| 释义 |
revolution
rev·o·lu·tion R0210000 (rĕv′ə-lo͞o′shən)n.1. a. Orbital motion about a point, especially as distinguished from axial rotation: the planetary revolution about the sun.b. A turning or rotational motion about an axis.c. A single complete cycle of such orbital or axial motion.2. The overthrow of one government and its replacement with another.3. A sudden or momentous change in a situation: the revolution in computer technology.4. Geology A time of major crustal deformation, when folds and faults are formed.
[Middle English revolucioun, from Old French revolution, from Late Latin revolūtiō, revolūtiōn-, from Latin revolūtus, past participle of revolvere, to turn over; see revolve.]revolution (ˌrɛvəˈluːʃən) n1. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) the overthrow or repudiation of a regime or political system by the governed2. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) (in Marxist theory) the violent and historically necessary transition from one system of production in a society to the next, as from feudalism to capitalism3. a far-reaching and drastic change, esp in ideas, methods, etc4. a. movement in or as if in a circleb. one complete turn in such a circle: a turntable rotating at 33 revolutions per minute. 5. (Astronomy) a. the orbital motion of one body, such as a planet or satellite, around another. Compare rotation5ab. one complete turn in such motion6. a cycle of successive events or changes7. (Geological Science) geology obsolete a profound change in conditions over a large part of the earth's surface, esp one characterized by mountain building: an orogenic revolution. [C14: via Old French from Late Latin revolūtiō, from Latin revolvere to revolve]rev•o•lu•tion (ˌrɛv əˈlu ʃən)
n. 1. a complete and forcible overthrow and replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed. 2. a sudden, complete, or radical change in something: a revolution in church architecture; a social revolution caused by automation. 3. a. a procedure or course, as if in a circuit, back to a starting point. b. a single turn of this kind. 4. a. a turning round or rotating, as on an axis. b. a moving in a circular or curving course, as about a central point. c. a single cycle in such a course. 5. a. the orbiting of one heavenly body around another. b. (not in technical use) the rotation of a heavenly body on its axis. c. a single course of such movement. 6. a cycle of events in time or in a recurring period of time. [1350–1400; Middle English revolucion < Late Latin revolūtiō= Latin revolū-, variant s. of revolvere to roll back (see revolve) + -tiō -tion] rev·o·lu·tion (rĕv′ə-lo͞o′shən)1. The motion of an object around a point, especially around another object or a center of mass.2. A single complete cycle of such motion.Usage We use the words revolution and rotation—or the verbs revolve and rotate—to indicate cyclic patterns. We talk of crop rotation to refer to the successive planting of different crops on the same land, or of a revolving door to refer to a door turning about a central pivot. In everyday speech revolution and rotation are often used as synonyms, but in science they are not synonyms and have distinct meanings. The difference between the two terms lies in the location of the central axis that the object turns about. If the axis is outside the body itself—that is, if the object is orbiting about another object—then one complete orbit is called a revolution. But if the object is turning about an axis that passes through itself, then one complete cycle is called a rotation. This difference is often summed up in the statement: "Earth rotates on its axis and revolves around the sun."revolution- gyre - A circular movement or revolution; to cause to spin around or whirl.
- rebellion, revolution - Rebellion is open resistance to a government or authority; revolution is a rebellion that succeeds in overthrowing the government and establishing a new one.
- rev - An abbreviation of revolution.
- young Turk - Term for a tyrannical or unmanageable man, based on the members of a party of Turkish agitators that brought about the revolution of 1908.
