formoterol

Foradil

Perforomist

Indications

Action

Pharmacokinetics

Time/action profile (bronchodilation)

Contraindications/Precautions

Adverse Reactions/Side Effects

Central nervous system

• dizziness
• fatigue
• headache
• insomnia
• malaise
• nervousness

Respiratory

• asthma-related death (life-threatening)
• paradoxical bronchospasm (life-threatening)

Cardiovascular

• angina
• arrhythmias
• hypertension
• hypotension
• palpitations
• tachycardia

Gastrointestinal

• dry mouth
• nausea

Fluid and Electrolyte

• hypokalemia

Metabolic

• hyperglycemia
• metabolic acidosis

Musculoskeletal

• muscle cramps

Neurologic

• tremor

Dermatologic

• rash

Miscellaneous

• allergic reactions including anaphylaxis (life-threatening)

Interactions

Drug-Drug interaction

Route/Dosage

Asthma

Prevention of Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm

COPD

Availability

Nursing implications

Nursing assessment

• Assess lung sounds, pulse, and BP before administration and during peak of medication. Note amount, color, and character of sputum produced. Closely monitor patients on higher dose for adverse effects.
• Monitor pulmonary function tests before initiating and periodically during therapy to determine effectiveness.
• Observe for paradoxical bronchospasm (wheezing, dyspnea, tightness in chest) and hypersensitivity reaction (rash; urticaria; swelling of the face, lips, or eyelids). If condition occurs, withhold medication and notify physician or other health care professional immediately.
• Monitor ECG periodically during therapy. May cause prolonged QTc interval.
• Monitor patient for signs of anaphylaxis (dyspnea, rash, laryngeal edema) throughout therapy.
• Lab Test Considerations: May cause ↑ serum glucose and decreased serum potassium.

Potential Nursing Diagnoses

Implementation

• Do not confuse Foradil with Fortical (calcitonin) or Toradol (ketorolac).
• Formoterol should be used along with an inhaled corticosteroid, not as monotherapy. Patients taking formoterol twice daily should not use additional doses for exercise-induced bronchospasm.
• Inhalation: For use with inhaler: Place capsule in the well of the Aerolizer Inhaler with dry hands; do not expose to moisture. The capsule is pierced by pressing and releasing the buttons on the side of the device. Medication is dispersed into the airstream when patient inhales rapidly and deeply through mouthpiece. Capsules are only to be used with Aerolizer Inhaler and should not be taken orally. Store capsules in the blister and only remove immediately before use. Store inhaler in a level, horizontal position. Aerolizer Inhaler should never be washed and should be kept dry.
  • Do not use a spacer with formoterol.
• To use, pull off the Aerolizer cover. Hold the base of the inhaler firmly, and twist mouthpiece in the direction of the arrow to open. Push the buttons in to make sure 4 pins are visible in the capsule well on each side. Remove capsule from blister pack immediately before use. Separate one blistered capsule by tearing at perforations. With foil-side up, fold back along perforation and flatten. Starting at slit, tear off corner; separate and peel foil from paper backing and remove capsule. Place capsule in the capsule chamber in the base of the Aerolizer Inhaler. Never place a capsule directly into the mouthpiece. Twist the mouthpiece back to the closed position. With the mouthpiece upright, simultaneously press both buttons only once. A click should be heard as the capsule is being pierced. Release buttons; if buttons stick in depressed position grasp wings on buttons and retract before inhalation. With patient sitting or standing in a comfortable upright position, exhale fully. Do not exhale into the device. Tilt head back slightly and breathe in rapidly but steadily. A sweet taste will be experienced and a whirring noise heard. If no whirring is heard, the capsule may be stuck. Open inhaler and loosen capsule allowing it to spin freely. Do not repeatedly press buttons to loosen capsule. Hold breath for as long as comfortably possible after removing inhaler from mouth. Open inhaler to see if any powder is still in capsule. If powder is found, repeat inhalation steps. After use, open, remove and discard empty capsule.
• Inhalation: For use with nebulizer: Administer via standard jet nebulizer via mouthpiece or face mask. Remove vial from foil immediately prior to use and discard via after use. May be stored in refrigerator for up to 3 mo.

Patient/Family Teaching

• Instruct patient to take fomoterol as directed. Do not discontinue therapy without discussing with health care professional, even if feeling better. If a dose is missed skip dose and take next dose at regularly scheduled time. Do not double doses. Use a rapid-acting bronchodilator if symptoms occur before next dose is due. Caution patient not to use more than 2 times a day or less than 12 hr apart; may cause adverse effects, paradoxical bronchospasm, or loss of effectiveness of medication. Instruct patient to review medication guide with each Rx refill.
• Advise patient to have a rapid-acting bronchodilator available for use at all times for symptomatic relief of acute asthma attacks.
• Instruct patient to contact health care professional immediately if shortness of breath is not relieved by medication or nausea, vomiting, shakiness, headache, fast or irregular heartbeat, or sleeplessness occur.
• Instruct patient to notify health care professional if there is no response to the usual dose or if contents of one canister are used in less than 2 wk. Asthma and treatment regimen should be re-evaluated and corticosteroids should be considered. Need for increased use to treat symptoms indicates decrease in asthma control and need to re-evaluate patient’s therapy.
• Advise patient to consult health care professional before taking any Rx, OTC, or herbal products or alcohol concurrently with this therapy. Caution patient also to avoid smoking and other respiratory irritants.
• Advise patient to notify health care professional if pregnancy is planned or suspected, or if nursing.
• Inhaler: Instruct patient on correct technique for use of Aerolizer Inhaler. Advise patient always to use new Aerolizer Inhaler that comes with each refill. Take sticker with "use by" date written by pharmacist from the outside of the box and place it on the Aerolizer Inhaler cover. If the date is blank, count 4 mo from the date of purchase and write date on sticker. Use new inhaler and blister pack following the "use by" date.
• Inform patient that formoterol may increase the risk of asthma-related death.
• Inform patient that in rare cases capsule might break into small pieces. These pieces should be retained by the screen in the inhaler, however in rare instances tiny pieces may reach mouth or throat after inhalation. Shattering of capsule is less likely to happen if storage conditions are strictly followed, capsules removed from blister immediately before use, and capsules are only pierced once.

Evaluation/Desired Outcomes

• Prevention of bronchospasm.