enamel

e·nam·el

E0121700 (ĭ-năm′əl)n.1. A vitreous, usually opaque, protective or decorative coating baked on metal, glass, or ceramic ware.2. An object having such a coating, as in a piece of cloisonné.3. A coating that dries to a hard glossy finish: nail enamel.4. A paint that dries to a hard glossy finish.5. Anatomy The hard, calcareous substance covering the exposed portion of a tooth.tr.v. e·nam·eled, e·nam·el·ing, e·nam·els or e·nam·elled or e·nam·el·ling 1. To coat, inlay, or decorate with enamel.2. To give a glossy or brilliant surface to.3. To adorn with a brightly colored surface.

[From Middle English enamelen, to put on enamel, from Anglo-Norman enamailler : en-, on (from Old French; see en-¹) + amail, enamel (from Old French esmail, of Germanic origin; see mel- in Indo-European roots).]

e·nam′el·er, e·nam′el·ist n.

enamel

(ɪˈnæməl) n1. (Ceramics) a coloured glassy substance, translucent or opaque, fused to the surface of articles made of metal, glass, etc, for ornament or protection2. (Ceramics) an article or articles ornamented with enamel3. (Ceramics) an enamel-like paint or varnish4. (Ceramics) any smooth glossy coating resembling enamel5. (Hairdressing & Grooming) another word for nail polish6. (Anatomy) the hard white calcified substance that covers the crown of each tooth7. (Ceramics) (modifier) a. decorated or covered with enamel: an enamel ring. b. made with enamel: enamel paste. vb (tr) , -els, -elling or -elled, -els, -eling or -eled8. (Ceramics) to inlay, coat, or otherwise decorate with enamel9. (Ceramics) to ornament with glossy variegated colours, as if with enamel10. (Ceramics) to portray in enamel[C15: from Old French esmail, of Germanic origin; compare Old High German smalz lard; see smelt¹] eˈnameller, eˈnamellist, eˈnameler, eˈnamelist n eˈnamelˌwork n

e•nam•el

(ɪˈnæm əl)

n., v. -eled, -el•ing (esp. Brit.) -elled, -el•ling. n. 1. a glassy substance, usu. opaque, applied by fusion to the surface of metal, pottery, etc., as an ornament or for protection. 2. enamelware. 3. any of various varnishes, paints, coatings, etc., drying to a hard, glossy finish. 4. an artistic work executed in enamel. 5. the hard, glossy, calcareous covering of the crown of a tooth. v.t. 6. to inlay or overlay with enamel. [1275–1325; Middle English < Anglo-French enameler, enamailler=en- en-¹ + -amaler, derivative of asmal, esmal enamel, Old French esmail (-al taken as the suffix -ail) < Frankish *smalt- something melted, c. Old High German smalz fat; akin to smelt¹; compare smalto] e•nam′el•er, n. e•nam′el•ist, n. e•nam′el•work`, n.

e·nam·el

(ĭ-năm′əl) The hard substance covering the exposed portion of a tooth.

enamel

Past participle: enamelled
Gerund: enamelling

Imperative
enamel
enamel

Present
I enamel
you enamel
he/she/it enamels
we enamel
you enamel
they enamel

Preterite
I enamelled
you enamelled
he/she/it enamelled
we enamelled
you enamelled
they enamelled

Present Continuous
I am enamelling
you are enamelling
he/she/it is enamelling
we are enamelling
you are enamelling
they are enamelling

Present Perfect
I have enamelled
you have enamelled
he/she/it has enamelled
we have enamelled
you have enamelled
they have enamelled

Past Continuous
I was enamelling
you were enamelling
he/she/it was enamelling
we were enamelling
you were enamelling
they were enamelling

Past Perfect
I had enamelled
you had enamelled
he/she/it had enamelled
we had enamelled
you had enamelled
they had enamelled

Future
I will enamel
you will enamel
he/she/it will enamel
we will enamel
you will enamel
they will enamel

Future Perfect
I will have enamelled
you will have enamelled
he/she/it will have enamelled
we will have enamelled
you will have enamelled
they will have enamelled

Future Continuous
I will be enamelling
you will be enamelling
he/she/it will be enamelling
we will be enamelling
you will be enamelling
they will be enamelling

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been enamelling
you have been enamelling
he/she/it has been enamelling
we have been enamelling
you have been enamelling
they have been enamelling

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been enamelling
you will have been enamelling
he/she/it will have been enamelling
we will have been enamelling
you will have been enamelling
they will have been enamelling

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been enamelling
you had been enamelling
he/she/it had been enamelling
we had been enamelling
you had been enamelling
they had been enamelling

Conditional
I would enamel
you would enamel
he/she/it would enamel
we would enamel
you would enamel
they would enamel

Past Conditional
I would have enamelled
you would have enamelled
he/she/it would have enamelled
we would have enamelled
you would have enamelled
they would have enamelled

enamel

1. Glass that has been heated to form a base of porcelain, which is then decorated with scenes or designs. Popular in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.2. Colored glaze used to decorate pottery already glazed; popular in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.3. A tooth crown’s hard outer layer.

