| 释义 |
versed
versed V0069700 (vûrst)adj. Acquainted through study or experience; knowledgeable or skilled: I am well versed in classical languages.versed (vɜːst) adj (foll by: in) thoroughly knowledgeable (about), acquainted (with), or skilled (in)versed (vɜrst)
adj. experienced or practiced; skilled; learned (usu. fol. by in): well versed in Greek and Latin. [1600–10; < Latin versātus busied, engaged (see versatile), with -ed2 for Latin -ātus] Thesaurus| Noun | 1. Versed - an injectable form of benzodiazepine (trade name Versed) useful for sedation and for reducing pain during uncomfortable medical proceduresmidazolambenzodiazepine - any of several similar lipophilic amines used as tranquilizers or sedatives or hypnotics or muscle relaxants; chronic use can lead to dependencybrand, brand name, marque, trade name - a name given to a product or service | Adj. | 1.versed - thoroughly acquainted through study or experience; "this girl, so intimate with nature"-W.H.Hudson; "knowledgeable about the technique of painting"- Herbert Readknowledgeable, intimateexperienced, experient - having experience; having knowledge or skill from observation or participation |
versedadjective knowledgeable, experienced, skilled, seasoned, qualified, familiar, practised, accomplished, competent, switched-on (informal), tasty (Brit. informal), acquainted, well-informed, proficient, sussed (Brit. slang), well up (informal), conversant Page is versed in many styles of jazz.
ignorant, inexperienced, unskilled, new, green, raw, callow, unschooled, unacquainted, unpractised, unversed, unfledgedversedadjective1. Skilled or knowledgeable through long practice:experienced, old, practiced, seasoned, veteran.Idiom: knowing the ropes.2. Having good knowledge of:acquainted, conversant, familiar, versant.Idiom: up on.Translationsversed
be well versed in (something)To be very knowledgeable about, skillful in, or competent at something. John is well versed in lying, so he's always able to talk his way out of trouble. You should talk to my friend Ana, she's very well versed in the ins and outs of income tax.See also: versed, wellverse (someone or oneself) in (something)To train, familiarize, or educate someone or oneself in or about some field or activity. Often used in the passive construction "be (well) versed in (something)." Our program is intended to verse older customers in the basics of the computer's operating system. As a project manager of over 15 years, I'm well versed in overseeing large teams and meeting deadlines. I versed myself in three different languages while I was in college.See also: verseversatile
versatile1. Botany (of an anther) attached to the filament by a small area so that it moves freely in the wind 2. Zoology able to turn forwards and backwards Versed
midazolam (mid-ay-zoe-lam) midazolam, Versed (trade name) Classification Therapeutic: antianxiety agents
Pharmacologic: benzodiazepines
Pregnancy Category: D
IndicationsOral: Preprocedural sedation and anxiolysis in pediatric patients. Intramuscular: Intravenous: Preoperative sedation/anxiolysis/amnesia. Intravenous: Provides sedation/anxiolysis/amnesia during therapeutic, diagnostic, or radiographic procedures (conscious sedation):- Aids in the induction of anesthesia and as part of balanced anesthesia,
- As a continuous infusion, provides sedation of mechanically ventilated patients during anesthesia or in a critical care setting,
ActionActs at many levels of the CNS to produce generalized CNS depression.Effects may be mediated by GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter.Therapeutic effectsShort-term sedation.Postoperative amnesia.PharmacokineticsAbsorption: Rapidly absorbed following oral and nasal administration; undergoes substantial intestinal and first-pass hepatic metabolism. Well absorbed following IM administration; IV administration results in complete bioavailability.Distribution: Crosses the blood-brain barrier and placenta; excreted in breast milk.Protein Binding: 97%.Metabolism and Excretion: Almost exclusively metabolized by the liver, resulting in conversion to hydroxymidazolam, an active metabolite, and 2 other inactive metabolites (metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme system); metabolites are excreted in urine.Half-life: Preterm neonates: 2.6–17.7 hr; Neonates: 4–12 hr; Children: 3–7 hr; Adults: 2–6 hr (increased in renal impairment, HF, or cirrhosis).Time/action profile (sedation)| ROUTE | ONSET | PEAK | DURATION |
