| 单词 | devaluation | ||||||
| 释义 | devaluationde·val·ueD0177300 (dē-văl′yo͞o) also de·val·u·ate (-văl′yo͞o-āt′)devaluation(diːˌvæljuːˈeɪʃən)de•val•u•a•tion(diˌvæl yuˈeɪ ʃən)n. devaluation
devaluationnoundevalue(diːˈvӕljuː) verbdevaluation→ 贬值zhCNdevaluationdevaluation,decreasing the value of one nation's currency relative to gold or the currencies of other nations. It is usually undertaken as a means of correcting a deficit in the balance of paymentsbalance of payments,balance between all payments out of a country within a given period and all payments into the country, an outgrowth of the mercantilist theory of balance of trade. ..... Click the link for more information. . Although devaluation occurs in terms of all other currencies, it is best illustrated in the case of only one other currency. For example, if the United States is losing money in its trade with Japan, a decision may be made to devalue the U.S. dollar by 10%. Whereas previously one dollar may have been worth about 100 yen, a 10% devaluation causes it to be worth only about 90 yen. Such a move causes Japanese products to become more expensive for Americans and U.S. products to become cheaper for the Japanese. The net result of such a devaluation is that U.S. exports tend to increase and imports tend to decrease, thus helping to reverse the balance of payments deficit. Devaluationan official lowering of the value of the monetary unit. A monetary reform is usually accompanied by devaluation, which is implemented in capitalistic or feudal countries by a legislative measure to reduce the gold content of the monetary unit or to lower the rate of exchange of paper money in relation to gold or foreign money. Devaluation at the present time is evidence of the crisis of the capitalist foreign-exchange system (as one of the manifestations of the general crisis of capitalism); it is a consequence of the loss of value of money and of a significant and prolonged balance of payments deficit. Devaluation encourages export but increases the foreign indebtedness of a state and causes a rise in prices of imported goods. By the same token, devaluation intensifies the political and economic contradictions of capitalism. The burden of devaluation, through the rise in prices and tariffs, is carried basically by the working masses; this in turn lowers living standards and intensifies the class struggle. Before the general crisis of the capitalist system, devaluation to a greater or lesser degree contributed to the stabilization of the monetary system because it was (directly or indirectly) accompanied by a restoration of the exchange of the symbols of value for gold or silver (in coins or in bullion for the use of private individuals). Devaluation was implemented openly or in a concealed form. In an open devaluation, money was exchanged at a lower rate (for example, in Russia in 1839, 1 silver ruble equaled 3 rubles 50 kopeks in assignats); in a concealed devaluation, the exchange of money was effected at the nominal value but with a reduction of its gold or silver content. Thus, in 1897 in Russia, gold money was exchanged for bank notes using the ratio 1:1, but the gold content of the ruble was reduced by one-third, that is, from 26.1 to 17.4 doli of pure gold (1 dolia = 0.044435 g). After World War I (1914-18), a number of devaluations were effected in capitalist countries (such as the open devaluation in Germany in 1924 and a concealed devaluation in France in 1928). Since the 1930’s devaluations, as a rule, have not brought stabilization to the monetary system and have not restored the exchange of bank notes for gold by private individuals; they have been carried out basically by means of reducing the official rate of exchange of bank notes. The first mass devaluation of capitalist currencies occurred at the end of 1949, when Great Britain and 36 other countries reduced the ratio of exchange of their currencies to the American dollar by from 12 to 30 percent and more. The second mass devaluation was effected in 1967 by Great Britain and by 25 other countries (the reduction of the rate of exchange amounted to 5 to 25 percent). In August 1969 the French franc was devalued by 11.11 percent. A total of more than 400 devaluations took place from 1949 to 1971 in capitalist states (more than once in some countries). With the intensified world monetary crisis, the American dollar, which is the key currency of the capitalist world, was devalued by 7.89 percent in December 1971. Devaluation of the American dollar entailed devaluation of the currencies of many capitalist countries, but at the same time the currencies of the major capitalist countries—the main trade competitors of the USA-were revaluated. Devaluation often occurs in developing countries, especially those of Latin America. Thus, from 1965 to 1971 there were more than ten devaluations in Argentina and about ten in Brazil. V. A. DROZDOV