Thesaurus| Noun | 1. |  revolution - a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving; "the industrial revolution was also a cultural revolution"alteration, change, modification - an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another; "the change was intended to increase sales"; "this storm is certainly a change for the worse"; "the neighborhood had undergone few modifications since his last visit years ago"Cultural Revolution, Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution - a radical reform in China initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 and carried out largely by the Red Guard; intended to eliminate counterrevolutionary elements in the government it resulted in purges of the intellectuals and socioeconomic chaosgreen revolution - the introduction of pesticides and high-yield grains and better management during the 1960s and 1970s which greatly increased agricultural productivity | | 2. | revolution - the overthrow of a government by those who are governedcounterrevolution - a revolution whose aim is to reverse the changes introduced by a previous revolutiongroup action - action taken by a group of people | | 3. |  revolution - a single complete turn (axial or orbital); "the plane made three rotations before it crashed"; "the revolution of the earth about the sun takes one year"gyration, rotationturning, turn - a movement in a new direction; "the turning of the wind"clockwise rotation, dextrorotation - rotation to the rightcounterclockwise rotation, levorotation - rotation to the leftaxial motion, axial rotation, roll - rotary motion of an object around its own axis; "wheels in axial rotation"orbital motion, orbital rotation - motion of an object in an orbit around a fixed point; "satellites in orbital rotation"spin - a swift whirling motion (usually of a missile) |
revolutionnoun1. revolt, rising, coup, rebellion, uprising, mutiny, insurgency, coup d'état, putsch after the French Revolution2. transformation, shift, innovation, upheaval, reformation, metamorphosis, sea change, drastic or radical change a revolution in ship design and propulsion3. rotation, turn, cycle, circle, wheel, spin, lap, circuit, orbit, whirl, gyration, round The gear drives a wheel 1/10th revolution per cycle.revolutionnoun1. Circular movement around a point or about an axis:circuit, circulation, circumvolution, gyration, rotation, turn, wheel, whirl.2. Organized opposition intended to change or overthrow existing authority:insurgence, insurgency, insurrection, mutiny, rebellion, revolt, sedition, uprising.3. A momentous or sweeping change:cataclysm, convulsion, upheaval.Translationsrevolution (revəˈluːʃən) noun1. (the act of making) a successful, violent attempt to change or remove a government etc. the American Revolution. 革命 革命2. a complete change in ideas, methods etc. There's been a complete revolution in the way things are done in this office. 變革 变革3. a complete circle or turn round a central point, axis etc (eg as made by a record turning on a record-player, or the Earth moving on its axis or round the Sun). 旋轉 旋转ˌrevoˈlutionary adjective1. involving or causing great changes in ideas, methods etc. a revolutionary new process for making paper. 革命性的 革命性的大变革的 2. of a revolution against a government etc. revolutionary activities. 革命的 革命的 noun – plural revoˈlutionaries – a person who takes part in, or is in favour of, (a) revolution. 革命份子，革新者 革命者，革新者 ˌrevoˈlutionize, ˌrevoˈlutionise verb to cause great changes in (ideas, methods etc). This new machinery will revolutionize the paper-making industry. 徹底改革 使彻底变革宣传革命，改革
revolution
revolution, in a political sense, fundamental and violent change in the values, political institutions, social structure, leadership, and policies of a society. The totality of change implicit in this definition distinguishes it from coups, rebellions, and wars of independence, which involve only partial change. Examples include the French, Russian, Chinese, Cuban, and Iranian revolutions. The American Revolution, however, is a misnomer: it was a war of independence. The word revolution, borrowed from astronomy, took on its political meaning in 17th-century England, where, paradoxically, it meant a return or restoration of a former situation. It was not until the 18th cent., with the French Revolution, that revolution began to mean a new beginning. Since Aristotle, economic inequality has been recognized as an important cause of revolution. Tocqueville pointed out that it was not absolute poverty but relative deprivation that contributed to revolutions. The fall of the old order also depends on the ruling elite losing its authority and self-confidence. These conditions are often present in a country that has just fought a debilitating war. Both the Russian and Chinese revolutions in the 20th cent. followed wars. Contemporary thinking about revolution is dominated by Marxist ideas: revolution is the means for removing reactionary classes from power and transferring power to progressive ones. Bibliography See H. Arendt, On Revolution (1963); J. B. Bell, On Revolt (1976); R. Blackey and C. Paynton, Revolution and the Revolutionary Ideal (1976); S. N. Eisenstadt, Revolution and the Transformation of Societies (1978); B. Turok, Revolutionary Thought in the Twentieth Century (1980); J. A. Goldstone, ed., Revolutions: Theoretical, Comparative, and Historical Studies (1986); A. Yarmolinsky, Road to Revolution (1986); J. B. Rule, Theories of Civil Violence (1988); M. S. Kimel, Revolution: A Sociological Interpretation (1990); L. Langley, The Americas in the Age of Revolution (1997); S. Dunn, Sister Revolutions (1999). revolution 1. Orbital motion of a celestial body about a center of gravitational attraction, such as the Sun, another star, or a planet, as distinct from axial rotation. See also direct motion. 