| 释义 |
Tolinase
Thesaurus| Noun | 1. | Tolinase - a drug (trade name Tolinase) used in treating stable adult-onset diabetes mellitustolazamidesulfonylurea - antidiabetic consisting of any of several drugs that reduce the level of glucose in the blood; used to treat diabetes mellitusbrand, brand name, marque, trade name - a name given to a product or service |
Tolinase
Tolinase [tol´ĭ-nās] trademark for tolazamide, an oral hypoglycemic agent.TOLAZamide (tole-a-za-mide) tolazamide, Tolinase (trade name) Classification Therapeutic: antidiabetics
Pharmacologic: sulfonylureas
Pregnancy Category: C
IndicationsControl of blood sugar in type 2 diabetes mellitus when diet therapy fails. Requires some pancreatic function.ActionLowers blood sugar by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas and increasing the sensitivity to insulin at receptor sites.May also decrease hepatic glucose production.Therapeutic effectsLowering of blood sugar in diabetic patients.PharmacokineticsAbsorption: Well absorbed following oral administration.Distribution: Unknown.Protein Binding: 94%.Metabolism and Excretion: Mostly metabolized by the liver; some conversion to metabolites with hypoglycemic activity.Half-life: 7 hr.Time/action profile (hypoglycemic activity)| ROUTE | ONSET | PEAK | DURATION |
|---|
| PO | 60 min | 3–4 hr | 10–20 hr |
Contraindications/PrecautionsContraindicated in: Hypersensitivity; Hypersensitivity to sulfonamides (cross-sensitivity may occur); Type 1 diabetes (as monotherapy); Diabetic coma or ketoacidosis; Severe renal, hepatic, thyroid, or other endocrine disease; Uncontrolled infection, serious burns, or trauma.Use Cautiously in: Severe cardiovascular disease; Geriatric: ↑ sensitivity; dosage ↓ may be required; Hepatic or renal impairment (↑ risk of hypoglycemia); Infection, stress, or changes in diet may alter requirements for control of blood sugar; Impaired thyroid, pituitary, or adrenal function; Malnutrition, high fever, prolonged nausea, or vomiting; Obstetric / Lactation: Safety not established; insulin recommended during pregnancy.Adverse Reactions/Side EffectsCentral nervous system- dizziness
- drowsiness
- headache
- weakness
Gastrointestinal- constipation
- cramps
- diarrhea
- drug-induced hepatitis
- dyspepsia
- ↑ appetite
- nausea
- vomiting
Dermatologic- photosensitivity (most frequent)
- rashes
Endocrinologic- hypoglycemia (most frequent)
Fluid and ElectrolyteHematologic- aplastic anemia (life-threatening)
- agranulocytosis
- leukopenia
- pancytopenia
- thrombocytopenia
InteractionsDrug-Drug interactionIngestion of alcohol may result in disulfiram-like reaction.Effectiveness may be ↓ by concurrent use of diuretics, corticosteroids, phenothiazines, hormonal contraceptives, estrogens, thyroid preparations, phenytoin, nicotinic acid, sympathomimetics (adrenergics ), and isoniazid.Alcohol, androgens (testosterone), chloramphenicol, MAO inhibitors, NSAIDs (except diclofenac), salicylates, sulfonamides, and warfarin may ↑ the risk of hypoglycemia.Concurrent use with warfarin may alter the response to both agents (↑ effects of both initially, then ↓ activity; close monitoring recommended during any changes in dosage).Beta blockers may mask the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia .Glucosamine may worsen blood glucose control.Fenugreek, chromium, and coenzyme Q-10 may produce additive hypoglycemic effects.Route/DosageOral (Adults) 100–250 mg/day (range 100–1000 mg/day; doses >500 mg/day should be given as divided doses).Oral (Geriatric Patients or malnourished, underweight patients) 100 mg/day initially.Availability (generic available)Tablets: 250 mg, 500 mg Nursing implicationsNursing assessment- Observe patient for signs and symptoms of hypoglycemic reactions (sweating, hunger, weakness, dizziness, tremor, tachycardia, anxiety). Patients on concurrent beta-blocker therapy may have very subtle signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia.
- Assess patient for allergy to sulfonamides.
- Monitor intake and output ratios and daily weight. Notify health care professional promptly if peripheral edema, rales/crackles, or a significant discrepancy in totals develops.
- Lab Test Considerations: Monitor serum glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin periodically during therapy to evaluate effectiveness.