devaluationDevaluationDevaluationdevaluationDevaluation.Devaluation is a deliberate decision by a government or central bank to reduce the value of its own currency in relation to the currencies of other countries. Governments often opt for devaluation when there is a large current account deficit, which may occur when a country is importing far more than it is exporting. When a nation devalues its currency, the goods it imports and the overseas debts it must repay become more expensive. But its exports become less expensive for overseas buyers. These competitive prices often stimulate higher sales and help to reduce the deficit. devaluationan administered reduction in the EXCHANGE RATE of a currency against other currencies under a FIXED EXCHANGE RATE SYSTEM; for example, the lowering of the UK pound (£) against the US dollar ($) from one fixed or ‘pegged’ level to a lower level, say from £1 = $3 to £1 = $2. Devaluations are resorted to by governments to assist in the removal of a BALANCE OF PAYMENTS deficit. The effect of a devaluation is to make imports (in the local currency) more expensive, thereby reducing import demand, and exports cheaper (in the local currency), thereby acting as a stimulus to export demand. Whether or not a devaluation ‘works’ in achieving balance of payments equilibrium, however, depends on a number of factors, including the sensitivity of import and export demand to price changes (see ELASTICITY OF DEMAND); the availability of resources to expand export volumes and replace imports; and, critically over the longer term, the control of inflation to ensure that domestic price rises are kept in line with or below other countries' inflation rates.Devaluations can affect the business climate in a number of ways, but in particular provide firms with an opportunity to expand sales and boost profitability. A devaluation increases import prices, which makes imports less competitive against domestic products and encourages domestic buyers to switch to locally-produced substitutes. Likewise, a fall in export prices is likely to cause overseas customers to increase their demand for the country's exported products in preference to locally produced items and to the exports of other overseas producers. If the pound, as in our example above, is devalued by one-third, then this would allow UK exporters to reduce their prices by a similar amount, thus increasing their price competitiveness in the US market Alternatively, they may choose not to reduce their prices by the full amount of the devaluation in order to increase unit profit margins and provide additional funds for advertising and sales promotion, etc. Contrast with REVALUATION, definition 2.  devaluationan administered reduction in the EXCHANGE RATE of a currency against other currencies under a FIXED EXCHANGE-RATE SYSTEM; for example, the lowering of the UK pound (£) against the US dollar ($) from one fixed or ‘pegged’ level to a lower level, say from £1 = $3 to £1 = $2, as shown in Fig. 44. Devaluations are resorted to by governments to assist in the removal of a BALANCE OF PAYMENTS DEFICIT. The effect of a devaluation is to make IMPORTS (in the local currency) more expensive, thereby reducing import demand, and EXPORTS (in the local currency) cheaper, thereby acting as a stimulus to export demand. Whether or not a devaluation ‘works’ in achieving balance of payments equilibrium, however, depends on a number of factors, including: the sensitivity of import and export demand to price changes, the availability of resources to expand export volumes and replace imports and, critically over the long term, the control of inflation to ensure that domestic price rises are kept in line with or below other countries’ inflation rates. (See DEPRECIATION 1 for further discussion of these matters.) Devaluations can affect the business climate in a number of ways but in particular provide firms with an opportunity to expand sales and boost profitability. A devaluation increases import prices, making imports less competitive against domestic products, encouraging domestic buyers to switch to locally produced substitutes. Likewise, a fall in export prices is likely to cause overseas customers to increase their demand for the country's exported products in preference to locally produced items and the exports of other overseas producers. If the pound, as in our example above, is devalued by one-third, then this would allow British exporters to reduce their prices by a similar amount, thus increasing their price competitiveness in the American market. Alternatively, they may choose not to reduce their prices by the full amount of the devaluation in order to increase unit profit margins and provide additional funds for advertising and sales promotion, etc. Compare REVALUATION. See INTERNAL-EXTERNAL BALANCE MODEL.devaluation
Synonyms for devaluation
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