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	enamel - hard white substance covering the crown of a toothtooth enamelsolid body substance - the solid parts of the bodycrown - the part of a tooth above the gum that is covered with enamel
	2.	enamel - a colored glassy compound (opaque or partially opaque) that is fused to the surface of metal or glass or pottery for decoration or protectionchemical compound, compound - (chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight
	3.	enamel - a paint that dries to a hard glossy finishpaint, pigment - a substance used as a coating to protect or decorate a surface (especially a mixture of pigment suspended in a liquid); dries to form a hard coating; "artists use `paint' and `pigment' interchangeably"
	4.	enamel - any smooth glossy coating that resembles ceramic glazecoating, coat - a thin layer covering something; "a second coat of paint"nail enamel, nail polish, nail varnish - a cosmetic lacquer that dries quickly and that is applied to the nails to color them or make them shiny
Verb	1.	enamel - coat, inlay, or surface with enamelhandicraft - a craft that requires skillful handsadorn, decorate, grace, ornament, embellish, beautify - make more attractive by adding ornament, colour, etc.; "Decorate the room for the party"; "beautify yourself for the special day"

Translations

搪瓷涂瓷釉于珐琅珐琅质瓷漆

enamel

(iˈnӕməl) noun1. a variety of glass applied as coating to a metal or other surface and made hard by heating. This pan is covered with enamel; (also adjective) an enamel plate. 搪瓷，瓷釉 2. the coating of the teeth. （牙齿的）珐琅质 3. a glossy paint. 瓷漆 verb – past tense, past participle eˈnamelled , (American) eˈnameled – to cover or decorate with enamel. 涂瓷釉于

enamel

→ 珐琅zhCN

enamel

enamel,

a siliceous substance fusible upon metal. It may be so compounded as to be transparent or opaque and with or without color, but it is usually employed to add decorative color. It was used to decorate jewelry in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Specimens of enamel-work found in Belgium and England date from as early as the 3d or 2d cent. B.C. Perfected in the Byzantine world, enamel, often in the cloisonnécloisonné
, method of enamel decoration of metal surfaces, such as vases and jewel boxes. Metal filaments (which form the cloisons or separating elements) are attached at right angles to the surface outlining the design to be used.
..... Click the link for more information. technique, was used to adorn screens and tabernacles. In the 12th cent. the Spanish excelled in the champlevéchamplevé
, technique for the enamel decoration of metal objects. It was used by the Celts and Romans and employed by medieval metalworkers for jewelry and reliquaries until the 14th cent.
..... Click the link for more information. technique. In France at that time brilliant coloristic effects were achieved in the Meuse valley. Concurrently, Limoges became a long-time center of superb enamelwork production. From Limoges in the 16th cent. emerged the most famous artist to work in enamel, Léonard LimousinLimousin or Limosin, Léonard
, c.1505–c.1577, French painter in enamel, most celebrated member of a family of Limoges enamel artists.
..... Click the link for more information. . In England, from the 17th cent. on, enamel provided the surface for miniature portraits. It was also used for the florid decoration of vanity cases and snuffboxes. In the 19th cent. there was a decline in craftsmanship and a general loss of interest in the enamel medium. The mid-1960s produced an extensive craft revival and reborn interest in enamel techniques.

Bibliography

See T. and B. Hughes, English Painted Enamels (1967); S. Benjamin, Enamels (1983); G. L. Matthews, Enamels, Enameling, Enamelists (1984).

Enamel

A high-gloss paint.

Enamel

the calcified tissue that covers the crown of a tooth. Enamel is secreted by special epithelial cells called ameloblasts, which die after the tooth is formed and are converted into enamel prisms, radially arranged slender fibers (3–5 microns in diameter) adjoining one another. Enamel, one of the hardest tissues in the animal organism, contains about 97 percent mineral matter, mainly phosphate and carbonate compounds of calcium, as well as a small amount of silicates. It protects the tooth from wear. It does not regenerate after damage. Damage to the enamel is observed in cases of caries, fluorosis, and other instances.

Enamel

a type of low-melting, primarily opaque, glass, given different colors by the addition of metallic oxides and fused in one or several thin layers to a metal (enameling). The term “enamel” is also often used for low-melting opaque white or colored glazes used to coat and decorate ceramic and glass articles.

