special effects

special effects,

in motion pictures, cinematographic techniques that create illusions in the audience's minds as well as the illusions created using these techniques. Some common examples are the use of rear-screen projections, in which previously photographed material is projected behind the actors; the filming of miniature objects in such a way that they look life-size; and the use of animation techniques to create realistic looking scenes, creatures, or objects that can be combined with live action that has been filmed separately. Disaster films, horror movies, and science-fiction movies are three genres that often depend on elaborate special effects. Such effects were used dramatically in the Star Wars and Raiders of the Lost Ark series. See also motion-picture photographymotion picture photography
or cinematography,
photographic arts and techniques involved in making motion pictures.

See also photography, still. The Camera
..... Click the link for more information. .

Special Effects

filming methods, procedures, and techniques that make it possible to combine in a single image objects photographed at different places and times, and in different scales and spatial positions.

Ordinarily, the viewer sees the same image on the screen (in terms of composition and of direction and rate of movement) that the cameraman saw in the camera at the moment of filming. The special effects image, on the other hand, is not as a rule factographic, since it may be taken in parts (for example, with the actor in the film studio and the background landscape in Antarctica). The natural or decorative part of the image can be supplemented by a drawing or mock-up. The landscape can be altered in terms of tonality and coloring (for example, a landscape filmed during the daytime is turned into nighttime on the screen, or a summer landscape is turned into winter). Special effects filming makes it possible, with minimal expenditure, to show spectacular structures on the screen and to create images that would be impossible to film by ordinary methods because of risk to the life of the actors or other factors (for example, natural disasters, dogfights, battles at sea, the landscapes of other planets). Special effects filming also includes the techniques of titles, montage, and inserts and push-offs between sequences.

Special effects methods include multiple exposure, filming in parts by masks and covers, perspective registration, and projection registration. In addition to the basic methods, there are also mixing-booth techniques to reverse, accelerate, slow down, or halt the action and obtain various transformations, unusual effects, or optical tricks.

The choice of filming methods is determined according to ability to express the image, simplicity of execution, and economy of production. Large film studios have special-effects sections with glass-work, projection-registration, and other specialized rooms, as well as a filming tank, all equipped with the appropriate facilities and equipment.

REFERENCES

Gorbachev, B. K. Tekhnika kombinirovannykh s”emok, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1961.
Pluzhnikov, B. F. Kombinirovannye kinos”emki, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1967.
Kombinirovannye kinos”emki. Moscow, 1972.

B. F. PLUZHNIKOV

单词	special effects
释义	special effects special effects pl n (Film) films techniques used in the production of scenes that cannot be achieved by normal techniques spe′cial effects′ n.pl. unusual visual and sound effects created for motion pictures or television, as simulations of space travel, earthquakes, or supernatural phenomena. [1940–45] Translations effetti speciali special effects special effects, in motion pictures, cinematographic techniques that create illusions in the audience's minds as well as the illusions created using these techniques. Some common examples are the use of rear-screen projections, in which previously photographed material is projected behind the actors; the filming of miniature objects in such a way that they look life-size; and the use of animation techniques to create realistic looking scenes, creatures, or objects that can be combined with live action that has been filmed separately. Disaster films, horror movies, and science-fiction movies are three genres that often depend on elaborate special effects. Such effects were used dramatically in the Star Wars and Raiders of the Lost Ark series. See also motion-picture photographymotion picture photography or cinematography, photographic arts and techniques involved in making motion pictures. See also photography, still. The Camera ..... Click the link for more information. . Special Effects filming methods, procedures, and techniques that make it possible to combine in a single image objects photographed at different places and times, and in different scales and spatial positions. Ordinarily, the viewer sees the same image on the screen (in terms of composition and of direction and rate of movement) that the cameraman saw in the camera at the moment of filming. The special effects image, on the other hand, is not as a rule factographic, since it may be taken in parts (for example, with the actor in the film studio and the background landscape in Antarctica). The natural or decorative part of the image can be supplemented by a drawing or mock-up. The landscape can be altered in terms of tonality and coloring (for example, a landscape filmed during the daytime is turned into nighttime on the screen, or a summer landscape is turned into winter). Special effects filming makes it possible, with minimal expenditure, to show spectacular structures on the screen and to create images that would be impossible to film by ordinary methods because of risk to the life of the actors or other factors (for example, natural disasters, dogfights, battles at sea, the landscapes of other planets). Special effects filming also includes the techniques of titles, montage, and inserts and push-offs between sequences. Special effects methods include multiple exposure, filming in parts by masks and covers, perspective registration, and projection registration. In addition to the basic methods, there are also mixing-booth techniques to reverse, accelerate, slow down, or halt the action and obtain various transformations, unusual effects, or optical tricks. The choice of filming methods is determined according to ability to express the image, simplicity of execution, and economy of production. Large film studios have special-effects sections with glass-work, projection-registration, and other specialized rooms, as well as a filming tank, all equipped with the appropriate facilities and equipment. REFERENCES Gorbachev, B. K. Tekhnika kombinirovannykh s”emok, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1961. Pluzhnikov, B. F. Kombinirovannye kinos”emki, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1967. Kombinirovannye kinos”emki. Moscow, 1972. B. F. PLUZHNIKOV See SE See SPX
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special effects

special effects

spe′cial effects′

special effects

special effects,

Special Effects

REFERENCES