|---|
| IN | 5 min | 10 min | 30–60 min | | IM | 15 min | 30–60 min | 2–6 hr | | IV | 1.5–5 min | rapid | 2–6 hr |
Contraindications/PrecautionsContraindicated in: Hypersensitivity;Cross-sensitivity with other benzodiazepines may occur;Shock;Comatose patients or those with pre-existing CNS depression;Uncontrolled severe pain;Acute angle-closure glaucoma; Obstetric: Benzodiazepine drugs may ↑ risk of congenital malformations; use in the last weeks of pregnancy has caused CNS depression in the neonate; Lactation: Lactation; Pediatric: Products containing benzyl alcohol should not be used in neonates.Use Cautiously in: Pulmonary disease;HF;Renal impairment;Severe hepatic impairment;Obese pediatric patients (calculate dose on the basis of ideal body weight); Pediatric: Rapid injection in neonates has caused severe hypotension and seizures, especially when used with fentanyl; Geriatric: Older patients (especially >70 yr) are more susceptible to cardiorespiratory depressant effects; dosage ↓ required.Adverse Reactions/Side EffectsCentral nervous system- agitation
- drowsiness
- excess sedation
- headache
Ear, Eye, Nose, ThroatRespiratory- apnea (life-threatening)
- laryngospasm (life-threatening)
- respiratory depression (life-threatening)
- bronchospasm
- coughing
Cardiovascular- cardiac arrest (life-threatening)
- arrhythmias
GastrointestinalDermatologicLocal- phlebitis at IV site (most frequent)
- pain at IM site
InteractionsDrug-Drug interaction↑ CNS depression with alcohol, antihistamines, opioid analgesics, and other sedative/hypnotics (↓ midazolam dose by 30–50% if used concurrently).↑ risk of hypotension with antihypertensives, opioid analgesics, acute ingestion of alcohol, or nitrates.Midazolam is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme system; drugs that induce or inhibit this system may be expected to alter the effects of midazolam.Carbamazepine, phenytoin, rifampin, rifabutin, and phenobarbital ↓ levels.Erythromycin, cimetidine, ranitidine, diltiazem, verapamil, fluconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole ↓ metabolism and may ↑ risk of toxicity.Concomitant use of kava-kava, valerian, or chamomile can ↑ CNS depression.Long-term use of St. John's wort may significantly ↓ levels.Grapefruit juice ↓ metabolism and may ↑ risk of toxicity.Route/DosageDose must be individualized, taking caution to reduce dose in geriatric patients and in those who are already sedatedPreoperative Sedation/Anxiolysis/AmnesiaOral (Children 6 mo–16 yr) 0.25–0.5 mg/kg, may require up to 1 mg/kg (dose should not exceed 20 mg); patients with cardiac/respiratory compromise or concurrent CNS depressants—0.25 mg/kg.Intramuscular (Adults Otherwise Healthy and <60 yr) 0.07–0.08 mg/kg 1 hr before surgery (usual dose 5 mg).Intramuscular (Adults ≥60 yr, Debilitated or Chronically Ill) 0.02–0.03 mg/kg 1 hr before surgery (usual dose 1–3 mg).Intramuscular (Children) 0.1–0.15 mg/kg up to 0.5 mg/kg 30–60 min prior to procedure; not to exceed 10 mg/dose.Conscious Sedation for Short ProceduresIntravenous (Adults and Children Otherwise Healthy >12 yr and <60 yr) 1–2.5 mg initially; dosage may be ↑ further as needed. Total doses >5 mg are rarely needed (↓ dose by 50% if other CNS depressants are used). Maintenance doses of 25% of the dose required for initial sedation may be given as necessary.Intravenous (Children 6–12 yr) 0.025–0.05 mg/kg initially, then titrate dose carefully, may need up to 0.4 mg/kg total, maximum dose 10 mg.Intravenous (Children 6 mo–5 yr) 0.05 mg/kg initially, then titrate dose carefully, may need up to 0.6 mg/kg total, maximum dose 6 mg.Intravenous (Geriatric Patients ≥60 yr, Debilitated or Chronically Ill) 1–1.5 mg initially; dose may be ↑ further as needed. Total doses >3.5 m g are rarely needed (↓ dose by 30% if other CNS depressants are used). Maintenance doses of 25% of the dose required for initial sedation may be given as necessary.Intranasal (Children) 0.2–0.3 mg/kg, may repeat in 5–15 min.Status EpilepticusIntravenous (Children >2 mo) 0.15 mg/kg load followed by a continuous infusion of 1 