cyclic AMP

adenosine

[ah-den´o-sēn] 1. a nucleoside composed of the pentose sugar d-ribose and adenine. It is a structural subunit of ribonucleic acid (RNA). Adenosine nucleotides are involved in the energy metabolism of all cells. Adenosine can be linked to a chain of one, two, or three phosphate groups to form adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), or adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The bond between the phosphate groups in ADP or the two bonds between phosphate groups in ATP are called high-energy bonds, because hydrolysis of a high-energy bond provides a large amount of free energy that can be used to drive other processes that would not otherwise occur. The energy that is derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, or proteins is used to synthesize ATP. The energy stored in ATP is then used directly or indirectly to drive all other cellular processes that require energy, of which there are four major types: (1) the transport of molecules and ions across cell membranes against concentration gradients, which maintains the internal environment of the cell and produces the membrane potential for the conduction of nerve impulses; (2) the contraction of muscle fibers and other fibers producing the motion of cells; (3) the synthesis of chemical compounds; (4) the synthesis of other high-energy compounds.

Adenosine. 2. a preparation of adenosine, which acts as a cardiac depressant of automaticity in the sinus node and conduction in the atrioventricular node and as a vasodilator. It is used as an antiarrhythmic and is also used to cause coronary vasodilation during myocardial perfusion imaging in patients who cannot exercise adequately to perform an exercise stress test, administered intravenously.cyclic adenosine monophosphate a cyclic nucleotide, adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate, involved in the action of many hormones, including catecholamines, ACTH, and vasopressin. The hormone binds to a specific receptor on the cell membrane of target cells. This activates an enzyme, adenylate cyclase, which produces cyclic AMP from ATP. Cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger activating other enzymes within the cell. Abbreviated 3′,5′-AMP, cAMP, and cyclic AMP.adenosine diphosphate (ADP) a nucleotide, adenosine 5′-pyrophosphate, produced by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It is then converted back to ATP by the metabolic processes oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the cycle" >tricarboxylic acid cycle.adenosine monophosphate (AMP) a nucleotide, adenosine 5′-phosphate, involved in energy metabolism and nucleotide synthesis. Called also adenylic acid.adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) a term used to refer to the enzymatic activity of certain intercellular processes that split ATP to form ADP and inorganic phosphate, when the energy released is not used for the synthesis of chemical compounds. Examples are the splitting of ATP in muscle contraction and the transport of ions across cell membranes.adenosine triphosphate (ATP) a nucleotide, adenosine 5′-triphosphate, occurring in all cells, where it stores energy in the form of high-energy phosphate bonds. Free energy is supplied to drive metabolic reactions, to transport molecules against concentration gradients (active transport), and to produce mechanical motion (contraction of myofibrils and microtubules), when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate or to AMP and inorganic pyrophosphate. ATP is also used to produce high-energy phosphorylated intermediary metabolites, such as glucose 6-phosphate.

AMP

adenosine monophosphate.3′,5′-AMP (cyclic AMP) cyclic adenosine monophosphate.

cyclic AMP

n. Abbr. cAMP A cyclic nucleotide of adenosine that is produced inside cells in response to external stimuli, such as hormones, and triggers various biochemical pathways within the cell.

cyclic AMP

A modified form of adenosine monophosphate in which a PHOSPHODIESTER BOND links the 5′- and 3′-carbons of the sugar within the molecule. Cyclic amp is chemical messenger within the cell which, when external hormones reach the cell membrane, conveys information to the interior to initiate an appropriate response. It is sometimes called a ‘second messenger’. It plays a key role in controlling biological processes. It activates protein kinases and controls GLYCOGEN synthesis and breakdown.

cyclic AMP (cAMP, adenine monophosphate)

a molecule thought to act as an intermediary between a hormone and the biochemical process of its target cell. The process is thought to be

the hormone arrives at the target cell and becomes complexed to receptor sites in the cell membrane;
the adenyl cyclase enzyme is activated, enabling conversion of ATP to cAMP;
specific cellular enzymes are activated by cAMP starting a chain reaction. See also CYCLIC GMP.

cyclic AMP

cyclic AMP

cyclic AMP

cyclic AMP

cyclic AMP

cyclic AMP:

cyclic AMP

cyclic AMP

adenosine

AMP

cyclic AMP

cyclic AMP

cyclic AMP (cAMP, adenine monophosphate)

Cyclic AMP