| 释义 |
DictionarySeecyclophosphamideCytoxan
Cytoxan (sītŏk`sĭn), trade name for the drug cyclophosphamide, used to inhibit growth of tumors and rapidly proliferating cells. It is used in the treatment of leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and lymphosarcoma and other solid tumors. A drug of great specificity, Cytoxan is activated in the body by the enzymes in certain types of tumors. Because it is also activated in such tissues as blood plasma and liver, it is a highly toxic substance. Nevertheless, it is a potent and useful chemotherapeutic agent.Cytoxan
Cytoxan [si-tok´san] trademark for preparations of cyclophosphamide, an antineoplastic agent.cyclophosphamide (sye-kloe-fos-fa-mide) cyclophosphamide, Cytoxan (trade name), Procytox (trade name) Classification Therapeutic: antineoplastics
Pharmacologic: alkylating agents
Pregnancy Category: D
IndicationsAlone or with other modalities in the management of:- Breast carcinoma, and a variety of other tumors.
Minimal change nephrotic syndrome in children.Severe active rheumatoid arthritis or granulomatosis with polyangiitis.ActionInterferes with DNA replication and RNA transcription, ultimately disrupting protein synthesis (cell-cycle phase–nonspecific).Therapeutic effectsDeath of rapidly replicating cells, particularly malignant ones.Also has immunosuppressant action in smaller doses.PharmacokineticsAbsorption: Inactive parent drug is well absorbed from the GI tract. Converted to active drug by the liver.Distribution: Widely distributed. Limited penetration of the blood-brain barrier. Crosses the placenta; enters breast milk.Metabolism and Excretion: Converted to active drug by the liver; 30% eliminated unchanged by the kidneys.Half-life: 4–6.5 hr.Time/action profile (effects on blood counts)| ROUTE | ONSET | PEAK | DURATION |
|---|
| PO, IV | 7 days | 7–15 days | 21 days |
Contraindications/PrecautionsContraindicated in: Hypersensitivity; Obstetric / Lactation: Pregnancy or lactation.Use Cautiously in: Active infections;Bone marrow depression;Other chronic debilitating illnesses; Obstetric: Patients with childbearing potential.Adverse Reactions/Side EffectsRespiratory- pulmonary fibrosis (life-threatening)
Cardiovascular- myocardial fibrosis (life-threatening)
- hypotension
Gastrointestinal- anorexia (most frequent)
- nausea (most frequent)
- vomiting (most frequent)
Genitourinary- hemorrhagic cystitis (life-threatening)
- hematuria (most frequent)
DermatologicEndocrinologic- gonadal suppression
- syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
Hematologic- leukopenia (life-threatening)
- thrombocytopenia (most frequent)
- anemia
MetabolicMiscellaneousInteractionsDrug-Drug interactionPhenobarbital or rifampin may ↑ toxicity of cyclophosphamide.Concurrent allopurinol or thiazidediuretics may exaggerate bone marrow depression.May prolong neuromuscular blockade from succinylcholine.Cardiotoxicity may be additive with other cardiotoxic agents (e.g., cytarabine, daunorubicin, doxorubicin ).May ↓ serum digoxin levels.Additive bone marrow depression with other antineoplastics or radiation therapy.May potentiate the effects of warfarin.May ↓ antibody response to live-virus vaccines and ↑ risk of adverse reactions.Prolongs the effects of cocaine.Route/DosageMany regimens are usedOral (Adults) 1–5 mg/kg/day.Oral (Children) Induction—2–8 mg/kg/day (60–250 mg/m2/day) in divided doses for 6 days or longer. Maintenance—2–5 mg/kg (50–150 mg/m2/day) twice weekly.Intravenous (Adults) 40–50 mg/kg in divided doses over 2–5 days or 10–15 mg/kg q 7–10 days or 3–5 mg/kg twice weekly or 1.5–3 mg/kg/day. Other regimens may use larger doses.Intravenous (Children) Induction—2–8 mg/kg/day (60–250 mg/m2/day) in divided doses for 6 days or longer. Total dose for 7 days may be given as a single weekly dose. Maintenance—10–15 mg/kg every 7–10 days or 30 mg/kg q 3–4 wk.Availability (generic available)Tablets: 25 mg, 50 mg Injection: 500 mg, 1 g, 2 g Nursing implicationsNursing assessment- Monitor BP, pulse, respiratory rate, and temperature frequently during administration. Report significant changes.