2. One complete circuit of a celestial body about a gravitational center. The Earth takes one year to make one revolution around the Sun.revolution - (political and social) ‘the seizure of STATE power through violent means by the leaders of a mass movement where that power is subsequently used to initiate major processes of social reform’ GIDDENS,1989). This distinguishes revolutions from COUPS D’ÉTAT, which involve the use of force to seize power but without transforming the class structure and political system, and without mass support. The 20th century has seen revolutions occurring not in industrial societies but in rural peasant societies like Russia (1917), China (1949) and North Vietnam (1954). Various theories exist to try to explain revolutionary change, of which the most influential have been Marxist. An example of the application of MARXISM in an actual revolutionary situation is provided by LENIN in the context of Russia. He argues that a revolutionary situation is created when three elements come into play: when the masses can no longer live in the old way, the ruling classes can no longer rule in the old way, and when the suffering and poverty of the exploited and oppressed class has grown more acute than is usual. But the revolution will only be successful when the most crucial condition is fulfilled: the existence of a VANGUARD PARTY with the necessary Marxist programme, strategy, tactics and organizational discipline to guarantee victory. In her comparative study of revolutions Skocpol (1979) criticizes Marxist theories of revolution and argues for a state-centred approach. Specifically, she views international pressures such as wars or upper-class resistance to state reform as key factors leading to the breakdown of the administrative and military apparatus which in turn paves the way for revolution. See also MOORE, REVOLUTION FROM ABOVE.
- (social) any major change in key aspects of a society which leads to a change in the nature of that society. This may refer to economic transformation, as in the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, to changes in individual behaviour, as in the concept of a modern revolution in sexual behaviour’, or to a revolution in knowledge, as in the 'scientific revolution’ in 17th-century Europe, which laid the basis for all later developments in modern SCIENCE. Usage in this second sense tends to be highly variable, and may refer to comparatively long periods of time.
Originally, in the 17th century the concept of revolution referred to the process ‘of passing through the stages of a cycle that ultimately lead back to a condition that is identical or similar to some antecedent one’. Today such CYCLES OR CYCLICAL PHENOMENA are not usually referred to as ‘revolutions’. One important issue in the study of revolutions (in sense 1 or 2) is whether they form part of a more overarching ‘evolutionary’ or ‘developmental’ sequence in human affairs (see EVOLUTIONARY THEORY, EVOLUTIONARY SOCIOLOGY) or should receive only a more EPISODIC CHARACTERIZATION. Revolution a profound qualitative change in the development of a phenomenon of nature, society, or knowledge, for example, the geological revolution, the industrial revolution, the scientific and technological revolution, the cultural revolution, and the revolution in physics and philosophy. The concept of revolution is most frequently used in describing social development. (See.) The concept is an integral aspect of the dialectical conception of development. It reveals the internal mechanism of the law of the transformation of quantitative into qualitative changes. Revolution means a break in gradualness, a qualitative leap in development. It differs from evolution—the gradual development of a process—and also from reform. Between revolution and reform there exists a complex correlation determined by the concrete historical content of the revolution and the reform. revolution[‚rev·ə′lü·shən] (geology) A little-used term to describe a time of profound crustal movements, on a continentwide or worldwide scale, which led to abrupt geographic, climatic, and environmental changes that were related to changes in forms of life. (mechanics) The motion of a body around a closed orbit. revolution1. the overthrow or repudiation of a regime or political system by the governed 2. (in Marxist theory) the violent and historically necessary transition from one system of production in a society to the next, as from feudalism to capitalism 3. a. the orbital motion of one body, such as a planet or satellite, around another b. one complete turn in such motion 4. Geology Obsolete a profound change in conditions over a large part of the earth's surface, esp one characterized by mountain building Revolution