mcg/kg/min. Titrate dose upward q 5 min until seizure controlled, range: 1–18 mcg/kg/min.Induction of Anesthesia (Adjunct)May give additional dose of 25% of initial dose if neededIntravenous (Adults Otherwise Healthy and <55 yr) 300–350 mcg/kg initially (up to 600 mcg/kg total). If patient is premedicated, initial dose should be further ↓.Intravenous (Geriatric Patients >55 yr) 150–300 mcg/kg as initial dose. If patient is premedicated, initial dose should be further ↓.Intravenous (Adults —Debilitated) 150–250 mcg/kg initial dose. If patient is premedicated, initial dose should be further ↓.Sedation in Critical Care SettingsIntravenous (Adults) 0.01–0.05 mg/kg (0.5–4 mg in most adults) initially if a loading dose is required; may repeat q 10–15 min until desired effect is obtained; may be followed by infusion at 0.02–0.1 mg/kg/hr (1–7 mg/hr in most adults).Intravenous (Children) Intubated patients only—0.05–0.2 mg/kg initially as a loading dose; follow with infusion at 0.06–0.12 mg/kg/hr (1–2 mcg/kg/min), titrate to effect, range: 0.4–6 mcg/kg/min.Intravenous (Neonates >32 wk) Intubated patients only—0.06 mg/kg/hr (1 mcg/kg/min).Intravenous (Neonates <32 wk) Intubated patients only—0.03 mg/kg/hr (0.5 mcg/kg/min).Availability (generic available)Injection: 1 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL Syrupcherry flavor: 2 mg/mL Nursing implicationsNursing assessment- Assess level of sedation and level of consciousness throughout and for 2–6 hr following administration.
- Monitor BP, pulse, and respiration continuously during IV administration. Oxygen and resuscitative equipment should be immediately available.
If overdose occurs, monitor pulse, respiration, and BP continuously. Maintain patent airway and assist ventilation as needed. If hypotension occurs, treatment includes IV fluids, repositioning, and vasopressors.- The effects of midazolam can be reversed with flumazenil (Romazicon).
Potential Nursing DiagnosesIneffective breathing pattern (Adverse Reactions)
Risk for injury (Side Effects)
Implementation- high alert: Accidental overdose of oral midazolam syrup in children has resulted in serious harm or death. Do not accept orders prescribed by volume (5 mL or 1 tsp); instead, request dose be expressed in milligrams. Have second practitioner independently check original order and dose calculations. Midazolam syrup should only be administered by health care professionals authorized to administer conscious sedation.
- Oral: To use the Press-in Bottle Adaptor (PIBA), remove the cap and push bottle adaptor into neck of bottle. Close bottle tightly with cap. Solution is a clear red to purplish-red cherry-flavored syrup. Then remove cap and insert tip of oral dispenser in bottle adaptor. Push the plunger completely down toward tip of oral dispenser and insert firmly into bottle adaptor. Turn entire unit (bottle and oral dispenser) upside down. Pull plunger out slowly until desired amount of medication is withdrawn into oral dispenser. Turn entire unit right side up and slowly remove oral dispenser from the bottle. Tip of dispenser may be covered with tip of cap until time of use. Close bottle with cap after each use.
- Dispense directly into mouth. Do not mix with any liquid prior to dispensing.
- Intranasal: Administer using a 1 mL needleless syringe into the nares over 15 sec. Using the 5 mg/mL injection, administer half dose into each nare.
- Intramuscular: Administer IM doses deep into muscle mass, maximum concentration 1 mg/mL.
Intravenous Administration- pH: 2.9–3.7.
- Diluent: Administer undiluted or diluted with D5W or 0.9% NaCl.Concentration: Undiluted: 1 mg/mL or 5 mg/mL. Diluted: 0.03–3 mg/mL.
- Rate: Administer slowly over at least 2–5 min. Titrate dose to patient response. Rapid injection, especially in neonates, has caused severe hypotension.
- Continuous Infusion: Diluent: Dilute with 0.9% NaCl or D5WConcentration: 0.5–1 mg/mL.
- Rate: Based on patient's weight (see Route/Dosage section). Titrate to desired level of sedation. Assess sedation at regular intervals and adjust rate up or down by 25–50% as needed. Dose should also be decreased by 10–25% every few hours to find minimum effective infusion rate, which prevents accumulation of midazolam and provides more rapid recovery upon termination.