The principal components of virtually all enamels are silicon dioxide, SiO₂, boron anhydride, B₂O₃, aluminum oxide, A1₂O₃, titanium dioxide, TiO₂, certain fluorides, and the oxides of alkali and alkaline earth metals, lead, and zinc. It is customary to divide enamels into ground-coat enamels and cover-coat enamels. The ground-coat enamels, which include in their composition adhesive substances, primarily oxides of cobalt and nickel, are used to apply a layer that adheres well to metal and is intermediate between the cover (external) layer of the enamel and the metal. Cover-coat enamels, which adhere well to metal, are applied without a ground-coat.

To prepare enamel, a mixture of feldspar, sand, or quartz, along with fluorite, borax, boric acid, soda, saltpeter, cryolite, and other ingredients, is melted in a furnace at 1150°–1550°C and is then poured into water for granulation. The granules are crushed in ball mills in the presence of water, clay, and other materials to obtain a stable suspension of fine particles, called the enamel slip. The metal is first covered with a coat of slip and then dried and roasted (at 500°–1400°C, depending on the metal being coated), after which the outer enamel is applied in one or two layers, each layer being fired separately. The slip may be applied by immersion, pouring, or spraying, or it may be applied electrostatically. Articles are fired in periodic kilns or continuous furnaces.

Enamels protect metals from corrosion and make them more attractive in appearance. They are applied primarily to cast iron and steel; they are also often applied to articles made of copper, aluminum, silver, or various alloys. Enameled metals are primarily used in the food-processing, chemical, pharmaceutical, electrical engineering, and construction industries. Refractory and corrosion-resistant enamel coatings are used in jet engines and in apparatus used in a highly corrosive environment; they are also used in thermal processing and the hot deformation of special alloys.

S. S. SOLNTSEV

Enamel art. The decoration of gold, silver, and copper articles, such as vessels and jewelry, with enamel is one of the oldest techniques in the art of jewelry-making. Both cold (without firing) enameling and hot enameling are practiced; in the latter case, the pasty mass colored by metallic oxides is applied to a specially treated surface and then fired, which produces a vitreous colored layer. Different enamels are distinguished according to the method of application and type of adhesion to the surface of the material. In cloisonne enamel, the enamel is laid in partitioned off compartments formed by fine metal strips soldered on a metallic surface edgewise along the lines of a design, thus following the exact lines of the contour. In champlevé enamel, the enamel is laid in troughs made in the metal by carving, stamping, or casting; such enamels are distinguished by deep colors. Basse-taille enamel (stamped or cast) can be transparent or opaque. The basse-taille technique makes it possible to represent three-dimensional shapes and to achieve various artistic effects, since during fusion the molten enamel flows down from the higher parts of the relief, which gives rise to alternating transparent and opaque areas, thus creating variations of shade. In painted enamel, a metal article is first covered with enamel and is then decorated with enamel paint (refractory paints after the 17th century). Enamels are also applied on filigree and engravings and can be inlaid with gold and silver.

The oldest extant enamels are the gold ornaments and amulets of ancient Egypt, executed in a cloisonné-type technique. The best example of early European cloisonne enamel is the facing of the altar walls in the church of Sant’ Ambrogio in Milan, executed by the ninth-century master Wolvinius. Cloisonne enameling on gold flourished in Byzantium in the tenth to 12th centuries. By the 12th century, various European schools of enameling had emerged: the Mosan school, in the Maas (Meuse) River valley; the school in the Lorraine region (the masters Godefroid de Claire and Nicholas of Verdun), the Rhenish school, centered on Cologne (the monk-enamelists Eilbertus and Fredericius), and the Limoges school (seeLIMOGES ENAMEL). European enamels, used chiefly to decorate ecclesiastical objects, were closely linked with the interior ornamentation of cathedrals and stained glass-work. Secular enameled articles appeared at the turn of the 15th century. Opaque enamels were replaced by transparent enamels applied on engravings, with the use of gold lines and inlays. In the 18th century, miniature enamel portraits and other objects of pictorial art, stylistically resembling easel painting, became the leading form of enamelwork. The art of enameling, a laborious technique, declined in the 19th century, reemerging only during the modernist era in Paris, Brussels, and Vienna, when the production of objects of personal adornment, snuffboxes, and fans combined enamels with precious stones, pearls, and the like (C. Popelin, R. Lalique, and P. Grandhomme).

Enameling has been known in China since the seventh century and was developed extensively in the 14th to 17th centuries. It was used to decorate silent weapons, small chests, snuffboxes, and the like with symbolic plant motifs and images of birds and animals.

