Circulation Time

duration of time for which capital (under capitalism) or the funds of enterprises (under socialism) stay in the sphere of circulation. Circulation time includes the period between the moment the finished product enters the warehouse and the time it is sold and the time during which the means of production necessary for a new production cycle are being purchased with the money received from the sale of the finished product.

During the circulation time, money capital under capitalism is turned into productive capital and commodity capital into money capital. Technical progress, the development of the means of transportation and communications, and improvements in the organization of trade create possibilities for substantial reductions in circulation time. At the same time, the intensification of the internal contradictions of capitalism has the reverse effect, increasing both circulation time and, as a consequence, circulation costs. Circulation time increases particularly in periods of economic crises and during recessions and depressions in “business activity” in capitalist countries. One of the major indicators of the in-crease in circulation time is the increase in unsold commodity inventories.

Under socialism, decreases in circulation time are connected to increases in the efficiency of the use of enterprise funds and, particularly, to the accelerated turnover of operating funds. A decrease in circulation time diminishes the need of a socialist enterprise for operating funds and makes it possible to release a certain portion of these funds either for the use of the given enterprise in additional production or for transfer of the funds through the state budget for the financing of other branches of the economy or of nonproductive spheres. The main methods and means of decreasing circulation time are technical progress; improvement of trade, transportation, the means of communications, warehouse organization, and the operating effectiveness of marketing bodies (thus diminishing the time the finished product stays in the warehouse of the enterprise): fulfillment of planned targets with respect to the schedule and to the assortment and quality of the products produced (thus eliminating the accumulation in warehouses and stores of products not in demand by customers); improvement in the work of material-technical supply bodies; and the establishment of direct ties between suppliers and consumers (in particular, between industry and trade). The economic reform being implemented in the USSR beginning in 1965 has made a number of changes in the organization of material-technical supply, increasing the independence of socialist enterprises. Enterprises have been granted more extensive rights in selling superfluous production stocks and in establishing direct ties with customers and suppliers. These ties facilitate further calculation of user demand and eliminate certain intermediary links in the sphere of circulation.

M. M. AVSENEV

circulation time

time

[tīm] a measure of duration. See under adjectives for specific times, such as bleeding time.activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT, aPTT) the period required for clot formation in recalcified plasma" >blood plasma after contact activation and the addition of platelet substitutes such as brain cephalins or similar phospholipids; used to assess the pathways" >coagulation pathways. A prolonged aPTT can indicate a deficiency of any of various coagulation factors, including factors XII, XI, IX, VIII, X, V, and II, and fibrinogen.AEC minimal response time the shortest duration at which x-ray exposure can be terminated by automatic exposure control.atrioventricular sequential time a fixed nonprogrammable interval that extends from the atrial stimulus to the ventricular stimulus.bleeding time the time required for a standardized wound to stop bleeding; used as a test for platelet disorders; see also bleeding time.circulation time the time required for blood to flow between two given points; see also circulation time.clotting time (coagulation time) the time required for blood to clot in a glass tube; see also clotting.cold ischemia time the time between the placement of a traumatically amputated body part in ice and the time of surgical replantation.inertia time the time required to overcome the inertia of a muscle after reception of a stimulus.ischemia time the total time between traumatic amputation of a limb or portion of a limb and its surgical reimplantation; it is the sum of warm and cold ischemia times.minimal response time in radiology, the shortest possible exposure time for an x-ray film to be exposed automatically.one-stage prothrombin time prothrombin time" >prothrombin time.prothrombin time see prothrombin time.real time a term used to describe a recording device that shows events simultaneously to their occurrence.R peak time intrinsicoid deflection.thrombin time the time required for plasma fibrinogen to form thrombin; see also thrombin time.warm ischemia time the time interval between traumatic amputation of a limb or part and its placement on ice.

cir·cu·la·tion time

the time taken for the blood to pass through a given circuit of the vascular system, for example, the pulmonary or systemic circulation, from one arm to another, from arm to tongue, or from arm to lung; it is measured by the injection into an arm vein of a substance, such as sodium dehydrocholate, ether, fluorescein, histamine, or a radium salt, which can be detected when it arrives at another point in the vascular system.

cir·cu·la·tion time

(sĭrkyū-lāshŭn tīm) Duration elapsed for blood to pass through a given circuit of the vascular system; measured by injection into an arm vein of a substance, which can be detected when it arrives at another point in the vascular system.

