| 单词 | excommunication | ||||||
| 释义 | excommunicationex·com·mu·ni·ca·tionE0267100 (ĕks′kə-myo͞o′nĭ-kā′shən)ex•com•mu•ni•ca•tion(ˌɛks kəˌmyu nɪˈkeɪ ʃən)n.
excommunicationexcommunication,formal expulsion from a religious body, the most grave of all ecclesiastical censures. Where religious and social communities are nearly identical it is attended by social ostracism, as in the case of Baruch Spinoza, excommunicated by the Jews. In Christianity the Roman Catholic Church especially retains excommunication; the church maintains that the spiritual separation of the offender from the body of the faithful takes place by the nature of the act when the offense is committed, and the decree of excommunication (or anathemaanathema[Gr.,=something set up; dedicated to a divinity as a votive offering], term that came to denote something devoted to a divinity for destruction. In the Bible, the term is herem. ..... Click the link for more information. ) is a warning and formal proclamation of exclusion from Christian society. Those who die excommunicate are not publicly prayed for; but excommunication is not equivalent to damnation. Excommunications vary in gravity, and in grave cases readmission may be possible only by action of the Holy See. Excommunicates are always free to return to the church on repentance. Protestant churches have generally abandoned excommunication. Excommunication/Apostasy(religion, spiritualism, and occult)Apostasy is the renunciation, either through words or actions, of a religious faith. One who commits apostasy is declared apostate, or excommunicated, by the church or religious institution. This means the person may no longer receive access to God by receiving communion or other sacraments. It is similar to the Amish practice of "shunning," although shunning means the apostate is completely ignored, even in civil intercourse. The object is the same. Wayward apostates are placed "outside the camp" to convince them of the error of their ways so they will eventually return. Biblical support for the practice is found in Paul's letters to the Corinthians, but it in fact preceded the Christian New Testament. The term is first found in the Greek Septuagint version of scripture, used in various apocryphal books as well as in Joshua and Jeremiah. But it was commandeered early in the Christian era, first applied to no less a luminary than the apostle Paul himself in Acts 21:21. Paul turned the tables on his accusers when he wrote to the Thessalonians. In an apocalyptic passage later echoed by the author of 2 Peter, Paul assured Christians that the "apostasy" or rebellion must come first, before the return of the Lord. Since it certainly wasn't his own apostasy he was referring to, he was, in effect, calling his accusers apostate themselves. Excommunicationexclusion from a religious community, widely used in the past as a punitive measure by Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Judaism, and certain other religions. Excommunication was used by churches for political purposes, particularly for the struggle against popular and revolutionary movements. Among those excommunicated by the Russian Orthodox Church were S. T. Razin, E. I. Pugachev, and L. N. Tolstoy; the Catholic Church excommunicated Jan Hus and Giordano Bruno; the Jewish rabbis excommunicated B. Spinoza. In 1949 and 1959 the Vatican announced the excommunication of Catholics who were taking part in the communist movement or cooperating with it. ExcommunicationEXCOMMUNICATION, eccl. law. An ecclesiastical sentence, pronounced by a spiritual judge against a Christian man, by which he is excluded from the body of the church, and disabled to bring any action, or sue any person in the common law courts. Bac. Ab. h.t.; Co. Litt. 133-4. In early times it was the most frequent and most severe method of executing ecclesiastical censure, although proper to be used, said Justinian, (Nov. 123,) only upon grave occasions. The effect of it was to remove the excommunicated "person not only from the sacred rites but from the society of men. In a certain sense it interdicted the use of fire and water, like the punishment spoken of by Caesar, (lib, 6 de Bell. Gall.). as inflicted by the Druids. Innocent IV. called it the nerve of ecclesiastical discipline. On repentance, the excommunicated person was absolved and received again to communion. These are said to be the powers of binding and loosing the keys of the kingdom of heaven. This kind of punishment seems to have been adopted from the Roman usage of interdicting the use of fire and water. Fr. Duaren, De Sacris Eccles. Ministeriis, lib. 1, cap. 3. See Ridley's View of the Civil. and Ecclesiastical Law, 245, 246, 249. excommunication
Synonyms for excommunication
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excommunication - the state of being excommunicated