumplike organ or device: Derricks pumped oil out of the ground. The heart pumps blood throughout the body.2. To draw, deliver, or pour forth: a writer who pumped out a new novel every year.3. To propel, eject, or insert: pumped new life into the economy.4. To cause to move with an up-and-down or back-and-forth motion: a bicyclist pumping the pedals; a piston pumping a shaft.5. To push or pull (a brake or lever, for instance) rapidly: a driver pumping the brakes.6. To shoot (bullets, for example) at or into: a gunner pumping rounds at a target.7. Physics To raise (atoms or molecules) to a higher energy level by exposing them to electromagnetic radiation at a resonant frequency.8. Physiology To transport (ions or molecules) against a concentration gradient by the expenditure of chemically stored energy.9. To invest (money) repeatedly or persistently in something.10. To question closely or persistently: pump a witness for secret information.11. Informal To promote or publicize vigorously: The company pumped its new product on its website.v.intr.1. To operate a pump.2. To move gas or liquid with a pump or a pumplike organ or device.3. To move up and down or back and forth in a vigorous manner: My legs were pumping as I ran up the stairs.4. To flow in spurts: Blood was pumping from the wound.5. Sports To fake a throw, pass, or shot by moving the arm or arms without releasing the ball.Phrasal Verb: pump up1. To inflate with gas by means of a pump: pump up a tire.2. Slang To fill with enthusiasm, strength, or energy: The lively debate really pumped us up.3. Sports To be actively involved in a bodybuilding program: athletes pumping up at the gym.Idiom: pump iron Sports To lift weights.

[Middle English pumpe.]

pump′er n.

pump²

P0657700 (pŭmp)n. A shoe that has a closed back and is cut low around the toes, usually with heels and no fastenings.

[Origin unknown.]

pump

(pʌmp) n1. (Mechanical Engineering) any device for compressing, driving, raising, or reducing the pressure of a fluid, esp by means of a piston or set of rotating impellers2. (Biology) biology a mechanism for the active transport of ions, such as protons, calcium ions, and sodium ions, across cell membranes: a sodium pump. vb3. (General Engineering) (when: tr, usually foll by from, out, into, away, etc) to raise or drive (air, liquid, etc, esp into or from something) with a pump or similar device4. (tr; usually foll by in or into) to supply in large amounts: to pump capital into a project. 5. (Firearms, Gunnery, Ordnance & Artillery) (tr) to deliver (shots, bullets, etc) repeatedly with great force6. (General Engineering) to operate (something, esp a handle or lever) in the manner of a pump or (of something) to work in this way: to pump the pedals of a bicycle. 7. (tr) to obtain (information) from (a person) by persistent questioning8. (intr; usually foll by from or out of) (of liquids) to flow freely in large spurts: oil pumped from the fissure. [C15: from Middle Dutch pumpe pipe, probably from Spanish bomba, of imitative origin]

pump

(pʌmp) n1. (Clothing & Fashion) a low-cut low-heeled shoe without fastenings, worn esp for dancing2. (Clothing & Fashion) a type of shoe with a rubber sole, used in games such as tennis; plimsoll[C16: of unknown origin]

pump¹

(pʌmp)

n. 1. an apparatus or machine for raising, driving, exhausting, or compressing fluids or gases by means of a piston, plunger, or set of rotating vanes. 2. Informal. the heart. 3. a biological system that supplies energy for the transport of molecular substances against a chemical gradient, as sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane. v.t. 4. to raise or drive with a pump. 5. to force or inject like a pump or as if by using a pump: The gangster pumped ten bullets into him. 6. to free from water or other liquid by means of a pump. 7. to operate or move by an up-and-down or back-and-forth action. 8. to question (someone) artfully or persistently so as to elicit information. 9. to elicit (information) by questioning. v.i. 10. to work a pump. 11. to operate as a pump does. 12. to move up and down like a pump handle. 13. to come out in spurts. 14. pump up, a. to inflate by pumping: to pump up a tire. b. to infuse with enthusiasm, competitive spirit, etc. Idioms: pump iron, to lift weights as an exercise or in competition. [1400–50; late Middle English pumpe (n.)]

pump²

(pʌmp)

n. 1. a lightweight, low-cut shoe without fastenings for women. 2. a slip-on black patent leather man's shoe for wear with formal dress. [1720–30; orig. uncertain]

pump

(pŭmp) A machine for raising or transferring fluids. Most pumps function either by compression or suction.

pump

Past participle: pumped
Gerund: pumping

Imperative
pump
pump

Present
I pump
you pump
he/she/it pumps
we pump
you pump
they pump

Preterite
I pumped
you pumped
he/she/it pumped
we pumped
you pumped
they pumped

Present Continuous
I am pumping
you are pumping
he/she/it is pumping
we are pumping
you are pumping
they are pumping

