| 单词 | epsom salts | ||||||
| 释义 | Epsom saltsEpsom saltsEpsom saltsEp·som salts(ĕp′səm)
Epsom saltsEpsom salts,common name for magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, MgSO4·7H2O, a water-soluble bitter-tasting compound that occurs as white or colorless needle-shaped crystals. It was first prepared from the waters of mineral springs at Epsom, England; it also occurs as the mineral epsomite. Epsom salts is used medicinally as a purgative; it is also used in leather tanning, mordant dyeing, and as a filler in cotton goods and paper.Epsom saltsEpsom saltsmagnesium chloridemagnesium citratemagnesium gluconatemagnesium hydroxidemagnesium oxidemagnesium sulfatePharmacologic class: Mineral Therapeutic class: Electrolyte replacement, laxative, antacid, anticonvulsant Pregnancy risk category A (magnesium sulfate), NR (magnesium citrate, hydroxide, oxide), unknown (magnesium chloride, gluconate) ActionIncreases osmotic gradient in small intestine, which draws water into intestines and causes distention. These effects stimulate peristalsis and bowel evacuation. In antacid action, reacts with hydrochloric acid in stomach to form water and increase gastric pH. In anticonvulsant action, depresses CNS and blocks transmission of peripheral neuromuscular impulses. Availabilitymagnesium chloride Injection: 20% magnesium citrate Oral solution: 240-ml, 296-ml, and 300-ml bottles magnesium gluconate Liquid: 1,000 mg/5 ml Tablets: 500 mg magnesium hydroxide Liquid: 400 mg/5 ml Liquid concentrate: 800 mg/5 ml Tablets (chewable): 300 mg magnesium oxide Capsules: 140 mg Tablets: 250 mg, 400 mg, 420 mg, 500 mg magnesium sulfate Granules (for oral use): 120 g, 4 lb Injection: 10%, 12.5%, 25%, 50% Indications and dosages➣ Mild magnesium deficiency Adults: 1 g (2 ml of 50% sulfate solution) I.M. q 6 hours for four doses ➣ Severe hypomagnesemia Adults: 250 mg (2 mEq)/kg (sulfate) I.M. within 4-hour period, or 5 g (approximately 40 mEq) in 1 liter 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride solution by I.V. infusion over 3 hours ➣ Hypomagnesemia treatment Adults and children: Dosage individualized based on severity of deficiency; may give citrate, gluconate, hydroxide, oxide, or sulfate. ➣ Hypomagnesemia prophylaxis Adults and children: Dosage based on normal recommended daily magnesium intake; may give citrate, gluconate, hydroxide, oxide, or sulfate. ➣ Supplemental magnesium in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) Adults: 8 to 24 mEq/day (sulfate) by I.V. infusion, added to TPN solution ➣ Constipation Adults and children ages 12 and older: 15 g (sulfate granules) in 240 ml water; or 30 to 60 ml/day P.O. (hydroxide) given with water; or a single dose of 10 to 30 ml P.O. (hydroxide concentrate); or one bottle of oral solution (citrate), as directed Children ages 6 to 11: 5 to 10 g (sulfate granules) in 120 ml water; or a single dose of 2.5 to 5 ml P.O. (sulfate) in a half-glass of water; or 15 to 30 ml P.O. daily (hydroxide) given with water; or a single dose of 7.5 to 15 ml P.O. (hydroxide concentrate); or three to four tablets (hydroxide); or 50 to 100 ml, as directed, of oral solution (citrate) Children ages 2 to 5: Single dose of 5 to 15 ml P.O. (hydroxide); or 2.5 to 7.5 ml P.O. daily (hydroxide concentrate); or one to two tablets (hydroxide); or 4 to 12 ml oral solution (citrate), as directed ➣ Indigestion Adults and children ages 12 and older: 5 to 15 ml P.O. (hydroxide liquid) up to q.i.d. with water; or 2.5 to 7.5 ml P.O. (hydroxide liquid concentrate) up to q.i.d. with water; or 622 to 1,244 mg P.O. (hydroxide tablets) up to q.i.d.; or 400 to 800 mg P.O. (oxide tablets) daily ➣ To prevent and control seizures in preeclampsia or eclampsia Adults: 4 to 5 g 50% sulfate solution I.M. q 4 hours, as necessary; or 4 g 10% to 20% sulfate solution I.V., not to exceed 1.5 ml/minute of 10% solution; or 4 to 5 g I.V. infusion in 250 ml of 5% dextrose or sodium chloride solution, not to exceed 3 ml/minute ➣ Acute nephritis to control hypertension, encephalopathy, and seizures in children