| 释义 |
directory
di·rec·to·ry D0245300 (dĭ-rĕk′tə-rē, dī-)n. pl. di·rec·to·ries 1. A book containing an alphabetical or classified listing of names, addresses, and other data, such as telephone numbers, of specific persons, groups, or firms.2. Computers An organizational unit for files that reside on a hard disk or other storage device. Also called folder.3. A book of rules or directions.4. A group or body of directors.adj. Serving to direct.directory (dɪˈrɛktərɪ; -trɪ; daɪ-) n, pl -ries1. (Communications & Information) a book, arranged alphabetically or classified by trade listing names, addresses, telephone numbers, etc, of individuals or firms2. (Communications & Information) a book or manual giving directions3. (Ecclesiastical Terms) a book containing the rules to be observed in the forms of worship used in churches4. (Professions) a less common word for directorate25. (Computer Science) computing an area of a disk, Winchester disk, or floppy disk that contains the names and locations of files currently held on that diskadjdirecting
Directory (dɪˈrɛktərɪ; -trɪ; daɪ-) n (Historical Terms) history the body of five directors in power in France from 1795 until their overthrow by Napoleon in 1799. Also known as: the French Directory di•rec•to•ry (dɪˈrɛk tə ri, -tri, daɪ-)
n., pl. -ries,
adj. n. 1. a book containing an alphabetical index of the names and addresses of persons in an area, organization, etc., or of a category of people. 2. a board or tablet on a wall of a building listing the location of the occupants. 3. a book of directions. 4. a. a division in a hierarchical structure that organizes the storage of computer files on a disk. b. a listing of such stored files. 5. the Directory, the body of five directors forming the executive power of France from 1795 to 1799. adj. 6. serving to direct; directive. [1400–50; late Middle English < Medieval Latin] directory1. A very early nineteenth-century transitional phase between early US federal and empire styles that drew on Sheraton’s later output. It brought in paw feet, the federal eagle, and classical flutings.2. Another name for folder.Thesaurus| Noun | 1. |  directory - an alphabetical list of names and addressesbook of facts, reference book, reference work, reference - a book to which you can refer for authoritative facts; "he contributed articles to the basic reference work on that topic"phone book, phonebook, telephone book, telephone directory - a directory containing an alphabetical list of telephone subscribers and their telephone numbersblue book - a register of persons who are socially prominent | | 2. | directory - (computer science) a listing of the files stored in memory (usually on a hard disk)computer science, computing - the branch of engineering science that studies (with the aid of computers) computable processes and structureslist, listing - a database containing an ordered array of items (names or topics)subdirectory - (computer science) a directory that is listed in another directory |
directorynoun index, listing, list, record, register, catalogue, inventory a telephone directoryTranslationsdirect (diˈrekt) adjective1. straight; following the quickest and shortest way. Is this the most direct route? 筆直的，最快且最短的 迳直的，最近或最短的 2. (of manner etc) straightforward and honest. a direct answer. 直率的 直率的3. occurring as an immediate result. His dismissal was a direct result of his rudeness to the manager. 直接的 直接的4. exact; complete. Her opinions are the direct opposite of his. 正好的，截然的 正好的5. in an unbroken line of descent from father to son etc. He is a direct descendant of Napoleon. 直系的 直系的 verb1. to point, aim or turn in a particular direction. He directed my attention towards the notice. 指向 指向2. to show the way to. She directed him to the station. 指引 指引3. to order or instruct. We will do as you direct. 命令，指揮 命令，指挥 4. to control or organize. A policeman was directing the traffic; to direct a film. 指揮，導演 指挥，导演 diˈrection (-ʃən) noun1. (the) place or point to which one moves, looks etc. What direction did he go in?; They were heading in my direction (= towards me); I'll find my way all right – I've a good sense of direction. 方向 方向2. guidance. They are under your direction. 指導 指导3. (in plural) instructions (eg on how to get somewhere, use something etc). We asked the policeman for directions; I have lost the directions for this washing-machine. 指示 指示4. the act of aiming or turning (something or someone) towards a certain point. 指向 指向diˈrectional adjective 方向的 方向的diˈrective (-tiv) noun a general instruction from a higher authority about what is to be done etc. (上級的)指示 正式的指示，指令 diˈrectly adverb1. in a direct manner. I went directly to the office. 直接地 直接地2. almost at once. He will be here directly. 馬上 马上diˈrectness noun 直接 直接diˈrector noun a person or thing that directs, eg one of a group of persons who manage the affairs of a business or a person who is in charge of the making of a film, play etc. He is on the board of directors of our firm; The producer and the director quarrelled about the film. 指導者，董事，導演 指导者，董事，导演 diˈrectory – plural diˈrectories – noun a type of book giving names and addresses etc. a telephone directory. 通訊錄，名錄 通信录，姓名地址录 - What's the number for directory assistance? (US)
What is the number for directory enquiries? (UK) → 电信查询拨打什么号码？
directory
Directory, group of five men who held the executive power in France according to the constitution of the year III (1795) of the French RevolutionFrench Revolution,
political upheaval of world importance in France that began in 1789. Origins of the Revolution
Historians disagree in evaluating the factors that brought about the Revolution.
