ferrimagnetism
ferrimagnetism
(ˌfɛrɪˈmæɡnɪˌtɪzəm)| Noun | 1. | ferrimagnetism - a phenomenon in ferrites where there can be incomplete cancellation of antiferromagnetic arranged spins giving a net magnetic moment |
Ferrimagnetism
Ferrimagnetism
A specific type of ordering in a system of magnetic moments or the magnetic behavior resulting from such order. In some magnetic materials the magnetic ions in a crystal unit cell may differ in their magnetic properties. This is clearly so when some of the ions are of different species. It is also true for similar ions occupying crystallographically inequivalent sites. Such ions differ in their interactions with other ions, because the dominant exchange interaction is mediated by the neighboring nonmagnetic ions. They also experience different crystal electric fields, and these affect the magnetic anisotropy of the ion. A collection of all the magnetic sites in a crystal with identical behavior is referred to as a magnetic sublattice. A material is said to exhibit ferrimagnetic order when, first, all moments on a given sublattice point in a single direction and, second, the resultant moments of the sublattices lie parallel or antiparallel to one another. The notion of such an order is due to L. Néel, who showed in 1948 that its existence would explain many of the properties of the magnetic ferrites. See Ferromagnetism
In general, there is a net moment, the algebraic sum of the sublattice moments, just as for a normal ferromagnet. However, its variation with temperature rarely exhibits the very simple behavior of the normal ferromagnet. For example, in some materials, as the temperature is raised over a certain range, the magnetization may first decrease to zero and then increase again. Ferrimagnets can be expected, in their bulk properties, measured statically or at low frequencies, to resemble ferromagnets with unusual temperature characteristics. See Curie temperature
Ferrimagnetism
a magnetic state of a substance, wherein the magnetic moments of the ions composing the substance (a ferrimagnet) form two or more subsystems called magnetic sub-lattices. Each sublattice contains ions of one kind with identically oriented magnetic moments. The magnetic moments of ions of different sublattices are nonparallel and, in the more general case, form a complex three-dimensional configuration, for example, a triangular configuration. The number of ions in one sublattice is often a multiple of the number of ions in another. The simplest model of ferrimagnetic ordering is shown in Figure 1. The spontaneous magnetization J of a ferrimagnetic substance is equal to the vector sum of the magnetizations of all the sublattices.
Ferrimagnetism may be considered the most general case of a magnetically ordered state. From this viewpoint, ferromagnetism is a particular case of ferrimagnetism in which a substance contains only one sublattice, and antiferromagnetism is a particular case in which all sublattices consist of identical magnetic ions and J = 0. The term “ferrimagnetism” was introduced by L. Néel in 1948 and is derived from the word “ferrite,” which is the name of a large class of oxides of the transition elements in which the phenomenon was first observed.
A necessary condition for ferrimagnetism is the presence in a substance of positive ions, or cations, with an intrinsic magnetic moment that are formed from elements having an unfilled d or f electron shell. A negative exchange interaction that tends to align the magnetic moments antiparallel must occur between the ions of different sublattices. As a rule, the interaction is a superexchange interaction; that is, it occurs by means of the exchange of electrons through an intermediate nonmagnetic anion, for example, an oxygen ion (Figure 2).
At high temperatures, where the energy of thermal motion is much greater than the exchange energy, a substance has paramagnetic properties (seePARAMAGNETISM). The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of paramagnets, in which ferrimagnetism occurs at low temperatures, has the characteristic features shown in Figure 3. The reciprocal susceptibility (1/χ) of paramagnetic substances obeys the Curie-Weiss law with a negative constant θ = Δ at high temperatures and sharply decreases with decreasing temperature, tending to zero as T → θC. At the Curie point θC, where the energy of the exchange interaction becomes equal to the energy of thermal motion in the substance, ferrimagnetic ordering occurs. In most cases, the transition to the ordered state is a second-order phase transition and is accompanied by characteristic anomalies of specific heat, linear expansion, and galvanomagnetic and other properties.
The ferrimagnetic ordering of moments that occurs is described by a certain magnetic structure, that is, by the division of a crystal into magnetic sublattices and by the magnitude and direction of the sublattice magnetization vectors. The magnetic structure can be determined by neutron-diffraction techniques (seeDIFFRACTION OF PARTICLES). The formation of a given magnetic structure depends on the crystal structure of the substance and the ratio of the magnitudes of the exchange interactions between different magnetic ions. The exchange interaction determines only the orientation of the sublattice magnetizations relative to each other. Another parameter—the orientation relative to the crystallographic axes—is determined by the magnetic-anisotropy energy, which is several orders of magnitude less than the exchange energy.
The existence of several different sublattices in a ferrimagnet leads to a more complex temperature dependence of the spontaneous magnetization J than in an ordinary ferromagnet. Such a temperature dependence occurs because the temperature dependences of the magnetization of each sublattice may differ (Figure 4). As a result, as the temperature increases from absolute zero, the spontaneous magnetization, which is the difference between the sublattice magnetizations in the simplest case, may: (1) decrease monotonically (Figure 4,a), as in an ordinary ferromagnet; (2) increase at low temperatures and thereafter pass through some maximum (Figure 4,b); or (3) tend to zero at some specified temperature θcomp. The temperature θcom is called the compensation point. At T > θcomp or T < θcomp, the spontaneous magnetization is nonzero.
A theoretical description of the properties of ferrimagnets was first given in 1948 by Néel, who demonstrated that the major characteristics of the behavior of ferrimagnets may be explained very well in the framework of molecular-field theory. Ferrimagnets in magnetic fields that are much weaker than the exchange fields behave like ferromagnets, since such magnetic fields do not alter the magnetic structure. In the absence of a magnetic field, ferrimagnets are divided into domains and have a characteristic magnetization curve with saturation and hysteresis. Magnetostriction is observed in ferrimagnets. In ferrimagnets with noncol-linear magnetic structures, saturation is usually not observed at attainable magnetic-field values. Ferrimagnets have peculiar magnetic properties near the compensation point, where even weak magnetic fields cause the sublattices to slope and flip relative to each other. Far from the compensation point, such changes in magnetic structure occur in strong magnetic fields, that is, magnetic fields of the same order as the exchange fields. Under certain conditions, resonance absorption of electromagnetic energy is observed in ferrimagnets; such absorption is called ferrimagnetic resonance.
The study of ferrimagnetism evolved very rapidly and further advanced the physics of magnetic phenomena. A theory of ferrimagnetic dielectrics (most ferrimagnets are dielectrics) has been developed. Many magnetic dielectrics are used widely in radio engineering, microwave engineering, and computer technology.
REFERENCES
Smit, J., and Wijn, H. Ferrity. Moscow, 1962. (Translated from English.)Redkozemel’nye ferromagnetiki i antiferromagnetiki. Moscow, 1965.
Gurevich, A. G. Magnitnyi rezonans v ferritakh i antiferromagnetikakh. Moscow, 1973.
Smolenskii, G. A., and V. V. Lemanov. Ferrity i ikh tekhnicheskoe primenenie. Leningrad, 1975.
A. S. BOROVIK-ROMANOV
ferrimagnetism
[‚fe·ri′mag·nə‚tiz·əm]ferrimagnetism
- noun
Words related to ferrimagnetism
noun a phenomenon in ferrites where there can be incomplete cancellation of antiferromagnetic arranged spins giving a net magnetic moment
Related Words
- antiferromagnetism