rhenium

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rhenium

(rē`nēəm), metallic chemical element; symbol Re; at. no. 75; at. wt. 186.207; m.p. about 3,180&degC;; b.p. about 5,625&degC;; sp. gr. 21.02 at 20&degC;; valence −1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, or +7. Rhenium is a very dense, high-melting, silver-white metal. Of the elements, only carbon and tungsten have higher melting points and only iridium, osmium, and platinum are more dense. The chemical properties of rhenium are like those of technetium, the element above it in Group 7 of the periodic tableperiodic table,
chart of the elements arranged according to the periodic law discovered by Dmitri I. Mendeleev and revised by Henry G. J. Moseley. In the periodic table the elements are arranged in columns and rows according to increasing atomic number (see the table entitled
..... Click the link for more information. . A number of rhenium compounds are known, among them halides, oxides, and sulfides. The heptavalent oxide, Re₂O₇, on dissolving in water forms perrhenic acid, HReO₄, from which many other compounds are prepared. Rhenium is not found uncombined in nature. It is widely distributed in the earth's crust in platinum and molybdenum ores and in many minerals, but is not abundant. In the United States rhenium is obtained commercially as a byproduct of the roasting of copper sulfide ores from Arizona and Utah. Rhenium metal is obtained as a powder by reduction of its compounds with hydrogen. The powder is compacted, sintered, annealed, and formed into wire, foil, rods, or strips. Rhenium is used in alloys with tungsten; it gives improved ductility and high-temperature strength. These alloys are used for electrical contacts, electronic filaments, and thermocouples and in photographic flash lamps. Rhenium forms a superconductive alloy with molybdenum. Rhenium is used as a catalyst for hydrogenation and petroleum cracking. Based on his periodic lawperiodic law,
statement of a periodic recurrence of chemical and physical properties of the elements when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number.
..... Click the link for more information. , Mendeleev predicted the existence of rhenium, which he called dvi-manganese. The accuracy of prediction of the properties of the element led to its discovery in 1925 by Walter Nodack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg in platinum ores and the mineral columbite.

Rhenium

Re, a chemical element in group VII of Mendeleev’s periodic system. Atomic number, 75; atomic weight, 186.207. A light gray metal, natural rhenium occurs as a mixture of the stable isotope ¹⁸⁵Re (37.07 percent) and the weakly radioactive isotope ¹⁸⁷Re (half-life T_½ = 10¹¹ years).

In 1871, D. I. Mendeleev predicted the existence of an element with atomic weight 190—a manganese analog—and called it trimanganese. In the years following, there were many unconfirmed reports that the element had been discovered. It was only in 1925, however, that the German chemists I. Noddack and W. Noddack discovered rhenium in the mineral columbite by spectral analysis. The name “rhjenium” comes from the Latin name for the Rhine (Rhenus) River in Germany.

Rhenium is a typical dispersed element. Its average content in the earth’s crust is 7 × 10^-8 percent by weight. The three known rhenium minerals are the oxide and sulfide of rhenium and copper rhenium sulfide (CuReS₄), which forms the mineral dzhezkazganite. Rhenium occurs as an admixture in the minerals of other elements; higher Re concentrations are noted in columbites, tantalites, zirconates, rare-earth minerals, copper sulfides, and especially molybdenite, MoS₂ (from 0.1 to 10^-5 percent). The relationship between rhenium and molybdenite is determined by the isomorphism of MoS₂ and ReS₂. Certain copper sulfide concentrates (0.002-0.005 percent Re) are important sources of rhenium.

Rhenium has a hexagonal, close-packed structure (a = 2,760 angstroms [Å], c = 4,458 Å). The atomic radius is 1,373 Å, and the ionic radius of Re⁷⁺ is 0.56 Å. Rhenium has a density of 21.03 g/cm³, a melting point of 3180° ± 20°C, and a boiling point of 5900°C. Its specific heat capacity is 153 joules/kg/°K, or 0.03653 cal/g/deg in the range 0°—1200°C. The coefficient of linear thermal expansion is 6.7 × 10^-6 in the range 20°-500°C, and the electrical resistivity is 19.3 × 10^-6 ohm·cm (20°C). Rhenium has a superconductivity transition temperature of 1.699°K, a work function of 4.80 electron volts, and is paramagnetic.