..... Click the link for more information. . They were chosen by the new legislature, by the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients; each year one director, chosen by lot, was to be replaced. The Directory was balanced by two representative assemblies elected indirectly by property holders. Governing a nearly bankrupt nation, the Directory had a stormy history. Politically, it walked a narrow course between Jacobins on the left and royalists on the right. During its history, the Directory instituted positive monetary reforms, which helped revive trade and agriculture, and provided the basis for Napoleon's restoration of order. But full recovery from the Revolution was not possible. The Directory not only faced a series of political crises, but was riddled with inefficiency and corruption. It suppressed the conspiracies of "Gracchus" BabeufBabeuf, François Noël
, 1760–97, French revolutionary, organizer of a communist uprising against the Directory. Of petty bourgeois origin, he was an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution.
..... Click the link for more information. on the left and royalist uprisings on the right and later annulled some results in the elections of 1797 and 1798. Its increasingly repressive measures resulted in political isolation and bankruptcy. In the coup of 18 FructidorFructidor
, 12th month of the French Revolutionary calendar. The coup of 18 Fructidor (Sept. 4, 1797), in which General Augereau was a key figure, annulled the previous elections and removed Lazare Carnot and François de Barthélemy from the Directory.
..... Click the link for more information. (Sept. 4, 1797), the more conservative directors, Lazare CarnotCarnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite
, 1753–1823, French revolutionary, known as the organizer of victory for his role in the French Revolutionary Wars. A military engineer by training, Carnot became the military genius of the Revolution and was chiefly responsible for the
..... Click the link for more information. and François de BarthélemyBarthélemy, François, marquis de,
1747?–1830, French statesman. While minister to Switzerland, he negotiated the Treaties of Basel (1795), which took Prussia and Spain out of the French Revolutionary Wars.
..... Click the link for more information. were ousted, and measures against the church and émigrés were revived. In addition, the Directory lost control of foreign policy to the generals in the field, especially Napoleon Bonaparte. Some of Napoleon's actions, such as negotiating the Treaty of Compo Formio and the Egyptian expedition, may have led to the formation of the Second Coalition against France. Discontent with the Directory rose to a high pitch with the military reverses of 1799 in which the republics from Holland to S Italy fell to the combined assault of Russian, Austrian, and British forces. Despite the fact that an invasion of France was prevented and these forces were defeated before Napoleon's return, the Abbé SieyèsSieyès, Emmanuel Joseph
, 1748–1836, French revolutionary and statesman. He was a clergyman before the Revolution and was known as Abbé Sieyès.
..... Click the link for more information. , elected a director in May, 1799, secretly prepared the coup of 18 BrumaireBrumaire
, second month of the French Revolutionary calendar. The coup of 18 (actually 18–19) Brumaire (Nov. 9–10, 1799), engineered chiefly by Sieyès, overthrew the Directory and established the Consulate under Napoleon.
..... Click the link for more information. (Nov. 9, 1799), which put Bonaparte in power, replacing the Directory with the ConsulateConsulate,
1799–1804, in French history, form of government established after the coup of 18 Brumaire (Nov. 9–10, 1799), which ended the Directory. Three consuls were appointed to rule France—Napoleon Bonaparte (see Napoleon I), Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès,
..... Click the link for more information. . Bibliography See M. Lyons, France under the Directory (1975). Directory (more precisely, Executive Directory), the government of the French Republic, which existed from Nov. 4, 1795, to Nov. 10, 1799. The Directory consisted of five members (directors) elected by the Council of the 500 and the Council of Elders. The government of the Directory expressed the interests of the big bourgeoisie. Its internal policy was directed against the revolutionary movement, and its external policy bore an expansionist character. The increase in the activity of the royalists prompted the Directory to carry out the coup d’etat of 18 Fructidor (Sept. 4, 1797), as a result of which many monarchist supporters were excluded from the Council of the 500 and the Council of the Elders and measures were taken to prevent the return of émigré noblemen to France and to combat the counterrevolutionary agitation of the priests who would not swear allegiance to the new government. New elections to the Council of the 500 and the Council of Elders in April 1798 resulted in the victory of the republican-democrats, with the election of a significant number of Jacobins. After this, the Directory swung to the right, promulgating the decree of 22 Floreal (May 11, 1798) annulling the election of the democratic deputies. In the summer of 1799 the Directory once again swung to the left. The open reactionaries were removed from the Directory on 30 Prairial (June 18, 1799), and a progressive tax was levied on the big bourgeoisie. The “swing policy,” as it was defined by contemporaries, reflected the internal weakness of the Directory regime and provoked discontent among the big bourgeoisie, who dreamed of a firm authority that would dependably protect its ruling position in the country. The defeats of the French army in 1799 further undermined the position of the Directory. The coup d’etat of 18 Brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799), carried out by Napoleon Bonaparte with the support of part of the army and the big financiers, put an end to the Directory’s existence and led to the establishment of a military-bourgeois dictatorship. REFERENCESSciout, L. Le Directoire, vols. 1-4. Paris, 1895-97.