Present Perfect
I have pumped
you have pumped
he/she/it has pumped
we have pumped
you have pumped
they have pumped

Past Continuous
I was pumping
you were pumping
he/she/it was pumping
we were pumping
you were pumping
they were pumping

Past Perfect
I had pumped
you had pumped
he/she/it had pumped
we had pumped
you had pumped
they had pumped

Future
I will pump
you will pump
he/she/it will pump
we will pump
you will pump
they will pump

Future Perfect
I will have pumped
you will have pumped
he/she/it will have pumped
we will have pumped
you will have pumped
they will have pumped

Future Continuous
I will be pumping
you will be pumping
he/she/it will be pumping
we will be pumping
you will be pumping
they will be pumping

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been pumping
you have been pumping
he/she/it has been pumping
we have been pumping
you have been pumping
they have been pumping

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been pumping
you will have been pumping
he/she/it will have been pumping
we will have been pumping
you will have been pumping
they will have been pumping

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been pumping
you had been pumping
he/she/it had been pumping
we had been pumping
you had been pumping
they had been pumping

Conditional
I would pump
you would pump
he/she/it would pump
we would pump
you would pump
they would pump

Past Conditional
I would have pumped
you would have pumped
he/she/it would have pumped
we would have pumped
you would have pumped
they would have pumped

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	pump - a mechanical device that moves fluid or gas by pressure or suctionair pump, vacuum pump - a pump that moves air in or out of somethingaspirator - a pump that draws air or another gas through a liquidauxiliary pump, donkey pump - a supplementary pump available if neededbicycle pump - a small pump that fills bicycle tires with airbilge pump - a pump to remove bilgewatercentrifugal pump - a pump that use centrifugal force to discharge fluid into a pipecooling system, engine cooling system - equipment in a motor vehicle that cools the enginepiston chamber, cylinder - a chamber within which piston movesforce pump - pump used to force a liquid up and expel it under pressurefuel system - equipment in a motor vehicle or aircraft that delivers fuel to the enginegas pump, gasoline pump, island dispenser, petrol pump - a pump in a service station that draws gasoline from underground storage tanksgrease-gun, gun - a hand-operated pump that resembles a revolver; forces grease into parts of a machinehand pump - a pump worked by handheart-lung machine - a pump to maintain circulation during heart surgery; diverts blood from the heart and oxygenates it and then pumps it through the bodyhydraulic pump, hydraulic ram - a water pump that uses the kinetic energy of flowing water to force a small fraction of that water to a reservoir at a higher levellift pump - pump used to lift rather than force a liquid upmechanical device - mechanism consisting of a device that works on mechanical principlesoil pump - a pump that keeps a supply of oil on moving partsstirrup pump - a hand-operated reciprocating pump; used in fighting firessuction pump - a pump for raising fluids by suctionwater pump - the pump in the cooling system of an automobile that cause the water to circulate
	2.	pump - the hollow muscular organ located behind the sternum and between the lungs; its rhythmic contractions move the blood through the body; "he stood still, his heart thumping wildly"ticker, heartinternal organ, viscus - a main organ that is situated inside the bodyarteria coronaria, coronary artery - the artery that branches from the aorta to supply blood to the heartathlete's heart - enlarged heart commonly found among athletes trained for endurancebiauriculate heart - a heart (as of mammals and birds and reptiles) having two auriclescardiac muscle, heart muscle - the muscle tissue of the heart; adapted to continued rhythmic contractioncardiac valve, heart valve - a valve to control one-way flow of bloodvalve - a structure in a hollow organ (like the heart) with a flap to insure one-way flow of fluid through itcardiovascular system, circulatory system - the organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body
	3.	pump - a low-cut shoe without fastenings shoe - footwear shaped to fit the foot (below the ankle) with a flexible upper of leather or plastic and a sole and heel of heavier materialspectator pump, spectator - a woman's pump with medium heel; usually in contrasting colors for toe and heel
Verb	1.	pump - operate like a pump; move up and down, like a handle or a pedal; "pump the gas pedal"wield, handle, manage - handle effectively; "The burglar wielded an axe"; "The young violinist didn't manage her bow very well"goose - give a spurt of fuel to; "goose the car"
	2.	pump - deliver forth; "pump bullets into the dummy"shoot, blast - fire a shot; "the gunman blasted away"
	3.	pump - draw or pour with a pumpdraw, take out - take liquid out of a container or well; "She drew water from the barrel"
	4.	pump - supply in great quantities; "Pump money into a project"furnish, provide, supply, render - give something useful or necessary to; "We provided the room with an electrical heater"
	5.	pump - flow intermittentlygush, spirt, spout, spurt - gush forth in a sudden stream or jet; "water gushed forth"
	6.	pump - move up and down; "The athlete pumps weights in the gym"move, displace - cause to move or shift into a new position or place, both in a concrete and in an abstract sense; "Move those boxes into the corner, please"; "I'm moving my money to another bank"; "The director moved more responsibilities onto his new assistant"
	7.	pump - raise (gases or fluids) with a pumplift, raise, elevate, get up, bring up - raise from a lower to a higher position; "Raise your hands"; "Lift a load"
	8.	pump - question persistently; "She pumped the witnesses for information"query, question - pose a question