In what is now the USSR, enamels were made in the third to fifth centuries in the Dnieper Region, for example, bracelets and fibulae with red, light blue, green, and white enamel. Cloisonne enamels from 11th century Kievan Rus’ have been preserved. Byzantine influence is evident in Russian cloisonne enamels on silver and gold of the 12th and 13th centuries and in medieval Georgian enamels on gold. Georgian enamels were not as subtly executed as Byzantine enamels, and they differ from Russian enamels in their more brilliant colors (the Khakhuli hinged icon, 12th century, Art Museum of the Georgian SSR, Tbilisi). In the 16th and 17th centuries, enamel on filigree was common among the Moscow masters, who used transparent multicolored enamels of thick, rich tones to decorate gold articles (I. Popov and other masters of the Armory) with scenes and designs resembling the ornamentation of the illuminated manuscripts of the same period. The art of Russian painted enamel, called Usol’e enamelwork, flourished in Sol’vychegodsk in the 17th century. The development of painted enamel on copper reduced the cost of enameled articles and broadened the range of objects decorated with enamel to include, in addition to religious objects, small chests, goblets, rouge pots, flasks, spoons, and the like. Painted-enamel icons and other articles were made in Rostov Velikii in the 18th and 19th centuries. Miniature enamel portraits were executed in the 18th century by G. S. Musikiiskii, A. G. Ovsov, I. P. Refusitskii, and the painter A. P. Antropov. M. V. Lomonosov developed a new range of enamel colors from domestic materials. A class in enamelwork was established at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts (first mentioned in 1781). At the turn of the 20th century, enameled articles were produced by the Fabergé, Khlebnikov, Ovchinnikov, and Grachev companies.

In the USSR, painted enamels and enamels on filigree, engravings, and stamped relief are produced. The Rostovskaia Finift’ Factory in Rostov-Iaroslavskii is the major center of enamelwork, continuing the tradition of painted enamel begun in the 18th century (brooches, powder boxes, and small chests). It produces enamels primarily with decorative colored designs, as well as enamels with genre miniatures. Leading enamel artists include A. M. Kokin, V. V. Gorskii, I. I. Soldatov, and V. G. Pitelin.

REFERENCES

Tekhnologiia emali i emalirovanie metallov, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1965.
Petzold, A. Emal’. Moscow, 1958. (Translated from German.)
Solntsev, S. S., and A. T. Tumanov. Zashchitnye pokrytiia metallov prinagreve. Moscow, 1976.
Puparev, A. A. Khudozhestvennaia emal’. Moscow, 1948.
Razina, T. M. Russkaia emal’ i skan. Moscow, 1961.
Makarova, T. I. Peregorodchatye emali Drevnei Rusi. Moscow, 1975.
Postnikova-Loseva, M. M. Russkoe iuvelirnoe iskusstvo, ego tsentry i mastera XVI-XIX vv. Moscow, 1974.
Burger, W. Abendländische Schmelzarbeiten. Berlin, 1930.
Medding-Alp, E. Rheinische Goldschmeidekunst in ottonischer Zeit. Koblenz [1952],
Hasenohr, K. Email. Dresden, 1955.

enamel

[i′nam·əl] (materials) A finely ground, resin-containing oil paint that dries relatively harder, smoother, and glossier than ordinary paint. (engineering) glaze

enamel

A paint made of finely ground pigments and a resin binder that dries to form a hard, smooth, glassy film having very little surface texture.

enamel

1. a coloured glassy substance, translucent or opaque, fused to the surface of articles made of metal, glass, etc., for ornament or protection 2. an article or articles ornamented with enamel 3. an enamel-like paint or varnish 4. any smooth glossy coating resembling enamel 5. the hard white calcified substance that covers the crown of each tooth

enamel

e·nam·el

enamel

e•nam•el

e·nam·el

enamel

enamel

enamel

enamel

enamel

pray to the enamel god

pray to the porcelain god

pray to the porcelain god

pray to the porcelain god

pray to the enamel god

enamel

enamel,

Bibliography

Enamel

Enamel

Enamel

REFERENCES

enamel

enamel

enamel

enamel

enamel

e·nam·el

enamel

e·nam·el

enamel

enamel

Enamel

e·nam·el

enamel

Synonyms for enamel

noun hard white substance covering the crown of a tooth

Synonyms

Related Words

noun a colored glassy compound (opaque or partially opaque) that is fused to the surface of metal or glass or pottery for decoration or protection

Related Words

noun a paint that dries to a hard glossy finish

Related Words

noun any smooth glossy coating that resembles ceramic glaze

Related Words

verb coat, inlay, or surface with enamel

Related Words