Guyot, R. Le Directoire et la paix de l’Europe, des traités de Bâle á la deuxième coalition (1795-1799). Paris, 1911.
Soboul, A. Le Directoire et le Consulat (1795-1804). Paris, 1967.A. I. MOLOK
Directory (Council of Five), a board of five ministers of the bourgeois Provisional Government in Russia. The Directory consisted of the minister-chairman, A. F. Kerensky; the minister of foreign affairs, M. I. Tereshchenko; the minister of war, A. I. Verkhovskii; the minister of the navy, D. N. Verderevskii; and the minister of posts and telegraph, A. M. Nikitin. It was formed by the decree of the Provisional Government of Sept. 1 (14), 1917. The Directory was created in order to find a way out of the acute government crisis that had arisen with the mutiny of L. Q. Kornilov and the fall of the second coalition of the Provisional Government. The Directory was entrusted with the “administration of the affairs of state until the formation of a cabinet.” It served as an instrument of Bonapartist policy and of the consolidation of the personal power of Kerensky. With the formation of the third coalition government on September 25 (October 8), the Directory ceased to exist. directory[də′rek·trē] (computer science) The listing and description of all the fields of the records making up a file. directory1. a book containing the rules to be observed in the forms of worship used in churches 2. Computing an area of a disk, Winchester disk, or floppy disk that contains the names and locations of files currently held on that disk directory (file system)A node in a hierarchical file system whichcontains zero or more other nodes - generally, files orother directories.
The term "folder" is sometimes used in systems such as theMacintosh or Microsoft Windows in which directories aretraditionally depicted as folders (like small briefcases).directory(1) A simulated file folder on disk. "Directory" was first used in the Unix and DOS environments. Apple introduced "folder" for the same structure on the Macintosh, and Windows followed. See folder.
(2) A database of users and devices in a network. See network directory and metadirectory.
(3) A database of websites organized by subject that is used by the search engines. Yahoo! was a directory site in its early days, but then added search bots to automatically index pages as the Web grew too large to manually index. Google uses information from the Open Directory Project for its directory site (http://directory.google.com). See Open Directory Project, Web search engines, metasearch sites and Yahoo!.Directory
Related to Directory: telephone directory, Web directory, Directory assistance, Street directory, Business directoryDirectoryA provision in a statute, rule of procedure, or the like, that is a mere direction or instruction of no obligatory force and involves no invalidating consequence for its disregard, as opposed to an imperative or mandatory provision, which must be followed. The general rule is that the prescriptions of a statute relating to the performance of a public duty are so far directory that, though neglect of them may be punishable, it does not affect the validity of the acts done under them, as in the case of a statute requiring an officer to prepare and deliver a document to another officer on or before a certain day. Generally, statutory provisions that do not relate to the essence of a thing to be done, and as to which compliance is a matter of convenience rather than of substance, are directory, while provisions that relate to the essence of a thing to be done, that is, matters of substance, are mandatory. DIRECTORY. That which points out a thing or course of proceeding; for example, a directory law. FinancialSeedirectAcronymsSeedutydirectory
Related to directory: telephone directory, Web directory, Directory assistance, Street directory, Business directorySynonyms for directorynoun indexSynonyms- index
- listing
- list
- record
- register
- catalogue
- inventory
Words related to directorynoun an alphabetical list of names and addressesRelated Words- book of facts
- reference book
- reference work
- reference
- phone book
- phonebook
- telephone book
- telephone directory
- blue book
noun (computer science) a listing of the files stored in memory (usually on a hard disk)Related Words- computer science
- computing
- list
- listing
- subdirectory
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