pump

verb1. drive out, empty, drain, force out, bail out, siphon, draw off drill rigs that are busy pumping natural gas2. supply, send, pour, inject The government must pump more money into community care.3. interrogate, probe, quiz, cross-examine, grill (informal), worm out of, give someone the third degree, question closely He ran in every five minutes to pump me for details.4. spurt, run, course, flow, flood, pour, jet, stream, spill, gush, spout, squirt blood pumping from a head wound5. fire, shoot, discharge, let off A gunman burst in and pumped five bullets into her head.pump something up inflate, blow up, fill up, dilate, puff up, aerate I was trying to pump up my back tyre.

pump

verbTo remove (a liquid) by a steady, gradual process:drain, draw (off), let out, tap.

Translations

泵泵吸追问抽气机抽水机

pump

(pamp) noun1. a machine for making water etc rise from under the ground. Every village used to have a pump from which everyone drew their water.泵2. a machine or device for forcing liquid or gas into, or out of, something. a bicycle pump (for forcing air into the tyres). 抽水、气机 verb1. to raise or force with a pump. Oil is being pumped out of the ground.抽泵2. to get information from by asking questions. He tried to pump me about the exam.追问pump up to inflate (tyres etc) with a pump. 为...打气（使其膨胀）

pump

→ 泵zhCN, 泵吸zhCN

Do you have a pump? → 您这儿有气筒吗？
Pump number three, please → 请使用三号油泵

pump

pump,

device to lift, transfer, or increase the pressure of a fluid (gas or liquid) or to create a vacuum in an enclosed space by the removal of a gas (see vacuum pumps under vacuumvacuum,
theoretically, space without matter in it. A perfect vacuum has never been obtained; the best human-generated vacuums contain less than 100,000 gas molecules per cc, compared to about 30 billion billion (30×10¹⁸) molecules for air at sea level.
..... Click the link for more information. ). The centrifugal pump, the most common kind, consists basically of a rotating device, called an impeller, inside a casing. The fluid to be pumped enters the casing near the shaft of the impeller. Vanes attached to the spinning impeller give the fluid a high velocity so that it can move through an outlet. The reciprocating pump moves a fluid by using a piston that travels back and forth in a cylinder with valves to help control the flow direction. Examples are the lift pump and the force pump. In a lift pump the piston and cylinder are positioned vertically. When the piston moves upward, atmospheric pressure pushes water into the cylinder to fill the empty space beneath the piston. On the downward stroke, the water in the cylinder is forced to flow above the piston. Reversing direction, the piston moves up, allowing more water to come up under it into the cylinder and lifting the water held above it to an outlet pipe where the water flows out of the pump. Since atmospheric pressure will support a column of water no higher than about 33 ft (10 m), a lift pump can raise water no farther than this distance. The rotary pump is like the reciprocating pump in that it allows a fluid to fill a space that then decreases in volume, forcing the fluid out of the space. However, unlike a reciprocating pump, it has no valves and uses one or more rotating components in place of a piston. The jet pump has no moving parts; it uses a swiftly moving fluid to induce motion in another fluid. For example an atomizer, a type of jet pump, uses a high-speed stream of air to pump a liquid, such as a perfume. Compressorscompressor,
machine that decreases the volume of air or other gas by the application of pressure. Compressor types range from the simple hand pump and the piston-equipped compressor used to inflate tires to machines that use a rotating, bladed element to achieve compression.
..... Click the link for more information. are used to pump air or other gases into a closed container. They range from hand pumps to large power-driven devices that furnish compressed air for operating pneumatic machinery and for various other purposes. In nuclear reactors that use liquid radioactive metal, the nonmechanical electromagnetic pump is employed. An electric current is either induced in the liquid metal or is passed through it by electrodes. A magnetic field surrounding the pipe then propels the current-carrying liquid forward.

Pump

a device (hydraulic machine, apparatus, or instrument), used to displace a fluid (usually a liquid) under suction or discharge pressure by imparting external potential or kinetic energy to it. Devices for nonpressured displacement of liquids are usually not called pumps; they are classified as water-lifting devices.

The main parameter of a pump is the quantity of liquid displaced per unit time—that is, the actual volumetric capacity Q. The following technical parameters are also very important for most pumps: the pressure produced p or the corresponding head H, the input power N, and the efficiency η.

