African National Congress

(ANC), the oldest black (now multiracial) political organization in South Africa; founded in 1912. Prominent in its opposition to apartheidapartheid
[Afrik.,=apartness], system of racial segregation peculiar to the Republic of South Africa, the legal basis of which was largely repealed in 1991–92. History
..... Click the link for more information. , the organization began as a nonviolent civil-rights group. In the 1940s and 50s it joined with other groups in promoting strikes and civil disobedience among the emerging urban black workforce.

The ANC was banned in 1960 and the following year initiated guerrilla attacks. In 1964 its leader, Nelson MandelaMandela, Nelson Rolihlahla
, 1918–2013, South African statesman. He earned a degree (B.A., 1943) after being expelled from the University College of Fort Hare (for taking part in a student protest) and finishing his studies with the Univ.
..... Click the link for more information. , was sentenced to life in prison, and the leadership was forced into exile. Although outlawed, the ANC became the popularly acknowledged vehicle of mass resistance to apartheid in the late 1970s and the 1980s; the training of ANC guerrillas continued in neighboring countries. Following the end of the ban on the ANC and the release of Mandela in 1990, many of its leaders returned from exile, and the ANC negotiated with the government for black enfranchisement and an end to apartheid.

In the early 1990s there were violent clashes between supporters of the ANC and Inkatha (see Buthelezi, Mangosuthu GatshaButhelezi, Mangosuthu Gatsha
(Ashpenaz Nathan Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi) , 1928–, South African political leader. A Zulu chief, he served as chief minister of the bantustan KwaZulu (1970–94, initially as head of the Zululand Territorial Authority; see Zululand) but
..... Click the link for more information. ). The ANC became a registered political party in 1994 in advance of the first South African elections open to citizens of all races. It won over 60% of the vote in the elections, and Mandela was elected president of South Africa; the ANC has continued to be the dominant party in South African politics in the years since. Thabo MbekiMbeki, Thabo Mvuyelwa
, 1942–, South African political leader. Mbeki was born into a politically active family; his father, Govan Mbeki, an official with the African National Congress (ANC), was imprisoned (1964) at Robben Island along with Nelson Mandela, released (1987),
..... Click the link for more information. succeeded Mandela as head of the ANC in 1997 and as president of South Africa in 1999.

Tensions within the ANC, largely as a result of the failure of South Africa's economic growth to benefit poorer South Africans, resulted in Mbeki's loss of the party leadership to Jacob ZumaZuma, Jacob Gedleyihlekisa,
1942–, South African political leader, b. Indkandla, Natal (now KwaZulu-Natal) prov. Zuma received no formal schooling and joined the African National Congress (ANC) when he was 17, becoming active in the party's military wing in 1962.
..... Click the link for more information. in 2007 and his resignation as South Africa's president in 2008. ANC deputy leader Kgalema MotlantheMotlanthe, Kgalema Petrus
, 1949–, South African politician, b. Johannesburg. A fierce opponent of apartheid, he was influenced by Steve Biko and organized student protests and joined the militant wing of the African National Congress (ANC).
..... Click the link for more information. was elected South Africa's interim president. Following Mbeki's resignation as president, some of his ANC supporters left the party and formed the Congress of the People, but these defections and later ones, such as that associated with supporters of Julius MalemaMalema, Julius Sello,
1981–, South African political leader. Involved in the African National Congress (ANC) from a young age, he rose quickly in its influential Youth League, becoming a regional chairman in 1995.
..... Click the link for more information. , have not affected the ANC's status as the nation's dominant party. Zuma succeeded Motlanthe as South Africa's president in 2009. Zuma's tenure was marked by increasing divisions in the ANC, as his administration faced recurring charges of corruption and growing economic difficulties. In 2017 Cyril RamaphosaRamaphosa, Cyril
(Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa), 1952–, South African political leader, b. Johannesburg. A lawyer, he became involved in the antiapartheid Black Consciousness Movement while a university student and was detained (1974, 1976) for his political activities.
..... Click the link for more information. , who had been Mandela's choice as his successor, was elected to succeed Zuma as ANC president.

African National Congress

(ANC), the most mass-oriented and influential political organization of the Republic of South Africa. It was founded in 1912, and it unites representatives of all classes and social strata of the indigenous population. Its basic task is the struggle against apartheid and all manifestations of racism; it fights for a democratic social structure. The ANC strives to unite all progressive forces in the country; on more than one occasion it has joined with the Communist Party and other progressive organizations in actions against the racist, antidemocratic policies of the country’s ruling circles. In 1955 it took an active part in conducting the congress in Klip-town (Johannesburg), at which the Congress Alliance, uniting all racial groups of the Republic of South Africa, was created, and a program adopted for the Alliance—the Freedom Charter, which was supported by the South African Communist Party. In 1960 the racist authorities banned the ANC, and its leaders fell victim to repression. Taking into account the intensification of outright terror by the ruling Nationalist Party of South Africa, in 1961 the ANC concluded that violent, as well as peaceful, forms of struggle had to be used against racism. In 1967 the ANC and the Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) resolved to combine their efforts in the struggle against the racist regimes in the Republic of South Africa and Southern Rhodesia. United detachments of the ANC and ZAPU engage in joint militant actions.

The press organ of the ANC is the periodical Sechaba (published since 1967). The party’s leader is Oliver Tambo.

