zaibatsu

zai·bat·su

Z0001700 (zī′bät-so͞o′)n. pl. zaibatsu A Japanese conglomerate, especially a powerful family-controlled monopoly before World War II.

[Japanese : zai, wealth (from Early Middle Chinese dzəj; also the source of Mandarin cái) + batsu, powerful person or family (from Early Middle Chinese buat; also the source of Mandarin fá).]

zaibatsu

(ˈzaɪbætˈsuː) n (Sociology) (functioning as singular or plural) the group or combine comprising a few wealthy families that controls industry, business, and finance in Japan[from Japanese, from zai wealth, from Chinese ts'ai + batsu family, person of influence, from Chinese fa]

zai•ba•tsu

(zaɪˈbɑt su)

n., pl. -tsu. a great industrial or financial combination of Japan. [1935–40; < Japanese, =zai wealth (< Middle Chinese, = Chinese cái) + batsu, derivative of bat clique (< Middle Chinese, = Chinese fá)]

Translations

дзайбацу

zaibatsu

(zī`bätso͞o) [Jap.,=money clique], the great family-controlled banking and industrial combines of modern Japan. The leading zaibatsu (called keiretsu after World War II) are Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Dai Ichi Kangyo, Sumitomo, Sanwa, and Fuyo. They gained a position in the Japanese economy with few parallels elsewhere, except for the chaebols that have dominated the South Korean economy from the 1960s. (The chaebols, however, have tended to be less involved in banking and more dependent on government financing.)

Although the Mitsui were powerful bankers under the shogunate, most of the other zaibatsu developed after the Meiji restoration (1868), when, by subsidies and a favorable tax policy, the new government granted them a privileged position in the economic development of Japan. Later they helped finance strategic semiofficial enterprises in Japan and abroad, particularly in Taiwan and Korea. In the early 1930s the military clique tried to break the economic power of the zaibatsu but failed.

In 1937 the four leading zaibatsu controlled directly one third of all bank deposits, one third of all foreign trade, one half of Japan's shipbuilding and maritime shipping, and most of the heavy industries. They maintained close relations with the major political parties. After Japan's surrender (1945) in World War II, the breakup of the zaibatsu was announced as a major aim of the Allied occupation, but in the 1950s and 1960s groups based on the old zaibatsu reemerged as keiretsu. The decision on the part of these groups in the post–World War II era to pool their resources greatly influenced Japan's subsequent rise as a global business power.

Zaibatsu

(Japanese, “financial clique”), a name designating monopolies and financial oligarchy in modern Japan. Until the end of World War II (1939-45) zaibatsu were concerns that comprised dozens of different companies under the control of the head family company. The largest of these concerns were Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, and Yasuda. Zaibatsu controlled the major branches of the economy, contributed to the militarization of Japan, and promoted aggression.

After World War II the former concerns were reorganized along the lines of modern American and Western European monopolies, each concern being free to buy and sell stock and make extensive use of foreign capital. This led to a greater concentration of production and capital, especially in the 1960’s. Today zaibatsu are financial monopoly groups—the major ones being Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, Mitsui, Fuji, Daiichi-Kangyo, and Sanwa—comprising the country’s leading banks and insurance, industrial, and commercial companies. Zaibatsu have become stronger than ever since the war and are the leading force in the reactionary camp that governs Japan.

REFERENCES

Pevzner, la. A. Gosudarstvenno-monopolisticheskii kapitalizm v laponii posle vtoroi mirovoi voiny. Moscow, 1961.
Pigulevskaia, E. A. Monopolii ifinansovaia oligarkhiia v sovremennoi laponii. Moscow, 1966.
Kutsobina, N. “Vosstanovlenie iaponskikh monopolii.” Mirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia, 1968, no. 9.

