Capping

capping

[′kap·iŋ] (engineering) Preparation of a capped fuse. (geology) Consolidated barren rock overlying a mineral or ore deposit. gossan (mining engineering) The attachment at the end of a winding rope. (cell and molecular biology) Addition of a methylated cap to eukaryotic messenger ribonucleic acid molecules. (petroleum engineering) The process of sealing or covering a borehole such as an oil or gas well. The material or device used to seal or cover a borehole.

Capping

a complex of engineering and technological measures that provide for drilling in subterranean waters, oil, and gas, raising them to the surface, and the possibility of exploitation under optimum conditions (yield, chemical composition, and temperature) that remain stable over a period of time. The term “water intake” is also used as a synonym for the interception of subterranean fresh water, thermal springs, and industrial effluents.

Capping, which has been known since the early days of civilization, was highly developed in ancient Rome (the thermal baths of Emperor Caracalla; water-supply works), Mesopotamia, Portugal (Aquae Flaviae), and the Caucasus (karez, or underground irrigation canals).

Modern capping structures for subterranean waters are characterized by great diversity of types and designs, which take into consideration the special features of the hydrogeologic conditions of an area, composition of the water, and technical and sanitary requirements, which are determined by preset conditions of water consumption and the specific purpose for which the water is to be used. The simplest type of capping structure is the shaft well, which intercepts the subterranean waters of shallow-lying water tables; the walls of the well are reinforced with masonry or cast concrete to prevent cave-ins. For drilling in several water-bearing beds, the table designated for recovery is isolated from the underlying and overlying beds (strata) by plugging them. Drifts, which are extended horizontal or gently sloping mine tunnels built in highly broken areas, are used in addition to wells. The drifts are sometimes accompanied by a system of sloping, horizontal, or rising holes drilled into the side walls and face section of an underground gallery to increase the influx of water. In the USSR drift capping has been performed in Piatigorsk; abroad, it has been done in Bagneres-de-Luchon (France) and Ben-Haroun (Algeria). A nonpressured source can be capped by means of a chamber.

Boreholes (singly or in groups) are the most commonly used type of capping structure. Mechanized drilling permits the opening of water-bearing horizons and zones under rather difficult mining and geologic conditions at depths of 2 km or more. This makes possible reliable separation of the water-bearing horizons in well holes (pipe casing or cementing of the annular space), prevention of cave-ins of the walls and the breakthrough of water into the annular space, and installation of pumping equipment that provides withdrawal at constant yield rates. Steel piping is usually used for casing such wells. For the recovery of aggressive subterranean waters (waters containing carbonic acid and hydrogen sulfide, as well as waters with a low pH), capping wells are cased with pipes made of corrosion-resistant materials, such as alloy steels, vinyl plastic, polyethylene, and asbestos cement. Capping structures of underground mineral water deposits are made in the form of pump rooms, pavilions, and galleries.

Capping of oil and gas deposits consists in sealing and separating the interpipe space of wells and control of their operating conditions and the supply of gas or fluid to the well (or withdrawal from it). This is accomplished by special equipment built over the heads of oil or gas wells. Capping differs according to the recovery methods used (flow wells, air-lift wells, gas-lift wells, and pumping wells).

REFERENCES

Abramov, S. K., M. P. Semenov, and A. M. Chalishchev. Vodozabory podzemnykh vod, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1956.
Lavrushko, P. N., and V. M. Murav’ev. Ekspluatatsiia neftianykh i gazovykh skvazhin. Moscow, 1964.
Poiski i razvedka podzemnykh vod dlia krupnogo vodosnabzheniia. Moscow, 1969.
Vartanian, G. S., and L. A. Iarotskii. Metodicheskie ukazaniia po pois-kam, razvedke i otsenke ekspluatatsionnykh zapasov mestorozhdenii mineraVnykh vod. Moscow, 1970.

V. G. AFONIN and G. S. VARTANIAN

capping

Any architectural member serving as a cap, 1, such as a coping.

capping

[kap´ing] 1. the provision of a protective or obstructive covering.2. the movement of cell surface antigens into a small region (cap) on the cell surface owing to the cross-linking of antigens by specific antibody.3. the covering of tooth cusps weakened by caries with a protective metal overlay.4. colloquial term for replacement of the crown of a natural tooth with an artificial crown (cap).pulp capping the covering of an exposed dental pulp with some material to provide protection against external influences and to encourage healing.

cap·ping

(kap'ing), 1. Covering. 2. The aggregation at one end of a cell of surface antigens that have been bound and cross linked by antibodies; this cap is then endocytosed by the cell.

capping

Cell biology
(1) The movement of cross-linked cell surface proteins to the trailing edge of a moving cell or to the perinuclear region.
(2) Focal accumulation of intermediate filament protein in the pericentriolar region after microtubule disruption by colchicine.
Forensics
See Knee-capping.
Immunology
An energy-consuming contractile filament (actin and myosin)-mediated process seen on lymphocyte surfaces, which “strips” cells of their immunoglobulin (Ig receptors), providing the initial signal to activate lymphocytes; once antigens bind to surface Igs the complex coalesces, forming a “patch”, followed by migration of the cross-linked complexes towards one pole, forming a “cap”, which is internalised by B cells (an analogous phenomenon occurs in T cells and prolymphocytic leukemic cells). Cross-linking is the mitogenic signal that triggers cell differentiation.