Terminology. The designation of most devices used for suction or delivery of liquids consists of the word “pump” and the appropriate definition, which usually characterizes the principle of operation (for example, centrifugal or electromagnetic), the design features (horizontal, gear, or sliding-vane), or the medium being pumped (mud pump). Sometimes the defining term designates the application (as in “laboratory pump” or “metering pump”), the type of drive (manual or electric drive), the designer (the Humphrey pump), or the name of a firm (the SIHI pump, showing the first letters of the words Simen Hinsch, or the Farko pump, after the name of the plant owner). Some of the devices described here are known by special names. For example, one type of gas lift is called an airlift (Russian mammut-nasos); the displacement pumps, which include the monte-jus, are also called pneumatic airlift pumps; and the hydraulic elevator, injector, and ejector are varieties of the jet pump.

The designation “pump” is also applied to devices used in an entirely different way. Examples are vacuum pumps, which are used for removal of gases from enclosed spaces; heat pumps, which transfer heat from a medium with a low temperature (air or water) to objects at a higher temperature (for example, the water of a heating system); and magnetic-flux pumps, which produce a periodic change in the magnetic flux in a closed circuit.

Classification. Devices for pressured displacement of liquids are classified by type and variety according to various features, such as principle of operation or design. Such principles are the basis of classification in the All-Union State Standard of the USSR (GOST 17389–72). Pumps may also be classified arbitrarily into two groups: power pumps, which are driven by engines, and direct-acting pumps, which are actuated by other energy sources and have no moving parts. Power pumps may be of the vane type (centrifugal, axial, or turbine), the piston type, or the rotor type (spur-gear, rotary, plate, and screw types). Direct-acting pumps include jet pumps (liquid-to-liquid or gasto-liquid pumps), gas lifts (including airlifts), gas and vapor displacement pumps, hydraulic rams, and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) pumps. All types and sizes of pumps made in the USSR have conventional brand designations, which usually consist of letters and numerals.

History. The pump was invented in remote antiquity. The first pump for extinguishing fires (see Figure 1), which was invented by the ancient Greek mechanical engineer Ctesibius, was described in the first century B.C. by the Greek scientist Hero of Alexandria in his treatise Pneumatica and later by Vitruvius in his work De architectura. Very simple wooden pumps with a straight-through plunger were probably used even earlier to lift water from wells. Until the beginning of the 18th century, reciprocating pumps were used much less frequently than water-lifting devices. Later, however, pumps gradually replaced water-lifting devices as a result of an increase in demand for water and the necessity of increasing the height to which water was raised, particularly after the advent of the steam engine. The demands made on pumps, and also the conditions under which they were used, became increasingly diverse. Therefore, rotary pumps, as well as various other devices for delivery of liquids under pressure, came into use in addition to reciprocating pumps. Thus, three historical trends in the subsequent development of pumps became apparent: the construction of reciprocating pumps, rotary pumps, and hydraulic devices without moving parts.

Figure 1. Ctesibius’ reciprocating pump

Intensified development of reciprocating pumps took place in the late 18th century, when metal was introduced as a material for their manufacture and the steam engine was used as a pump drive. In the mid-19th century direct-acting steam reciprocating pumps came into widespread industrial use. The first vane pumps were built during this period. The prototype of this pump design is a reciprocating pump with an annular cylinder, described by the French engineer A. Ramelli in 1588 (Le Diverse et Articiose Machine). The development of the theory of reciprocating pumps is closely associated with the work of Russian scientists and engineers (K. Bakh, G. Berg, A. P. German, V. G. Shukhov, P. K. Khudiakov, I. I. Kukolevskii, and A. A. Burdakov). Advances in the area of reciprocating pumps have been widely used in the design of reciprocating compressors, hydraulic presses, and other equipment. However, since the 1920’s and 1930’s, reciprocating pumps themselves have gradually been replaced by centrifugal, rotor, or other types of pumps in many areas of use.

A different trend in pump development began with the invention of rotary pumps with a single rotor, which also were described by Ramelli. The pump with an eccentric rotor is the prototype of modern sliding-vane pumps. In 1624, in his La Recreation mathé matique; I. Leyrehon described a two-lobe rotary pump (see Figure 2), which may be regarded as the prototype of modern gear pumps. Other varieties of rotary pumps appeared subsequently, among them the labyrinth pump (designed as late as the 1950’s). The first vortex pump, called a centrifugal self-priming pump, was proposed by the German engineer S. Hinsch in 1920; other types appeared later.

Figure 2. Rotary pump described by I. Leyrehon

In the 15th century, Leonardo da Vinci conceived the idea of using centrifugal force for delivery of liquids. The idea was put into practice (apparently independent of Leonardo) by the French engineer Blancanot (early 17th century), who built a very simple centrifugal water pump (see Figure 3), whose working member was an open, rotating wheel. One of the first centrifugal pumps with a spiral casing and a four-vane impeller (see Figure 4,a) was proposed by the French scientist D. Papin, who improved the design of the existing Hessians air blower (see Figure 4,b).