- Monitor urinary output frequently during therapy. To reduce the risk of hemorrhagic cystitis, fluid intake should be at least 3000 mL/day for adults and 1000–2000 mL/day for children. May be administered with mesna.
- Monitor for bone marrow depression. Assess for bleeding (bleeding gums, bruising, petechiae, guaiac stools, urine, and emesis) and avoid IM injections and taking rectal temperatures if platelet count is low. Apply pressure to venipuncture sites for 10 min. Assess for signs of infection during neutropenia. Anemia may occur. Monitor for increased fatigue, dyspnea, and orthostatic hypotension.
- Assess nausea, vomiting, and appetite. Weigh weekly. Antiemetics may be given 30 min before administration of medication to minimize GI effects. Anorexia and weight loss can be minimized by feeding frequent light meals.
- Encourage patient to drink 2000–3000 mL/day to promote excretion of uric acid. Alkalinization of the urine may be used to help prevent uric acid nephropathy.
- Assess cardiac and respiratory status for dyspnea, rales/crackles, cough, weight gain, edema. Pulmonary toxicity may occur after prolonged therapy. Cardiotoxicity may occur early in therapy and is characterized by symptoms of HF.
- Lab Test Considerations: Monitor CBC with differential and platelet count before and periodically during therapy. The nadir of leukopenia occurs in 7–12 days (recovery in 17–21 days). Leukocytes should be maintained at 2500–4000/mm3. May also cause thrombocytopenia (nadir 10–15 days), and rarely causes anemia.
- Monitor BUN, creatinine, and uric acid before and frequently during therapy to detect nephrotoxicity.
- Monitor ALT, AST, LDH, and serum bilirubin before and frequently during therapy to detect hepatotoxicity.
- Urinalysis should be evaluated before initiating therapy and frequently during therapy to detect hematuria or change in specific gravity indicative of SIADH.
- May suppress positive reactions to skin tests for Candida, mumps, Trichophyton, and tuberculin purified-protein derivative (PPD). May also produce false-positive results in Papanicolaou smears.
Potential Nursing DiagnosesRisk for infection (Side Effects)
Disturbed body image (Side Effects)
Implementation- high alert: Fatalities have occurred with chemotherapeutic agents. Before administering, clarify all ambiguous orders; double-check single, daily, and course-of-therapy dose limits; have second practitioner independently double-check original order, calculations, and infusion pump settings.
- Oral: Administer in the morning. Swallow tablets whole; do not crush, break, or chew.
- Intravenous: Prepare solution for IV administration in a biologic cabinet. Wear gloves, gown, and mask while handling IV medication. Discard IV equipment in specially designated containers.
Intravenous Administration- pH: 3.0–9.0.
- Reconstitute each 100 mg with 5 mL 0.9% NaCl. Swirl gently to dissolve. Do not reconstitute with sterile water for injection; results in a hypotonic solution not suitable for direct IV. Concentration: 20 mg/mL. Administer reconstituted solution undiluted.
- Rate: Inject very slowly.
- Intermittent Infusion: Reconstitute each 100 mg with 5 mL of 0.9% NaCl or Sterile Water for injection. Swirl gently to dissolve. Use solution reconstituted with Sterile Water for injection immediately; solution reconstituted with 0.9% NaCl may be stored at room temperature for 24 hr or if refrigerated for 6 days. Do not administer solutions that contain clear of yellow viscous liquid. Diluent: May be further diluted in up to 250 mL of D5W, D5/0.9% NaCl, or 0.45% NaClConcentration: minimum 2 mg/mL.
- Rate: Infuse very slowly. May reduce rate-dependent adverse reactions (facial swelling, headache, nasal congestion, scalp burning).