P. I. MANCHKHA

单词	african national congress
释义	African National Congress African National Congress n (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) (in South Africa) a political party, founded in 1912 as an African nationalist movement and banned there from 1960 to 1990 because of its active opposition to apartheid: in 1994 won South Africa's first multiracial elections. Abbreviation: ANC African National Congress African National Congress (ANC), the oldest black (now multiracial) political organization in South Africa; founded in 1912. Prominent in its opposition to apartheidapartheid [Afrik.,=apartness], system of racial segregation peculiar to the Republic of South Africa, the legal basis of which was largely repealed in 1991–92. History ..... Click the link for more information. , the organization began as a nonviolent civil-rights group. In the 1940s and 50s it joined with other groups in promoting strikes and civil disobedience among the emerging urban black workforce. The ANC was banned in 1960 and the following year initiated guerrilla attacks. In 1964 its leader, Nelson MandelaMandela, Nelson Rolihlahla , 1918–2013, South African statesman. He earned a degree (B.A., 1943) after being expelled from the University College of Fort Hare (for taking part in a student protest) and finishing his studies with the Univ. ..... Click the link for more information. , was sentenced to life in prison, and the leadership was forced into exile. Although outlawed, the ANC became the popularly acknowledged vehicle of mass resistance to apartheid in the late 1970s and the 1980s; the training of ANC guerrillas continued in neighboring countries. Following the end of the ban on the ANC and the release of Mandela in 1990, many of its leaders returned from exile, and the ANC negotiated with the government for black enfranchisement and an end to apartheid. In the early 1990s there were violent clashes between supporters of the ANC and Inkatha (see Buthelezi, Mangosuthu GatshaButhelezi, Mangosuthu Gatsha (Ashpenaz Nathan Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi) , 1928–, South African political leader. A Zulu chief, he served as chief minister of the bantustan KwaZulu (1970–94, initially as head of the Zululand Territorial Authority; see Zululand) but ..... Click the link for more information. ). The ANC became a registered political party in 1994 in advance of the first South African elections open to citizens of all races. It won over 60% of the vote in the elections, and Mandela was elected president of South Africa; the ANC has continued to be the dominant party in South African politics in the years since. Thabo MbekiMbeki, Thabo Mvuyelwa , 1942–, South African political leader. Mbeki was born into a politically active family; his father, Govan Mbeki, an official with the African National Congress (ANC), was imprisoned (1964) at Robben Island along with Nelson Mandela, released (1987), ..... Click the link for more information. succeeded Mandela as head of the ANC in 1997 and as president of South Africa in 1999. Tensions within the ANC, largely as a result of the failure of South Africa's economic growth to benefit poorer South Africans, resulted in Mbeki's loss of the party leadership to Jacob ZumaZuma, Jacob Gedleyihlekisa, 1942–, South African political leader, b. Indkandla, Natal (now KwaZulu-Natal) prov. Zuma received no formal schooling and joined the African National Congress (ANC) when he was 17, becoming active in the party's military wing in 1962. ..... Click the link for more information. in 2007 and his resignation as South Africa's president in 2008. ANC deputy leader Kgalema MotlantheMotlanthe, Kgalema Petrus , 1949–, South African politician, b. Johannesburg. A fierce opponent of apartheid, he was influenced by Steve Biko and organized student protests and joined the militant wing of the African National Congress (ANC). ..... Click the link for more information. was elected South Africa's interim president. Following Mbeki's resignation as president, some of his ANC supporters left the party and formed the Congress of the People, but these defections and later ones, such as that associated with supporters of Julius MalemaMalema, Julius Sello, 1981–, South African political leader. Involved in the African National Congress (ANC) from a young age, he rose quickly in its influential Youth League, becoming a regional chairman in 1995. ..... Click the link for more information. , have not affected the ANC's status as the nation's dominant party. Zuma succeeded Motlanthe as South Africa's president in 2009. Zuma's tenure was marked by increasing divisions in the ANC, as his administration faced recurring charges of corruption and growing economic difficulties. In 2017 Cyril RamaphosaRamaphosa, Cyril (Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa), 1952–, South African political leader, b. Johannesburg. A lawyer, he became involved in the antiapartheid Black Consciousness Movement while a university student and was detained (1974, 1976) for his political activities. ..... Click the link for more information. , who had been Mandela's choice as his successor, was elected to succeed Zuma as ANC president. African National Congress (ANC), the most mass-oriented and influential political organization of the Republic of South Africa. It was founded in 1912, and it unites representatives of all classes and social strata of the indigenous population. Its basic task is the struggle against apartheid and all manifestations of racism; it fights for a democratic social structure. The ANC strives to unite all progressive forces in the country; on more than one occasion it has joined with the Communist Party and other progressive organizations in actions against the racist, antidemocratic policies of the country’s ruling circles. In 1955 it took an active part in conducting the congress in Klip-town (Johannesburg), at which the Congress Alliance, uniting all racial groups of the Republic of South Africa, was created, and a program adopted for the Alliance—the Freedom Charter, which was supported by the South African Communist Party. In 1960 the racist authorities banned the ANC, and its leaders fell victim to repression. Taking into account the intensification of outright terror by the ruling Nationalist Party of South Africa, in 1961 the ANC concluded that violent, as well as peaceful, forms of struggle had to be used against racism. In 1967 the ANC and the Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) resolved to combine their efforts in the struggle against the racist regimes in the Republic of South Africa and Southern Rhodesia. United detachments of the ANC and ZAPU engage in joint militant actions. The press organ of the ANC is the periodical Sechaba (published since 1967). The party’s leader is Oliver Tambo. P. I. MANCHKHA AcronymsSeeANC
随便看	expending for expending in expenditor expenditure expenditure accounting classification expenditure account number expenditure and employment data for the criminal justice system expenditure and procurement policies unit expenditure authority expenditure authorization expenditure authorization document expenditure authorization request expenditure-based fund release system expenditured expenditure finance committee expenditure item date expenditure on health expenditure on manpower expenditure order expenditure per sortie factors expenditure reform committee expenditure request expenditure review central steering committee expenditure review committee expenditures