Figure 3. Blancanot’s “wheel”

Centrifugal pumps became more widely used toward the end of the 19th century when high-speed thermal engines and then electric motors became available. In 1838 the Russian engineer A. A. Sablukov built a single-stage centrifugal pump, whose design was based on that of an air blower that he had developed previously. In 1846 the American engineer Johnson proposed a multistage horizontal pump; in 1851 an analogous pump was built in Great Britain in accordance with a patent by Gwynn (Gwynn’s pump). In 1899 the Russian engineer V. A. Pushechnikov developed a vertical multistage pump for wells up to 250 m deep. The pump was built in Paris at the Farko plant (the Farko pump) and was intended for the water-supply system of Moscow. It had a capacity of 200 m³/hr and an efficiency of up to 70 percent. The first centrifugal pumps built in Russia were made in 1880 at the plant of G. List in Moscow.

Figure 4. (a) One of the first centrifugal pumps, (b) Hessians blower

The development of axial pumps was based on experience gained from the analogous hydraulic turbines. Work on the design and study of axial (propeller and rotary-vane) pumps was conducted at the turn of the 20th century. In the USSR the development of such pumps began in 1932 at the Borets Plant (under the direction of M. G. Kochnev), the All-Union Research Institute of Hydraulic Machine Building (S. S. Rudnev), and the Promenergetika Kharkov Institute (G. F. Proskura), and since 1934 at an experimental plant in the city of Dmitrov (under the guidance of I. N. Voznesenskii). The work of L. Euler, O. Reynolds, N. E. Zhukovskii, S. A. Chaplygin, C. Pfleiderer, and other scientists was of great importance in developing the theory and improving the design of centrifugal and axial pumps.

The third trend in the development of devices for delivery of liquids under pressure combined several different approaches to the design and improvement of pumping apparatus. According to Hero, prototypes of displacement pumps were known even in ancient Greece (in these devices water was displaced from the vessel by heated air or water vapor). The first displacement pump for industrial use was a steam pump installation for sewage proposed by the English engineer T. Savery in 1698. It may be considered a prototype of the pulsometer, which was invented in Germany in 1871 by Hull. The pulsometer had two chambers and operated automatically.

The idea of using compressed air to convey water was discussed in 1707 by Papin and other engineers, but it came into practical use much later (in the 20th century) in the monte-jus and the two-chamber displacement water lift for boreholes (designed by the engineer V. P. Savotin, USSR). The pumping of water by the pressure of products of combustion of liquid fuels was achieved in Great Britain by N. L. Humphrey in 1911.

An entirely different principle for conveying water or oil from boreholes by means of compressed air or other gas was used in gas lifts, which were proposed in the mid-19th century, and later found practical application (in Russia since 1897 in the oil fields of Baku; in the USA since 1901).

After Montgolfier’s invention of an automatic hydraulic ram (in 1796), another path of development of devices for pressured conveying of liquids became apparent. Such devices used periodically created hydraulic shocks to produce a flow of water. Several other designs of hydraulic rams were subsequently proposed. Installations designed by the engineer D. I. Trembovel’skii (1927) and others are widely used in the USSR.

A variety of direct-acting pumps is the water-jet pump, which was proposed as a laboratory device by the English scientist D. Thompson in 1852 and was used as a suction pump for air and water. The first industrial jet pump was used in 1866 by the engineer Nagel (presumably in Germany) to remove water from mine shafts. Various jet pumps were later developed as hydraulic and steam-water injectors. The fundamentals of jet-pump theory were given in the works of G. Zeiner and W. Rankine in the second half of the 19th century and were considerably developed in the 1930’s through the research of the American engineers O’Brien and Goslin and the Soviet specialists L. D. Berman, K. K. Baulin, A. N. Lozhkin, E. Ia. Sokolov, and N. M. Zinger. A hydropneumatic water-lift device for boreholes was subsequently proposed by V. P. Sirotkin and Ia. S. Suren’iants: its design combines a jet pump and an airlift.

Another area in the development of direct-acting pumps is the construction of MHD pumps. The first such pumps, operating on direct current, were proposed by Golden (1907) and Hart-mann (1919); a pump operating on alternating current was proposed by Chubb (1915). However, they became widely used in the USSR and abroad only in the 1950’s and 1960’s; they found applications mainly because of advances made in nuclear power engineering. Thus, the technology of lifting and displacing, first applied to water only and then to oil and other liquids, basically corresponded at each stage of development to the level of development of productive forces and production relationships.

Main types of modern pumps. Centrifugal pumps are the most common type. They are used for delivery of cold or hot water (t° > 60°C), viscous or corrosive liquids (acids and alkalies), sewage, or mixtures of water and soil, ash, slag, peat, or crushed coal. The operation of a centrifugal pump is based on the transfer of kinetic energy from a rotating impeller (see Figure 5) to the particles of liquid that are between its vanes. Under the action of the resulting centrifugal force P, the particles of the medium being pumped pass from the impeller to the pump casing and from there to the discharge. The particles that have left the impeller are replaced by new particles, which are moved by air pressure, thus providing continuous pumping.