- Y-Site Compatibility: alemtuzumab, alfentanil, amikacin, amiodarone, anidulafungin, argatroban, atracurium, atropine, aztreonam, benztropine, bivalirudin, bleomycin, buprenorphine, calcium chloride, calcium gluconate, carboplatin, carmustine, caspofungin, cefazolin, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ceftaroline, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, cisatracurium, cisplatin, cyanocobalamin, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, cytarabine, dactinomycin, daptomycin, dexmedetomidine, digoxin, diltiazem, diphenhydramine, docetaxel, dopamine, doripenem, doxacurium, doxarubicin hydrochloride, doxycycline, enalaprilat, epinephrine, epirubicin, eptifibatide, erythromycin lactobionate, esmolol, etomidate, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, famotidine, fenoldopam, fentanyl, fluconazole, fludarabine, folic acid, gemcitabine, gentamicin, glycopyrrolate, granisetron, heparin, hydromorphone, idarubicin, ifosfamide, irinotecan, isoproterenol, labetalol, levofloxacin, lidocaine, linezolid, lorazepam, magnesium sulfate, mannitol, mechlorethamine, meperidine, metaraminol, methadone, methoxamine, methyldopate, metoclopramide, metoprolol, metronidazole, milrinone, mitoxantrone, morphine, multivitamins, mycophenolate, nalbuphine, naloxone, nesiritide, nicardipine, nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, norepinephrine, octreotide, ondansetron, oxacillin, oxaliplatin, oxytocin, paclitaxel, palonosetron, pamidronate, pancuronium, papaverine, pemetrexed, penicillin G potassium, pentamidine, pentazocine, phentolamine, phenylephrine, phytonadione, potassium chloride, procainamide, promethazine, propranolol, protamine, pyridoxime, quinupristin/dalfopristin, ranitidine, remifentanil, rifampin, rocuronium, streptokinase, succinylcholine, sufentanil, tacrolimus, teniposide, theophylline, thiotepa, tigecycline, tirofiban, tobramycin, tolazoline, trimetaphan, vancomycin, vasopressin, vecuronium, verapamil, vincristine, vinorelbine, voriconazole, zoledronic acid
- Y-Site Incompatibility: acyclovir, aminocaproic acid, aminophylline, amphotericin B cholesteryl, amphotericin B colloidal, amphotericin B lipid complex, amphotericin B liposome, ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, ascorbic acid, azathioprine, cefepime, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, dantrolene, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, diazepam, diazoxide, epoetin alfa, ertapenem, fluorouracil, foscarnet, fosphenytoin, furosemide, ganciclovir, indomethacin, ketorolac, methotrexate, micafungin, omeprazole, pantoprazole, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, phenytoin, piperacillin/tazobactam, potassium acetate, prochlorperazine, sodium bicarbonate, thiopental, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Patient/Family Teaching- Inform patient that this medication will decrease mental recall of the procedure.
- May cause drowsiness or dizziness. Advise patient to request assistance prior to ambulation and transfer and to avoid driving or other activities requiring alertness for 24 hr following administration.
- Instruct patient to inform health care professional prior to administration if pregnancy is suspected.
- Advise patient to avoid alcohol or other CNS depressants for 24 hr following administration of midazolam.
Evaluation/Desired Outcomes- Sedation during and amnesia following surgical, diagnostic, and radiologic procedures.
- Sedation and amnesia for mechanically ventilated patients in a critical care setting.
Versed (vûr-sĕd′) A preparation of the drug midazolam hydrochloride; formerly a trademark.Versed® Midazolam Pharmacology A preoperative sedativeVersed
Synonyms for Versedadj knowledgeableSynonyms- knowledgeable
- experienced
- skilled
- seasoned
- qualified
- familiar
- practised
- accomplished
- competent
- switched-on
- tasty
- acquainted
- well-informed
- proficient
- sussed
- well up
- conversant
Antonyms- ignorant
- inexperienced
- unskilled
- new
- green
- raw
- callow
- unschooled
- unacquainted
- unpractised
- unversed
- unfledged
Synonyms for Versedadj skilled or knowledgeable through long practiceSynonyms- experienced
- old
- practiced
- seasoned
- veteran
adj having good knowledge ofSynonyms- acquainted
- conversant
- familiar
- versant
Synonyms for Versednoun an injectable form of benzodiazepine (trade name Versed) useful for sedation and for reducing pain during uncomfortable medical proceduresSynonymsRelated Words- benzodiazepine
- brand
- brand name
- marque
- trade name
adj thoroughly acquainted through study or experienceSynonymsRelated Words |