- Y-Site Compatibility: acyclovir, alemtuzumab, alfentanil, allopurinol, amifostine, amikacin, aminocaproic acid, aminophylline, amiodarone, amphotericin B lipid complex, amphotericin B liposome, ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, anidulafungin, argatroban, arsenic trioxide, atracurium, azithromycin, aztreonam, bivalirudin, bleomycin, bumetanide, buprenorphine, butorphanol, calcium chloride, calcium gluconate, carboplatin, carmustine, caspofungin, cefazolin, cefepime, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefotetan, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, chlorpromazine, ciprofloxacin, cisatracurium, cisplatin, cladribine, clindamycin, cyclosporine, cytarabine, dactinomycin, dapotomycin, daunorubicin, dexamethasone, dexmedetomidine, dexrazoxane, digoxin, diltiazem, diphenhydramine, dobutamine, docetaxel, dolasetron, dopamine, doripenem, doxacurium, doxorubicin, doxorubicin liposome, doxycycline, droperidol, enalaprilat, ephedrine, epinephrine, epirubicin, ertapenem, erythromycin, esmolol, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, famotidine, fenoldopam, fentanyl, filgrastim, fluconazole, fludarabine, fluorouracil, foscarnet, fosphenytoin, furosemide, ganciclovir, gemcitabine, gentamicin, granisetron, haloperidol, heparin, hetastarch, hydrocortisone, hydromorphone, idarubicin, imipenem/cilastatin, insulin, irinotecan, isoproterenol, ketorolac, labetalol, leucovorin calcium, levofloxacin, levorphanol, lidocaine, linezolid, lorazepam, magnesium sulfate, mannitol, melphalan, meperidine, meropenem, mesna, methohexital, methotrexate, methylprednisolone, metoclopramide, metoprolol, metronidazole, midazolam, milrinone, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, morphine, nafcillin, nalbuphine, naloxone, nesiritide, nicardipine, nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, norepinephrine, octreotide, ondansetron, oxacillin, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, palonosetron, pamidronate, pancuronium, pantoprazole, pemetrexed, penicillin G potassium, pentamidine, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, phenylephrine, piperacillin/tazobactam, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium phosphates, procainamide, prochlorperazine, promethazine, propofol, propranolol, quinupristin/dalfopristin, ranitidine, remifentanil, rituximab, rocuronium, sargramostim, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium phosphates, succinylcholine, sufentanil, tacrolimus, teniposide, theophylline, thiopental, thiotepa, ticarcillin/clavulanate, tigecycline, tirofiban, tobramycin, topotecan, trastuzumab, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, vancomycin, vasopressin, vecuronium, verapamil, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, voriconazole, zidovudine, zoledronic acid
- Y-Site Incompatibility: amphotericin B cholesteryl, amphotericin B colloidal, diazepam, phenytoin
Patient/Family Teaching- Instruct patient to take dose in early morning. Emphasize need for adequate fluid intake for 72 hr after therapy. Patient should void frequently to decrease bladder irritation from metabolites excreted by the kidneys. Report hematuria immediately. If a dose is missed, contact health care professional. Advise caregivers to use gloves when handling tablets. If broken tablets occur, wash hands throughly.
- Instruct patient to notify health care professional promptly if fever; sore throat; signs of infection; lower back or side pain; difficult or painful urination; sores in the mouth or on the lips; yellow discoloration of skin or eyes; bleeding gums; bruising; petechiae; blood in urine, stool, or emesis; unusual swelling of ankles or legs; joint pain; shortness of breath; cough, palpitations, weight gain of more than 5 lb in 24 hr, dizziness, loss of consciousness or confusion occurs. Caution patient to avoid crowds and persons with known infections. Instruct patient to use soft toothbrush and electric razor and to avoid falls. Patient should also be cautioned not to drink alcoholic beverages or to take products containing aspirin or NSAIDs; may precipitate GI hemorrhage.
- Discuss with patient the possibility of hair loss. Explore methods of coping. May also cause darkening of skin and fingernails.
- Instruct patient not to receive any vaccinations without advice of health care professional.
- Advise patient that this medication may cause sterility and menstrual irregularities or cessation of menses. This drug is also teratogenic; females should use highly effective contraceptive measures for up to 1 yr after completion and men should continue to wear condoms for at least 4 mo after completion of therapy.
Evaluation/Desired Outcomes- Decrease in size or spread of malignant tumors.
- Improvement of hematologic status in patients with leukemia. Maintenance therapy is instituted if leukocyte count remains between 2500 and 4000/mm3 and if patient does not demonstrate serious side effects.
- Management of minimal change nephrotic syndrome in children.
Cytoxan (sī-tŏk′sən) A trademark for the drug cyclophosphamide.AcronymsSeeCTX |