Figure 5. Single-suction centrifugal pump: (1) intake aperture, (2) impeller, (3) casing, (4) liquid discharge pipe, (P) centrifugal force

Pump impellers may be of the single-suction type (see Figure 5) or the double-suction type. Use of double suction makes possible almost complete equalization of the pressure of the liquid on the external lateral surfaces of the impeller. An important practical characteristic of impellers in centrifugal and some other types of pumps is the specific speed n_s which is the number of revolutions per minute (rpm) at which an impeller that is geometrically similar to the one being considered develops a head H = 1 m at a flow rate Q = 75 liters per second. A classification of impellers of centrifugal pumps by speed is given in Table 1, where each impeller type is characterized by the ratio of the outside diameter D_out to the diameter of the intake aperture D_ap.

Table 1. Classification of impellers of centrifugal pumps according to specific speed
	n_s (rpm)	D_out/D_ap
Low-speed ..........	50–80	3.0–2.5
Normal-speed ..........	80–150	2
High-speed ..........	150–350	1.8–1.4

Vortex (turbine) pumps have n_s < 50 rpm; the region n_s = 400–1,500 rpm corresponds to axial pumps, as well as mixed-flow pumps, which occupy an intermediate position between centrifugal and axial pumps.

Multistage pumps are used to produce high heads. In such pumps the liquid passes successively through several impellers, receiving some energy from each. A very important feature of centrifugal pumps is the fact that head, power, efficiency, and permissible lift all depend on the flow rate (capacity) of the pump. This relationship can be expressed as a graph for each individual type of pump; such plots are called pump characteristics (see Figure 6). The efficiency of a centrifugal pump for given

Figure 6.

Note to Figure 6. Characteristics of the 10D-6 centrifugal pump (10 is the diameter of the intake aperture in mm × 25, or 250 mm; D indicates a double-suction impeller; 6 = 0.1 n_s, or n_s = 60 rpm—a low-speed impeller); permissible lift; (H) head; (Q) capacity; (N) power; {Ŋ) efficiency; (n) speed of impeller in rpm

operating conditions at first increases with capacity to a maximum value and then decreases upon a further increase in capacity. The largest centrifugal pumps built in the USSR are capable of delivering water at up to 65,000 m³hr at a head of 18.5 m, with power consumption of 7.5 megawatts (MW) and efficiency of 88–92 percent. A vertical single-stage centrifugal pump with a capacity of 138,000 m³/hr at a head of 95 m and a power consumption of 48 MW has been built for the Grand Coulee pumping station in the USA.

Axial pumps are used mainly for delivery of large volumes of liquid. Their operation depends on the transfer of energy imparted to the liquid by the force of the front surfaces of the rotating impeller vanes (see Figure 7). At first, the particles of the liquid being pumped have curved trajectories. However, after passing through the straightening apparatus they move in the general direction from the intake to the discharge, mainly along the axis of the pump (hence the name).

Figure 7. Axial pump: (1) casing, (2) straightening apparatus, (3) impeller, (4) vanes

There are two main types of axial pumps. The fixed-vane type has vanes permanently fastened to a bushing on the impeller and is called a propeller pump. Rotating-vane pumps are equipped with a mechanism that changes the pitch of the vanes. Both types are usually single-stage, and less frequently two-stage.

A change in the pitch of the vanes makes possible regulation of capacity but maintains high efficiency within a wide range. The impellers of axial pumps operate at high specific speeds (n_s = 500–1,500 rpm). At low capacities the H-Q and N-Q characteristics decrease sharply. The maximum values of H and N correspond to idling. The largest axial rotating-vane pump made in the USSR is designed for Q = (45–50) × 10³ m³/hr, at H = 13–10 m, N = 2 MW, and rj = 86 percent. The type designation for this pump is OP2–185, where OP stands for “axial rotary-vane,” 2 denotes the type of impeller, and 185 is the impeller diameter (measured across the vane ends, in cm).

Figure 8. Closed vortex pump: (1) casing, (2) channel, (3) impeller, (4) and (6) liquid intake and discharge apertures, (5) air separator

Vortex pumps have good self-priming capacity—that is, the ability to start without first filling the suction pipe with the medium to be pumped if the pump casing contains the medium. Because of this property they are used to pump volatile or gas-saturated liquids, as well as in combination with centrifugal pumps. There are two types of vortex pumps—the open type and the closed type. In a closed pump (see Figure 8), particles of the liquid move under the influence of centrifugal force from compartments at the periphery of the impeller to a channel in the pump casing. Then, after transferring part of their kinetic energy to the medium being pumped, which is in the channel, the particles of the liquid return to other compartments. While each particle of liquid is in the pump, it moves in a helical vortex, passes repeatedly into the rotor compartments, and receives a certain energy from the rotor. As a result of this multistage action, vortex pumps develop a head that is 3–7 times greater than the head developed by comparable centrifugal pumps of the same size, operating at the same speed of rotation. However, the efficiency of vortex pumps is 2–3 times lower than that of comparable centrifugal pumps.