Molecular biology
The process of adding a guanosine nucleotide to the 5’-end (start) of eukaryotic mRNA, then methylating the guanosine.
Physiology
The binding of protein (e.g., gelsolin) to the barbed end of F-actin in muscle to prevent further polymerisation.

capping

the process in which eukaryotic mRNAs are modified (capped) at their 5' end. This involves addition of a GUANINE residue to the 5' end of newly formed mRNA molecules shortly after the start of TRANSCRIPTION. The guanine is then methylated (see METHYLATION). The 5' cap promotes TRANSLATION and is important in regulating GENE EXPRESSION.
the formation of a cap in certain CELLS of EUKARYOTES, when membrane PROTEINS cluster together when treated with lectins or ANTIBODIES and subsequently collect at one end of the cell in an ENERGY-dependent process (capping).

cap·ping

(kap'ing) Covering.
See: direct pulp capping, indirect pulp capping

单词	capping
释义	capping cap¹ C0080100 (kăp)n.1. A usually soft and close-fitting head covering, either having no brim or with a visor.2. a. A special head covering worn to indicate rank, occupation, or membership in a particular group: a cardinal's cap; a sailor's cap.b. An academic mortarboard. Used especially in the phrase cap and gown.3. a. A protective cover or seal, especially one that closes off an end or a tip: a bottle cap; a 35-millimeter lens cap.b. A crown for covering or sealing a tooth.c. A truck cap.d. A tread for a worn pneumatic tire.e. A fitted covering used to seal a well or large pipe.f. Chiefly Southern US See eye.4. A summit or top, as of a mountain.5. An upper limit; a ceiling: placed a cap on mortgage rates.6. Architecture The capital of a column.7. Botany a. The top part, or pileus, of a mushroom.b. A calyptra.8. a. A percussion cap.b. A small explosive charge enclosed in paper for use in a toy gun.9. Any of several sizes of writing paper, such as foolscap.10. Sports An appearance by a player in an international soccer game, traditionally rewarded with a hat.tr.v. capped, cap·ping, caps 1. To cover, protect, or seal with a cap.2. To award a special cap to as a sign of rank or achievement: capped the new women nurses at graduation.3. To lie over or on top of; cover: hills capped with snow.4. To apply the finishing touch to; complete: cap a meal with dessert.5. To follow with something better; surpass or outdo: capped his last trick with a disappearing act that brought the audience to its feet.6. To set an upper limit on: decided to cap cost-of-living increases.Idioms: *cap in hand* Humbly or submissively. *set (one's) cap for* To attempt to attract and win as a mate. [Middle English cappe, from Old English cæppe, from Late Latin cappa.] cap² C0080100 (kăp) Informal n. A capital letter.tr.v. capped, cap·ping, caps To capitalize. [Shortened form of capital.] cap³ n. Informal 1. Capital: venture cap.2. Capitalization: market cap. CAP abbr.1. Civil Air Patrol2. combat air patrol capping A solid crust-like layer that forms on the surface of compacted soil, often caused by heavy rain. Translations coiffage IdiomsSeecap Capping capping [′kap·iŋ] (engineering) Preparation of a capped fuse. (geology) Consolidated barren rock overlying a mineral or ore deposit. gossan (mining engineering) The attachment at the end of a winding rope. (cell and molecular biology) Addition of a methylated cap to eukaryotic messenger ribonucleic acid molecules. (petroleum engineering) The process of sealing or covering a borehole such as an oil or gas well. The material or device used to seal or cover a borehole. Capping a complex of engineering and technological measures that provide for drilling in subterranean waters, oil, and gas, raising them to the surface, and the possibility of exploitation under optimum conditions (yield, chemical composition, and temperature) that remain stable over a period of time. The term “water intake” is also used as a synonym for the interception of subterranean fresh water, thermal springs, and industrial effluents. Capping, which has been known since the early days of civilization, was highly developed in ancient Rome (the thermal baths of Emperor Caracalla; water-supply works), Mesopotamia, Portugal (Aquae Flaviae), and the Caucasus (karez, or underground irrigation canals). Modern capping structures for subterranean waters are characterized by great diversity of types and designs, which take into consideration the special features of the hydrogeologic conditions of an area, composition of the water, and technical and sanitary requirements, which are determined by preset conditions of water consumption and the specific purpose for which the water is to be used. The simplest type of capping structure is the shaft well, which intercepts the subterranean waters of shallow-lying water tables; the walls of the well are reinforced with masonry or cast concrete to prevent cave-ins. For drilling in several water-bearing beds, the table designated for recovery is isolated from the underlying and overlying beds (strata) by plugging them. Drifts, which are extended horizontal or gently sloping mine tunnels built in highly broken areas, are used in addition to wells. The drifts are sometimes accompanied by a system of sloping, horizontal, or rising holes drilled into the side walls and face section of an underground gallery to increase the influx of water. In the USSR drift capping has been performed in Piatigorsk; abroad, it has been done in Bagneres-de-Luchon (France) and Ben-Haroun (Algeria). A nonpressured source can be capped by means of a chamber. Boreholes (singly or in