单词	circulation time
释义	DictionarySeecirculation Circulation Time Circulation Time duration of time for which capital (under capitalism) or the funds of enterprises (under socialism) stay in the sphere of circulation. Circulation time includes the period between the moment the finished product enters the warehouse and the time it is sold and the time during which the means of production necessary for a new production cycle are being purchased with the money received from the sale of the finished product. During the circulation time, money capital under capitalism is turned into productive capital and commodity capital into money capital. Technical progress, the development of the means of transportation and communications, and improvements in the organization of trade create possibilities for substantial reductions in circulation time. At the same time, the intensification of the internal contradictions of capitalism has the reverse effect, increasing both circulation time and, as a consequence, circulation costs. Circulation time increases particularly in periods of economic crises and during recessions and depressions in “business activity” in capitalist countries. One of the major indicators of the in-crease in circulation time is the increase in unsold commodity inventories. Under socialism, decreases in circulation time are connected to increases in the efficiency of the use of enterprise funds and, particularly, to the accelerated turnover of operating funds. A decrease in circulation time diminishes the need of a socialist enterprise for operating funds and makes it possible to release a certain portion of these funds either for the use of the given enterprise in additional production or for transfer of the funds through the state budget for the financing of other branches of the economy or of nonproductive spheres. The main methods and means of decreasing circulation time are technical progress; improvement of trade, transportation, the means of communications, warehouse organization, and the operating effectiveness of marketing bodies (thus diminishing the time the finished product stays in the warehouse of the enterprise): fulfillment of planned targets with respect to the schedule and to the assortment and quality of the products produced (thus eliminating the accumulation in warehouses and stores of products not in demand by customers); improvement in the work of material-technical supply bodies; and the establishment of direct ties between suppliers and consumers (in particular, between industry and trade). The economic reform being implemented in the USSR beginning in 1965 has made a number of changes in the organization of material-technical supply, increasing the independence of socialist enterprises. Enterprises have been granted more extensive rights in selling superfluous production stocks and in establishing direct ties with customers and suppliers. These ties facilitate further calculation of user demand and eliminate certain intermediary links in the sphere of circulation. M. M. AVSENEV circulation time time [tīm] a measure of duration. See under adjectives for specific times, such as bleeding time.activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT, aPTT) the period required for clot formation in recalcified plasma" >blood plasma after contact activation and the addition of platelet substitutes such as brain cephalins or similar phospholipids; used to assess the pathways" >coagulation pathways. A prolonged aPTT can indicate a deficiency of any of various coagulation factors, including factors XII, XI, IX, VIII, X, V, and II, and fibrinogen.AEC minimal response time the shortest duration at which x-ray exposure can be terminated by automatic exposure control.atrioventricular sequential time a fixed nonprogrammable interval that extends from the atrial stimulus to the ventricular stimulus.bleeding time the time required for a standardized wound to stop bleeding; used as a test for platelet disorders; see also bleeding time.circulation time the time required for blood to flow between two given points; see also circulation time.clotting time (coagulation time) the time required for blood to clot in a glass tube; see also clotting.cold ischemia time the time between the placement of a traumatically amputated body part in ice and the time of surgical replantation.inertia time the time required to overcome the inertia of a muscle after reception of a stimulus.ischemia time the total time between traumatic amputation of a limb or portion of a limb and its surgical reimplantation; it is the sum of warm and cold ischemia times.minimal response time in radiology, the shortest possible exposure time for an x-ray film to be exposed automatically.one-stage prothrombin time prothrombin time" >prothrombin time.prothrombin time see prothrombin time.real time a term used to describe a recording device that shows events simultaneously to their occurrence.R peak time intrinsicoid deflection.thrombin time the time required for plasma fibrinogen to form thrombin; see also thrombin time.warm ischemia time the time interval between traumatic amputation of a limb or part and its placement on ice. cir·cu·la·tion time the time taken for the blood to pass through a given circuit of the vascular system, for example, the pulmonary or systemic circulation, from one arm to another, from arm to tongue, or from arm to lung; it is measured by the injection into an arm vein of a substance, such as sodium dehydrocholate, ether, fluorescein, histamine, or a radium salt, which can be detected when it arrives at another point in the vascular system. cir·cu·la·tion time (sĭrkyū-lāshŭn tīm) Duration elapsed for blood to pass through a given circuit of the vascular system; measured by injection into an arm vein of a substance, which can be detected when it arrives at another point in the vascular system. 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