The refractoriness of rhenium is second only to that of tungsten. Unlike tungsten, rhenium is ductile in both the cast and recrystallized states and undergoes deformation upon exposure to the cold. The elastic modulus of Re is 470 giganewtons/m², or 47,000 kilograms-force/mm², which is higher than that of all other metals except Os and Ir. This modulus accounts for rhenium’s high resistance to deformation and high-rate hardening in pressure treatment. Rhenium is characterized by its high endurance limit at temperatures of 1000°–2000°C.

The rhenium atom contains seven outer electrons; the higher energy levels that have the configuration 5d⁵6s². Rhenium is stable in the air at normal temperatures. Oxidation, with the formation of oxides (ReO₃, Re₂O₇), begins at 300°C and intensifies at temperatures exceeding 600°C. Rhenium does not react with hydrogen at temperatures ranging to rhenium’s melting point and in general does not react at all with nitrogen. Rhenium, unlike other refractory metals, does not form carbides. Upon heating, fluorine and chlorine react with rhenium to form ReF₆ and ReCl₅, but rhenium will not interact directly with bromine or iodine. Sulfur vapor and rhenium produce the sulfide ReS₂ at temperatures of 700°–800°C.

Rhenium does not corrode in hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acids of any concentration upon exposure to cold or heating to 100°C. It dissolves to form perrhenic acid in nitric acid, hot concentrated sulfuric acid, and hydrogen peroxide. It undergoes gradual corrosion in alkaline solutions upon heating, while fused alkalis are capable of dissolving it very rapidly.

Rhenium is known to display valences of +7 to - 1, which accounts for the abundance and diversity of its compounds. Heptavalent rhenium compounds are the most stable. Rhenium heptoxide (ReO₇) is a light yellow substance that dissolves freely in water. Perrhenic acid (HReO₄) is strong and colorless and a relatively weak oxidizing agent (unlike permanganic acid, HMnO₄); it forms salts—perrhenates—upon interaction with the alkalis, oxides, and carbonates of metals. Rhenium compounds with other oxidation numbers include the reddish orange trioxide (ReO₃), dark brown dioxide (ReO₂), and volatile chlorides and oxychlorides (ReCl₅, ReOCl₄, ReO₃Cl).

The primary sources of rhenium are molybdenite concentrates (Re content 0.01-0.04 percent) and the copper concentrates in certain copper deposits (Re content 0.002-0.003 percent). In the oxidative roasting of molybdenite concentrates, rhenium is removed with furnace gases in the form of Re₂O₇(boiling point, 360°C), which is concentrated in the products of dust-collecting systems (slurry, solutions). Rhenium is also removed with gases during various stages in the preparation of blister copper from concentrates. If the furnace gases are used in the preparation of sulfuric acid, rhenium is concentrated in the rinsing acid of the electrostatic precipitator. Leaching with weak H₂SO₄ and a pyrolusite oxidizing agent is used to extract Re from dust and slurry. Rhenium is removed from the solutions obtained and from the rinsing sulfuric acid by sorption or extraction. The final product, ammonium perrhenate (NH₂ReO₄), is reduced with hydrogen to produce rhenium powder, which is then converted into solid bars by the techniques of powder metallurgy. Rhenium can also be melted in electron-beam furnaces.

Both refractory Re and W-Re alloys are used in the manufacture of electronic devices. In addition, rhenium and W-Re alloys are used to manufacture electrical contact points, parts for precision instruments, and thermocouples for measuring temperatures up to 2500°C. Alloys of Re and W, Mo, and Ta are characterized by a high heat resistance and are used in aircraft and space technology. Rhenium and its compounds serve as effective catalysts in petroleum cracking.

REFERENCES

Druce, J. Renii. Moscow, 1951. (Translated from English.)
Lebedev, K. B. Renii. Moscow, 1963.
Savitskii, E. M., M. A. Tylkina, and K. B. Povarova. Splavy reniia. Moscow, 1965.
Trudy III Vsesoiuznogo soveshchaniia po probleme reniia, parts 1–2. Moscow, 1970.

A. N. ZELIKMAN

rhenium

[′rē·nē·əm] (chemistry) A metallic element, symbol Re, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207; a transition element.

rhenium

a dense silvery-white metallic element that has a high melting point. It occurs principally in gadolinite and molybdenite and is used, alloyed with tungsten or molybdenum, in high-temperature thermocouples. Symbol: Re; atomic no.: 75; atomic wt.: 186.207; valency: --1 or 1--7; relative density: 21.02; melting pt.: 3186?C; boiling pt.: 5596?C (est.)

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REFERENCES

rhenium

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Synonyms for rhenium

noun a rare heavy polyvalent metallic element that resembles manganese chemically and is used in some alloys

Synonyms

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