In vortex pumps of the open type, the liquid is fed in near the pump shaft, passes between the impeller vanes, and is carried to the discharge opening of the casing through an open peripheral channel (a channel without a divider). In the foreign literature, vortex pumps are also called friction, regenerative, turbulent, or self-priming pumps. The characteristics of a vortex pump are shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9. Characteristics of a 2V-1.6 vortex pump: (2 is the diameter of the intake and discharge apertures in mm × 25, or 50 mm; V = vortex; 1.6 = 0.1 or n., or n = 16 rpm), (H) head, (Q) capacity, (N) power, (ηAreas of use;) efficiency, (n) speed of impeller in rpm

Reciprocating pumps are distinguished by their great variety of designs and wide range of applications. The operation of such pumps consists of alternating suction and discharge processes, which take place inside the cylinder and result from the motion of the working member (a piston or plunger). The processes take place within the same volume but at different times. In terms of the method used to impart reciprocating motion to the working member, reciprocating pumps are classified as power pumps and direct-acting pumps (power pumps usually incorporate a crankshaft-connecting-rod mechanism). Suction and discharge valves are provided to connect the working volume alternately to the suction and discharge sides of the pump. During operation, the liquid receives mainly potential energy, which is proportional to the discharge pressure. The nonuniformity of delivery of reciprocating pumps, which is associated with the change in the velocity of motion of the piston or plunger over time, decreases as the frequency of strokes increases; it can be almost eliminated by the use of an air-hydraulic equalizer.

Reciprocating pumps are classified as horizontal and vertical, single-action (Figure 10) or multiple-action, and single-cylinder or multicylinder pumps. They are also classified according to speed and type of liquid pumped. Reciprocating pumps are of more complex design than centrifugal pumps; they also run at slower speeds and therefore have larger outside dimensions and a larger ratio of weight per unit work performed. However, they have relatively high efficiency, and their capacity (in principle) does not depend on the head (see Figure 11). The latter property makes reciprocating pumps suitable for metering applications. Such pumps are capable of producing discharge pressures on the order of 100 meganewtons per sq m (MN/m²), or 1,000 kilograms-force per sq cm (kgf/cm²).

Figure 10. Power-driven single-action reciprocating pump: (1) working chamber, (2) piston, (3) cylinder, (4) rod, (5) crosshead, (6) connecting rod, (7) flywheel, (V_e) discharge valve, (V^s) suction valve

Rotary pumps have been used mainly for low-capacity applications. A distinction is made among gear (including spur-gear), screw, sliding-vane, lobar, axial- and radial-piston, and labyrinth pumps, depending on the design of the working member. Each type includes several designs, but all designs use the same principle of operation (basically analogous to that of reciprocating pumps). Rotary pumps are distinguished by the absence of suction and discharge valves, which simplifies their design and represents a significant advantage.

Figure 11. Characteristics of a T-15/20 power-driven plunger pump for conveying water at t° = 30°C and n — 75 rpm, with a lift H_s = 6 m (T indicates a three-plunger type, 15 is the capacity Q in m³/hr, 20 is the discharge pressure in kgf/cm²),(Ŋ_vol) and Ŋ) volumetric and total efficiency of the pump

The gear pump with external engagement of two spur gears (see Figure 12) is the most common type. Suction of the liquid takes place as the teeth of one gear move out of engagement with

Figure 12. Gear pump: (1) casing, (2) and (4) liquid intake and discharge apertures, (3) safety valve

the other gear (see Figure 12, left side), and delivery takes place as the teeth engage (Figure 12, right side), assuming clockwise rotation of the upper gear. Gear pumps are equipped with a safety valve, which passes the liquid from the discharge side to the suction side when the maximum permissible pressure is reached. The characteristics of one type of gear pump are shown in Figure 13. Gear pumps are used in the pumping of oil products and other liquids that are free of abrasive impurities.

The operation of a sliding-vane pump (see Figure 14) is the result of changes in the working volumes enclosed by adjacent vanes and the corresponding surface areas of the pump rotor and casing. If the eccentrically mounted rotor turns clockwise, the working volume in the left part of the pump increases; therefore, the pressure decreases, and suction of the liquid is produced. In the other part of the pump the space between the vanes decreases as the rotor turns, producing discharge of the medium being pumped. Such pumps may be single-acting or twin. They are used for pumping low-viscosity pure mineral oils under pressures of 6 MN/m² (60 kgf/cm²) or more, and also in hydraulic drive systems.