- Monitor CBC periodically throughout therapy. Notify health care professional promptly if ↓ in blood counts occurs.
- May cause an increase in AST, LDH, BUN, and serum creatinine.
Overdose is manifested by symptoms of hypoglycemia. Mild hypoglycemia may be treated with administration of oral glucose. Severe hypoglycemia should be treated with IV D50W followed by continuous IV infusion of more dilute dextrose solution at a rate sufficient to keep serum glucose at approximately 100 mg/dL.
Potential Nursing DiagnosesImbalanced nutrition: more than body requirements (Indications)
Noncompliance (Patient/Family Teaching)
Implementation- high alert: Accidental administration of oral hypoglycemic agents to non-diabetic adults and children has resulted in serious harm or death. Before administering, confirm that patient has Type 2 diabetes. Do not confuse tolazamide with tolbutamide.
- Patients stabilized on a diabetic regimen who are exposed to stress, fever, trauma, infection, or surgery may require administration of insulin.
- To convert from other oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin dosage of <20 units/day, change can be made without gradual dose adjustment. Patients taking 20–40 units/day should convert gradually by receiving oral hypoglycemic agent and a 25–50% reduction in insulin dose the 1st day, with gradual insulin dose reduction as tolerated. Patients taking >40 units/day should use a 20–50% reduction in insulin dose the 1st day, with a gradual insulin dose adjustment as tolerated. Monitor serum glucose and urine ketones at least 3 times/day during conversion.
- Oral: May be administered once in the morning or divided into 2 doses. Administer with meals to ensure best diabetic control and minimize gastric irritation. Do not administer after last meal of the day.
- Tablets may be crushed and taken with fluids if patient has difficulty swallowing.
Patient/Family Teaching- Instruct patient to take medication at same time each day. If a dose is missed, take as soon as remembered unless almost time for next dose. Do not take if unable to eat.
- Explain to patient that this medication controls hyperglycemia but does not cure diabetes. Therapy is long-term.
- Review signs of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia with patient. If hypoglycemia occurs, advise patient to drink a glass of orange juice or ingest 2–3 tsp of sugar, honey, or corn syrup dissolved in water or an appropriate number of glucose tablets and notify health care professional.
- Encourage patient to follow prescribed diet, medication, and exercise regimen to prevent hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic episodes.
- Instruct patient in proper testing of serum glucose and urine ketones. These tests should be closely monitored during periods of stress or illness and health care professional notified if significant changes occur.
- May occasionally cause dizziness or drowsiness. Caution patient to avoid driving or other activities requiring alertness until response to medication is known.
- Caution patient to avoid other medications, especially aspirin and alcohol, while on this therapy without consulting health care professional.
- Concurrent use of alcohol may cause a disulfiram-like reaction (abdominal cramps, nausea, flushing, headaches, and hypoglycemia).
- Insulin is the recommended method of controlling blood sugar during pregnancy. Counsel female patients to use a form of contraception other than oral contraceptives and to notify health care professional promptly if pregnancy is planned or suspected.
- Caution patient to use sunscreen and protective clothing to prevent photosensitivity reactions.
- Advise patient to inform health care professional of medication regimen prior to treatment or surgery.
- Advise patient to carry a form of sugar (sugar packets, candy) and identification at all times describing disease process and medication regimen.
- Advise patient to notify health care professional promptly if unusual weight gain, swelling of ankles, drowsiness, shortness of breath, muscle cramps, weakness, sore throat, rash, or unusual bleeding or bruising occurs.
- Emphasize the importance of routine follow-up exams.
Evaluation/Desired Outcomes- Control of blood glucose levels without the appearance of hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic episodes.
Acetohexamide A first-generation oral sulfonylurea used to reduce glucose in type 2 diabetics whose diabetes can’t be controlled by diet.
Mechanism of action Triggers release of insulin from the pancreas.
Pharmacokinetics Metabolised in liver to an active analogue; excreted via kidneys.
Adverse effects Hypoglycaemic reactions—e.g., coma, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, cholestatic jaundice, agranulocytosis, aplastic and haemolytic anaemia, hypersensitivity, skin reactions including photosensitivity, rash and itching.
Precautions Hypertension, liver and kidney disease, allergiesTolinase
Related to Tolinase: tolazamideSynonyms for Tolinasenoun a drug (trade name Tolinase) used in treating stable adult-onset diabetes mellitusSynonymsRelated Words- sulfonylurea
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