Children: 100 mg/kg 50% sulfate solution I.M. q 4 to 6 hours as needed; or 20 to 40 mg/kg 20% solution I.M., repeated as necessary Off-label uses• Bronchodilation in some asthmatic patients • Post-myocardial infarction hypomagnesemia Contraindications• Hypermagnesemia • Heart block • Myocardial damage • Active labor or within 2 hours of delivery PrecautionsUse cautiously in: • renal insufficiency, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, rectal bleeding, anuria, hypocalcemia • pregnant patients. AdministrationSee Be aware that magnesium sulfate injection is a high-alert drug. • Know that I.V. use is reserved for life-threatening seizures. • When giving magnesium sulfate I.V., don't exceed concentration of 20% or infusion rate of 150 mg/minute, except in seizures caused by severe eclampsia. Too-rapid I.V. infusion may cause hypotension and asystole. • When giving magnesium sulfate I.M. to adults, use concentration of 25% to 50%; when giving to infants and children, don't exceed 20%.  Adverse reactionsCNS (with I.V. use): confusion, decreased reflexes, dizziness, syncope, sedation, hypothermia, paralysis CV (with I.V. use): hypotension, arrhythmias, circulatory collapse GI: nausea, vomiting, cramps, flatulence, anorexia Metabolic: hypermagnesemia, hypocalcemia Musculoskeletal (with I.V. use): muscle weakness, flaccidity Respiratory: respiratory paralysis Skin: diaphoresis Other: allergic reaction, injection site reaction, laxative dependence (with repeated or prolonged use) InteractionsDrug-drug. Aminoquinolones, nitrofurantoin, penicillamine, tetracyclines: decreased absorption of these drugs (with oral magnesium) CNS depressants: additive effects Digoxin: heart block, conduction changes (with I.V. use) Enteric-coated drugs: faster dissolution of these drugs Neuromuscular blockers: increased effects of these drugs (with I.V. use) Drug-diagnostic tests. Calcium, magnesium: increased levels (with I.V. use) Patient monitoringSee When giving prolonged or repeated I.V. infusions, assess patellar reflex and monitor for respiratory rate of 16 breaths/minute or more. See With I.V. use, monitor blood magnesium level (desired level is 3 to 6 mg/dl or 2.5 to 5 mEq/L). Check for signs and symptoms of magnesium toxicity (hypotension, nausea, vomiting, ECG changes, muscle weakness, mental or respiratory depression, coma). Keep injectable calcium on hand to counteract magnesium toxicity. • Monitor urine output, which should measure 100 ml or more every 4 hours. See If I.V. magnesium was given before delivery, assess neonate for signs and symptoms of magnesium toxicity, such as neuromuscular or respiratory depression. • Monitor electrolyte levels and liver function tests. Patient teachingSee Teach patient about adverse reactions. Instruct him to report symptoms that occur during I.V. administration. • Advise patient to consult prescriber before using magnesium if he's taking other drugs. Magnesium may delay or enhance absorption of other drugs. • Inform patient that repeated or prolonged use of magnesium citrate, hydroxide, or sulfate may cause laxative dependence. Inform him that healthy diet and exercise can reduce need for laxatives. • Tell pregnant female to make sure prescriber knows she is pregnant before taking drug. • As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs and tests mentioned above. mag·ne·si·um sul·fate (MS),Epsom saltsEpsom saltsA bitter, water-soluble substance that occurs as white or colourless needle-shaped crystals, first prepared from the mineral springs at Epsom, England; they are used internally as purgatives and may be used as a mouthwash.Epsom saltsA bitter, water-soluble substance used internally as a purgative and as a mouthwash for toothachesEpsom saltsSee MAGNESIUM SULPHATE.mag·ne·si·um sul·fate(MS) (mag-nēzē-ŭm sŭlfāt)Synonym(s): Epsom salts. Epsom salts
Synonyms for Epsom salts
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Epsom salts - hydrated magnesium sulfate that is taken orally to treat heartburn and constipation and injected to prevent seizures