IA. A. PEVZNER

单词	zaibatsu
释义	zaibatsu zai·bat·su Z0001700 (zī′bät-so͞o′)n. pl. zaibatsu A Japanese conglomerate, especially a powerful family-controlled monopoly before World War II. [Japanese : zai, wealth (from Early Middle Chinese dzəj; also the source of Mandarin cái) + batsu, powerful person or family (from Early Middle Chinese buat; also the source of Mandarin fá).] zaibatsu (ˈzaɪbætˈsuː) n (Sociology) (functioning as singular or plural) the group or combine comprising a few wealthy families that controls industry, business, and finance in Japan[from Japanese, from zai wealth, from Chinese ts'ai + batsu family, person of influence, from Chinese fa] zai•ba•tsu (zaɪˈbɑt su) n., pl. -tsu. a great industrial or financial combination of Japan. [1935–40; < Japanese, =zai wealth (< Middle Chinese, = Chinese cái) + batsu, derivative of bat clique (< Middle Chinese, = Chinese fá)] Translations дзайбацу zaibatsu zaibatsu (zī`bätso͞o) [Jap.,=money clique], the great family-controlled banking and industrial combines of modern Japan. The leading zaibatsu (called keiretsu after World War II) are Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Dai Ichi Kangyo, Sumitomo, Sanwa, and Fuyo. They gained a position in the Japanese economy with few parallels elsewhere, except for the chaebols that have dominated the South Korean economy from the 1960s. (The chaebols, however, have tended to be less involved in banking and more dependent on government financing.) Although the Mitsui were powerful bankers under the shogunate, most of the other zaibatsu developed after the Meiji restoration (1868), when, by subsidies and a favorable tax policy, the new government granted them a privileged position in the economic development of Japan. Later they helped finance strategic semiofficial enterprises in Japan and abroad, particularly in Taiwan and Korea. In the early 1930s the military clique tried to break the economic power of the zaibatsu but failed. In 1937 the four leading zaibatsu controlled directly one third of all bank deposits, one third of all foreign trade, one half of Japan's shipbuilding and maritime shipping, and most of the heavy industries. They maintained close relations with the major political parties. After Japan's surrender (1945) in World War II, the breakup of the zaibatsu was announced as a major aim of the Allied occupation, but in the 1950s and 1960s groups based on the old zaibatsu reemerged as keiretsu. The decision on the part of these groups in the post–World War II era to pool their resources greatly influenced Japan's subsequent rise as a global business power. Zaibatsu (Japanese, “financial clique”), a name designating monopolies and financial oligarchy in modern Japan. Until the end of World War II (1939-45) zaibatsu were concerns that comprised dozens of different companies under the control of the head family company. The largest of these concerns were Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, and Yasuda. Zaibatsu controlled the major branches of the economy, contributed to the militarization of Japan, and promoted aggression. After World War II the former concerns were reorganized along the lines of modern American and Western European monopolies, each concern being free to buy and sell stock and make extensive use of foreign capital. This led to a greater concentration of production and capital, especially in the 1960’s. Today zaibatsu are financial monopoly groups—the major ones being Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, Mitsui, Fuji, Daiichi-Kangyo, and Sanwa—comprising the country’s leading banks and insurance, industrial, and commercial companies. Zaibatsu have become stronger than ever since the war and are the leading force in the reactionary camp that governs Japan. REFERENCES Pevzner, la. A. Gosudarstvenno-monopolisticheskii kapitalizm v laponii posle vtoroi mirovoi voiny. Moscow, 1961. Pigulevskaia, E. A. Monopolii ifinansovaia oligarkhiia v sovremennoi laponii. Moscow, 1966. Kutsobina, N. “Vosstanovlenie iaponskikh monopolii.” Mirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia, 1968, no. 9. IA. A. PEVZNER Zaibatsu Zaibatsu Large family-owned conglomerates that controlled much of the economy of Japan prior to World War II. Zaibatsu A group of companies owned by the same family that more or less controlled the Japanese economy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, especially between the two World Wars. Each zaibatsu consisted of a holding company, which entirely owned a bank that financed the zaibatsu's operations. These operations were carried out by subsidiary companies in different industries. For example, a zaibatsu might own a chemical company, a mining company, and a military supply company, which may, in turn, have owned their own subsidiaries for more specialized work. One zaibatsu still in existence (albeit in a much different form) is the Mitsubishi corporation. See also: Keiretsu.
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