collusion
collusion
col·lu·sion
C0484800 (kə-lo͞o′zhən)collusion
(kəˈluːʒən)col•lu•sion
(kəˈlu ʒən)n.
| Noun | 1. | collusion - secret agreement |
| 2. | collusion - agreement on a secret plot |
| 单词 | collusion | ||||||
| 释义 | collusioncollusioncol·lu·sionC0484800 (kə-lo͞o′zhən)collusion(kəˈluːʒən)col•lu•sion(kəˈlu ʒən)n.
collusioncollusionnouncollusioncollusioncollusioncollusionCollusionAn agreement between two or more people to defraud a person of his or her rights or to obtain something that is prohibited by law. A secret arrangement wherein two or more people whose legal interests seemingly conflict conspire to commit Fraud upon another person; a pact between two people to deceive a court with the purpose of obtaining something that they would not be able to get through legitimate judicial channels. Collusion has often been used in Divorce proceedings. In the past some jurisdictions made it extremely difficult for a couple to obtain a divorce. Often a "sweetheart" agreement would take place, whereby a husband or wife would commit, or appear to commit, Adultery or other acts that would justify a divorce. The public policy against collusive divorces is based on the idea that such actions would conflict with the effective administration by society of laws on marriage and divorce and would undermine marriage as a stabilizing force in society. Virtually all jurisdictions have adopted no-fault divorce statutes or laws that allow a couple to obtain a divorce without traditional fault grounds, such as adultery or cruel and inhuman treatment. Because of this development, collusive divorces should diminish in number, since it will no longer be necessary for persons seeking a divorce to resort to such measures. The fundamental societal objection to collusion is that it promotes dishonesty and fraud, which, in turn, undermines the integrity of the entire judicial system. collusionn. where two persons (or business entities through their officers or other employees) enter into a deceitful agreement, usually secret, to defraud and/or gain an unfair advantage over a third party, competitors, consumers or those with whom they are negotiating. Collusion can include secret price or wage fixing, secret rebates, or pretending to be independent of each other when actually conspiring together for their joint ends. It can range from small-town shopkeepers or heirs to a grandma's estate, to gigantic electronics companies or big league baseball team owners. (See: fraud) collusiona deceitful or unlawful agreement. In England it is not a bar to an action of divorce. In Scotland it is still a defence to an action of divorce.COLLUSION, fraud. An agreement between two or more persons, to defraud a person of his rights by the forms of law, or to obtain an object forbidden by law; as, for example, where the husband and wife collude to obtain a divorce for a cause not authorized by law. It is nearly synonymous with @covin. (q.v.) collusioncollusionthe deliberate suppression of competition between themselves by a group of rival suppliers. Collusion may be confined to a single area of business activity for example prices, or cover a wider range of limitations including coordinated marketing, production and capacity adjustments. Collusion may be practised through formalized arrangements specifying obligations (either in writing or orally) and institutional mechanisms for coordinating behaviour, as in a CARTEL or ANTICOMPETITIVE AGREEMENT/ RESTRICTIVE TRADE AGREEMENT, or operated by more informal means through, for example, an INFORMATION AGREEMENT or CONCERTED PRACTICE.The purpose of collusion may be to monopolize jointly the supply of a product in order to extract MONOPOLY profits, or it may be a defensive response to poor trading conditions, seeking to prevent prices from dropping to uneconomic levels. Because, however, of its generally adverse effects on market efficiency (cushioning inefficient, high-cost suppliers), and because it deprives buyers of the benefits of competition (particularly lower prices), collusion is usually prohibited outright, by COMPETITION POLICY, as in the UK, under the COMPETITION ACT 1998. collusiona form of INTERFIRM CONDUCT pattern in which firms arrive at an agreement or ‘understanding’ covering their market actions. Successful collusion requires the acceptance of a common objective for all firms (for example, JOINT-PROFIT MAXIMIZATION) and the suppression of behaviour inconsistent with the achievement of this goal (for example, price competition). Collusion may be either overt or tacit. Overt collusion usually takes the form of either an express agreement in writing or an express oral agreement arrived at through direct consultation between the firms concerned. Alternatively, collusion may take the form of an ‘unspoken understanding’ arrived at through firms’ repeated experiences with each other's behaviour over time.The purpose of collusion may be jointly to monopolize the supply of a product in order to extract MONOPOLY profits, or it may be a ‘defensive’ response to poor trading conditions, seeking to prevent prices from dropping to uneconomic levels. Because, however, of its generally adverse effects on market efficiency (cushioning inefficient, high-cost suppliers) and because it deprives buyers of the benefits of competition (particularly lower prices), collusion is either prohibited outright by COMPETITION POLICY or permitted to continue only in exceptional circumstances. In the UK, under the COMPETITION ACT 1998, collusion in the form of an ANTICOMPETITIVE AGREEMENT/RESTRICTIVE TRADE AGREEMENT is prohibited outright. Previously, under the RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT, such agreements were allowed to continue, providing ‘net economic benefit’ could be established. See CARTEL, RESTRICTIVE TRADE AGREEMENT, ANTICOMPETITIVE AGREEMENT, OLIGOPOLY, DUOPOLY, INFORMATION AGREEMENT, RESTRICTIVE PRACTICES COURT. collusion
Synonyms for collusion
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