| 单词 | albuterol | |||
| 释义 | albuterolal·bu·ter·olA0181950 (ăl-byo͞o′tə-rôl′)albuterol(ælˈbjuːtəˌrɒl)
albuterolalbuterol[al-bu´ter-ol]albuterol (salbutamol)albuterol sulfate (salbutamol sulfate)Pharmacologic class: Sympathomimetic (beta2-adrenergic agonist) Therapeutic class: Bronchodilator, antiasthmatic Pregnancy risk category C ActionRelaxes smooth muscles by stimulating beta2-receptors, thereby causing bronchodilation and vasodilation AvailabilityAerosol: 90 mcg/actuation, 108 mcg/inhalation Oral solution: 2 mg/5 ml Solution for inhalation: 0.083% (3 ml), 0.5% (0.5 and 20 ml), 0.63 mg/3 ml, 1.25 mg/3 ml Syrup: 2 mg/5 ml Tablets: 2 mg, 4 mg Tablets (extended-release): 4 mg, 8 mg Indications and dosages➣ To prevent and relieve bronchospasm in patients with reversible obstructive airway disease Adults and children ages 12 and older: Tablets-2 to 4 mg P.O. three or four times daily, not to exceed 32 mg daily. Extended-release tablets-4 to 8 mg P.O. q 12 hours, not to exceed 32 mg daily in divided doses. Syrup-2 to 4 mg (1 to 2 tsp or 5 to 10 ml) three or four times daily, not to exceed 8 mg q.i.d. Aerosol-one to two inhalations q 4 to 6 hours to relieve bronchospasm; two inhalations q.i.d. to prevent bronchospasm. Solution for inhalation-2.5 mg three to four times daily by nebulization, delivered over 5 to 15 minutes. Children ages 6 to 12: Tablets-2 mg P.O. three or four times daily; maximum daily dosage is 24 mg, given in divided doses. Extended-release tablets-4 mg q 12 hours; maximum daily dosage is 24 mg/kg given in divided doses. Syrup-2 mg (1 tsp or 5 ml) three or four times daily, not to exceed 24 mg. Adults and children age 4 and older (with ProAir HFA): Two inhalations q 4 to 6 hours to treat acute bronchospasm Children ages 2 to 12 weighing more than 15 kg (33 lb): Solution for inhalation-2.5 mg three to four times/day by nebulization Children ages 2 to 6: Syrup-Initially, 0.1 mg/kg P.O. t.i.d., not to exceed 2 mg (1 tsp) t.i.d. Maximum dosage is 4 mg (2 tsp) t.i.d. ➣ To prevent exercise-induced bronchospasm Adults and children older than age 4 (older than age 12 with Proventil): Two inhalations 15 minutes before exercise Adults and children age 4 and older (with ProAir HFA): Two inhalations q 15 to 30 minutes before exercise Dosage adjustment• Sensitivity to beta-adrenergic stimulants • Elderly patients Off-label uses• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease • Hyperkalemia with renal failure • Preterm labor management Contraindications• Hypersensitivity to drug PrecautionsUse cautiously in: • cardiac disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, glaucoma, seizure disorder, hyperthyroidism, exercise-induced bronchospasm, prostatic hypertrophy • elderly patients • pregnant or breastfeeding patients • children. Administration• Give extended-release tablets whole; don't crush or mix with food. • Administer solution for inhalation by nebulization over 5 to 15 minutes, after diluting 0.5 ml of 0.5% solution with 2.5 ml of sterile normal saline solution. • Know that children weighing less than 15 kg (33 lb) who require less than 2.5 mg/dose should receive 0.5% inhalation solution.  Adverse reactionsCNS: dizziness, excitement, headache, hyperactivity, insomnia CV: hypertension, palpitations, tachycardia, chest pain EENT: conjunctivitis, dry and irritated throat, pharyngitis GI: nausea, vomiting, anorexia, heartburn, GI distress, dry mouth Metabolic: hypokalemia Musculoskeletal: muscle cramps Respiratory: cough, dyspnea, wheezing, paradoxical bronchospasm Skin: pallor, urticaria, rash, angioedema, flushing, sweating Other: tooth discoloration, increased appetite, hypersensitivity reaction InteractionsDrug-drug. Beta-adrenergic blockers: inhibited albuterol action, possibly causing severe bronchospasm in asthmatic patients Digoxin: decreased digoxin blood level MAO inhibitors: increased cardiovascular adverse effects Oxytoxics: severe hypotension Potassium-wasting diuretics: ECG changes, hypokalemia Theophylline: increased risk of theophylline toxicity Drug-food. Caffeine-containing foods and beverages (such as coffee, tea, chocolate): increased stimulant effect Drug-herbs. Cola nut, ephedra (ma huang), guarana, yerba maté: increased stimulant effect Patient monitoringSee Stay alert for hypersensitivity reactions and paradoxical bronchospasm. Stop drug immediately if these occur. • Monitor serum electrolyte levels. Patient teaching• Tell patient to swallow extended-release tablets whole and not to mix them with food. • Follow manufacturer's directions supplied with inhalation drugs. See Teach patient signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity reaction and paradoxical bronchospasm. Tell him to stop taking drug immediately and contact prescriber if these occur. See Instruct patient to notify prescriber immediately if prescribed dosage fails to provide usual relief, because this may indicate seriously worsening asthma. • Advise patient to limit intake of caffeine-containing foods and beverages and to avoid herbs unless prescriber approves. • Caution patient to avoid driving and other hazardous activities until he knows how drug affects concentration and alertness. • Advise patient to establish effective bedtime routine and to take drug well before bedtime to minimize insomnia. • As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs, foods, and herbs mentioned above. al·bu·ter·ol(al-bū'ter-ol),albuterol(ăl-byo͞o′tə-rôl′)al·bu·ter·ol(al-bū'ter-ol)albuterol
Synonyms for albuterol
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albuterol - a bronchodilator (trade names Ventolin or Proventil) used for asthma and emphysema and other lung conditions; available in oral or inhalant forms; side effects are tachycardia and shakiness