elaborated codes and restricted codes

specific forms of language and speech derived from particular social contexts, involving different orders of meaning. A restricted code is used in close communal circumstances, where there is legitimate expectation of shared presuppositions and understandings, and involves speech that is inexplicit, telescoped and indexical (see INDEXICAL EXPRESSION). An elaborated code makes no such presuppositions, is explicit in meaning, uses full forms of expression and ‘objective’ standards of reference. Bernstein argues that the English social classes manifest a differential familiarity with each mode of speech, with social and educational implications. However, the application of the concepts of elaborated and restricted codes to the speech patterns of middle- and working-class groups respectively, has not been universally accepted, and considerable scepticism has been expressed about their validity and usefulness since they were first introduced (see Labov, 1972).

单词	elaborated codes and restricted codes
释义	elaborated codes and restricted codes elaborated codes and restricted codes specific forms of language and speech derived from particular social contexts, involving different orders of meaning. A restricted code is used in close communal circumstances, where there is legitimate expectation of shared presuppositions and understandings, and involves speech that is inexplicit, telescoped and indexical (see INDEXICAL EXPRESSION). An elaborated code makes no such presuppositions, is explicit in meaning, uses full forms of expression and ‘objective’ standards of reference. Bernstein argues that the English social classes manifest a differential familiarity with each mode of speech, with social and educational implications. However, the application of the concepts of elaborated and restricted codes to the speech patterns of middle- and working-class groups respectively, has not been universally accepted, and considerable scepticism has been expressed about their validity and usefulness since they were first introduced (see Labov, 1972).
随便看	be pissed off be pissing in the wind be pissing in(to) the wind be pissing into the wind bepity bepj bepl be place be place to be plain sailing beplaster be played like a fiddle be played out be playing with fire be pleased as punch be plugged in be plugged into be plugged into (something) beplumed bepm bepn bepne bepo be po'd be poles apart