groups) are the most commonly used type of capping structure. Mechanized drilling permits the opening of water-bearing horizons and zones under rather difficult mining and geologic conditions at depths of 2 km or more. This makes possible reliable separation of the water-bearing horizons in well holes (pipe casing or cementing of the annular space), prevention of cave-ins of the walls and the breakthrough of water into the annular space, and installation of pumping equipment that provides withdrawal at constant yield rates. Steel piping is usually used for casing such wells. For the recovery of aggressive subterranean waters (waters containing carbonic acid and hydrogen sulfide, as well as waters with a low pH), capping wells are cased with pipes made of corrosion-resistant materials, such as alloy steels, vinyl plastic, polyethylene, and asbestos cement. Capping structures of underground mineral water deposits are made in the form of pump rooms, pavilions, and galleries. Capping of oil and gas deposits consists in sealing and separating the interpipe space of wells and control of their operating conditions and the supply of gas or fluid to the well (or withdrawal from it). This is accomplished by special equipment built over the heads of oil or gas wells. Capping differs according to the recovery methods used (flow wells, air-lift wells, gas-lift wells, and pumping wells). REFERENCES Abramov, S. K., M. P. Semenov, and A. M. Chalishchev. Vodozabory podzemnykh vod, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1956. Lavrushko, P. N., and V. M. Murav’ev. Ekspluatatsiia neftianykh i gazovykh skvazhin. Moscow, 1964. Poiski i razvedka podzemnykh vod dlia krupnogo vodosnabzheniia. Moscow, 1969. Vartanian, G. S., and L. A. Iarotskii. Metodicheskie ukazaniia po pois-kam, razvedke i otsenke ekspluatatsionnykh zapasov mestorozhdenii mineraVnykh vod. Moscow, 1970. V. G. AFONIN and G. S. VARTANIAN capping Any architectural member serving as a cap, 1, such as a coping. capping capping [kap´ing] 1. the provision of a protective or obstructive covering.2. the movement of cell surface antigens into a small region (cap) on the cell surface owing to the cross-linking of antigens by specific antibody.3. the covering of tooth cusps weakened by caries with a protective metal overlay.4. colloquial term for replacement of the crown of a natural tooth with an artificial crown (cap).pulp capping the covering of an exposed dental pulp with some material to provide protection against external influences and to encourage healing. cap·ping (kap'ing), 1. Covering. 2. The aggregation at one end of a cell of surface antigens that have been bound and cross linked by antibodies; this cap is then endocytosed by the cell. capping Cell biology (1) The movement of cross-linked cell surface proteins to the trailing edge of a moving cell or to the perinuclear region. (2) Focal accumulation of intermediate filament protein in the pericentriolar region after microtubule disruption by colchicine. Forensics See Knee-capping. Immunology An energy-consuming contractile filament (actin and myosin)-mediated process seen on lymphocyte surfaces, which “strips” cells of their immunoglobulin (Ig receptors), providing the initial signal to activate lymphocytes; once antigens bind to surface Igs the complex coalesces, forming a “patch”, followed by migration of the cross-linked complexes towards one pole, forming a “cap”, which is internalised by B cells (an analogous phenomenon occurs in T cells and prolymphocytic leukemic cells). Cross-linking is the mitogenic signal that triggers cell differentiation. Molecular biology The process of adding a guanosine nucleotide to the 5’-end (start) of eukaryotic mRNA, then methylating the guanosine. Physiology The binding of protein (e.g., gelsolin) to the barbed end of F-actin in muscle to prevent further polymerisation. capping the process in which eukaryotic mRNAs are modified (capped) at their 5' end. This involves addition of a GUANINE residue to the 5' end of newly formed mRNA molecules shortly after the start of TRANSCRIPTION. The guanine is then methylated (see METHYLATION). The 5' cap promotes TRANSLATION and is important in regulating GENE EXPRESSION. the formation of a cap in certain CELLS of EUKARYOTES, when membrane PROTEINS cluster together when treated with lectins or ANTIBODIES and subsequently collect at one end of the cell in an ENERGY-dependent process (capping). cap·ping (kap'ing) Covering. See: direct pulp capping, indirect pulp capping LegalSeeCAP Capping Capping A practice in which the writer of a call option who holds a long position in the underlying asset sells large quantities of the underlying asset. A call option gives the holder the right but not the obligation to buy the underlying asset from the writer at an agreed-upon price regardless of what the spot price is when the option is exercised. If the underlying asset rises in price, this is advantageous to the holder but not to the writer. Therefore, the writer may practice capping to increase supply in the market and to keep the price of the underlying asset from rising. If successful, the holder of the call does not exercise the option and the writer is able to profit from the premium (or price the holder paid to buy the option).
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capping

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cap 3

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REFERENCES

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cap·ping

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