RevolutionA sudden, tumultuous, and radical transformation of an entire system of government, including its legal and political components. In many instances, revolutions encompass society as a whole, bringing fundamental change to a culture's economic, religious, and institutional framework. Fundamental change that is incrementally wrought over time is more properly considered evolutionary rather than revolutionary. A revolution also should be contrasted with a coup d'etat, which generally involves the violent ousting of a particular regime or its leaders, but which otherwise leaves intact the culture's political, legal, and economic infrastructure. In many ways law and revolution occupy polar extremes in a political system. Law serves as one of the principal edifices upon which social order is built. Revolutions, on the other hand, seek to dismantle the existing social order. Legal systems are established in part to replace private forms of justice, such as Self-Help and Vigilantism, which can lead to endless cycles of revenge. Revolutions, conversely, depend on persons who are willing to take law into their own hands. At the same time, law can serve as the motivating force behind revolutionary activity. In writing the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson explained that it had become necessary for the colonies to dissolve their formal ties with Great Britain because the king of England had abused his autocratic power by denying Americans their inalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. These rights, Jefferson said, are guaranteed by an unwritten Natural Law. The American Revolution, then, was fought to restore the Rule of Law in the United States, which was not fully accomplished until the power of government was subordinated to the will of the people in the state and federal constitutions. Along these same lines, John Locke, in his Second Treatise of Government (1690), postulated the right of all citizens to revolt against tyrants who subvert the law and oppress the populace through the wanton use of force and terror. Such tyrannical abuse of power, Locke said, may be resisted because every person is born with the rights to Self-Defense and selfpreservation, which supersede the laws of a despotic sovereign. However, neither Jefferson nor Locke prescribed a formula to determine when governmental behavior becomes sufficiently despotic to justify revolution. The traditional meaning of the term revolution has been watered down by popular culture. Every day Americans are inundated with talk of revolution. The fitness revolution, the technology revolution, the computer revolution, and the information revolution are just a few examples of the everyday usage of this term. Such common usage has diluted the meaning of revolution to such an extent that it is now virtually synonymous with benign terms such as change, development, and progress. Yet traditional revolutions are rarely benign. The French Revolution of 1789 is historically associated with the unfettered bloodletting at the guillotine. The twentieth-century revolutions in Russia, Southeast Asia, and Central America were marked by the mass extermination and persecution of political opponents. These revolutions demonstrate the tension separating power from the rule of law. Following a revolution, members of new regimes are inevitably tempted to "get even" with the leaders of the ousted regime to whom they attribute the commission of horrible acts while in office. Now holding the reins of sovereignty, the new regime has acquired the power to impose an expedient form of justice upon members of the old regime. This form of justice has many faces, including the confiscation of property without a hearing, forcible detention without trial, and the implementation of summary executions. However, the rule of law requires governments to act in strict accordance with clearly defined and well-established legal procedures and principles. The rule of law disfavors Arbitrary and capricious governmental action. Thus, every revolutionary regime faces a similar dilemma: how to make a deposed regime pay for its tyrannical behavior without committing acts of tyranny itself. The identity and ideological direction of a revolutionary regime is often determined by the manner in which this dilemma is resolved. Further readings Berman, Harold. 1983. Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press. O'Kane, Rosemary H.T. 2004. Paths to Democracy: Revolution and Totalitarianism. New York: Routledge. Wood, Gordon. 1991. The Radicalism of the American Revolution. New York: Vintage Books. Cross-references Anarchism; Communism; Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich; Marx, Karl Heinrich. See REV
See RVLrevolution
Synonyms for revolutionnoun revoltSynonyms- revolt
- rising
- coup
- rebellion
- uprising
- mutiny
- insurgency
- coup d'état
- putsch
noun transformationSynonyms- transformation
- shift
- innovation
- upheaval
- reformation
- metamorphosis
- sea change
- drastic or radical change
noun rotationSynonyms- rotation
- turn
- cycle
- circle
- wheel
- spin
- lap
- circuit
- orbit
- whirl
- gyration
- round
Synonyms for revolutionnoun circular movement around a point or about an axisSynonyms- circuit
- circulation
- circumvolution
- gyration
- rotation
- turn
- wheel
- whirl
noun organized opposition intended to change or overthrow existing authoritySynonyms- insurgence
- insurgency
- insurrection
- mutiny
- rebellion
- revolt
- sedition
- uprising
noun a momentous or sweeping changeSynonyms- cataclysm
- convulsion
- upheaval
Synonyms for revolutionnoun a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behavingRelated Words- alteration
- change
- modification
- Cultural Revolution
- Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
- green revolution
noun the overthrow of a government by those who are governedRelated Words- counterrevolution
- group action
noun a single complete turn (axial or orbital)SynonymsRelated Words- turning
- turn
- clockwise rotation
- dextrorotation
- counterclockwise rotation
- levorotation
- axial motion
- axial rotation
- roll
- orbital motion
- orbital rotation
- spin
|