Figure 13. Characteristics of an RZ-7.5 gear pump for conveying oil (RZ indicates rotary gear; 7.5 denotes the volume of liquid, in liters, delivered by the pump during 100 revolutions of the shaft), (Q) capacity, (p) pressure, (N) power, (n) number of revolutions per minute

Jet pumps feature the widest range of use and the greatest variety of design of all pumping devices. An example is the water-jet pump, whose operation consists mainly of three separate processes: (1) conversion of the potential energy of the working fluid to kinetic energy (the conversion takes place in the conically tapered nozzle), (2) exchange of momentum between the particles of the working fluid and the medium being pumped (in the mixing chamber), and (3) conversion of the kinetic energy of the mixture of working fluid and the medium being pumped to potential energy (in the diffuser). As a result, a rarefaction is produced in the mixing chamber, providing for suction of the medium being pumped. The pressure of the mixture of working fluid and the medium being pumped then increases significantly because of a decrease in the velocity of motion, creating the conditions for discharge. Jet pumps are of simple design and are reliable and durable, but their efficiency does not exceed 30 percent.

Figure 14. Sliding-vane pump: (1) rotor, (2) casing, (3) vane (sliding gate)

Areas of use. The design features and principles of operation of various kinds of pumps determine the ranges of capacity and head for which a particular type of pump is suitable. The ranges of use of the three basic types of pumps are characterized by the data in Table 2.

In discussing the areas of application of conveyance of liquids under pressure, the fact that pumps were used as generators of hydraulic power as early as the 19th century, particularly in Great Britain (before the introduction of electric drives), should be kept in mind. The power was transmitted from centralized power installations (equipped with reciprocating pumps and

Table 2. Ranges of use of main types of pumps
	Reciprocating	Centrifugal	Axial
Capacity Q (m³/hr) ..........	1–200	1–100,000	100–100,000
Head H (m) ..........	10–10,000	1–4,500	1–20

steam engines) through special high-pressure water lines to industrial enterprises and other consumers. Since the early 20th century, centrifugal and rotary pumps have been used as generators of hydraulic power in hydraulic machine transmissions and hydraulic machine drive systems, in which the pumps, together with hydraulic engines, are main components.

REFERENCES

Nasosy: Katalog-spravochnik, 3rd ed. Moscow-Leningrad, 1960.
Karavaev, A. E. Ocherk po istorii razvitiia lopastnykh nasosov. Moscow-Leningrad, 1958.
Pfleiderer, C. Lopatochnye mashiny dlia zhidkostei i gazov, 4th ed. Moscow, 1960. (Translated from German.)
Stepanov, A. I. Tsentrobezhnye i osevye nasosy, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1960. (Translated from English.)
Golubev, A. I. Labirintnye nasosy dlia khimicheskoi promyshlennosti. Moscow, 1961.
Lomakin, A. A. Tsentrobezhnye i osevye nasosy, 2nd ed. Moscow-Leningrad, 1966.
Chiniaev, I. A. Rotornye nasosy. Leningrad, 1969.

Iu. V. KVITKOVSKII

pump

[pəmp] (electronics) Of a parametric device, the source of alternating-current power which causes the nonlinear reactor to behave as a time-varying reactance. (mechanical engineering) A machine that draws a fluid into itself through an entrance port and forces the fluid out through an exhaust port.

Pump

A machine that draws a fluid into itself through an entrance port and forces the fluid out through an exhaust port (see illustration). A pump may serve to move liquid, as in a cross-country pipeline; to lift liquid, as from a well or to the top of a tall building; or to put fluid under pressure, as in a hydraulic brake. These applications depend predominantly upon the discharge characteristic of the pump. A pump may also serve to empty a container, as in a vacuum pump or a sump pump, in which case the application depends primarily on its intake characteristic. See Centrifugal pump, Compressor, Displacement pump, Fan, Fuel pump, Pumping machinery, Vacuum pump

pump

A device or machine that compresses and/or transports fluids, usually by pressure or suction, or both; may be used to remove water from a construction site or to convey water from one elevation to another. See water pump.

pump

1. any device for compressing, driving, raising, or reducing the pressure of a fluid, esp by means of a piston or set of rotating impellers 2. Biology a mechanism for the active transport of ions, such as protons, calcium ions, and sodium ions, across cell membranes

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Synonyms for pump

verb drive out

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verb supply

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verb interrogate

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verb spurt

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verb fire

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phrase pump something up

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Synonyms for pump

verb to remove (a liquid) by a steady, gradual process

Synonyms

Synonyms for pump

noun a mechanical device that moves fluid or gas by pressure or suction

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noun the hollow muscular organ located behind the sternum and between the lungs

Synonyms

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noun a low-cut shoe without fastenings

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verb operate like a pump

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verb deliver forth

Related Words

verb draw or pour with a pump

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