| 释义 |
civilization
civ·i·li·za·tion C0377900 (sĭv′ə-lĭ-zā′shən)n.1. An advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and material development in human society, marked by progress in the arts and sciences, the extensive use of record-keeping, including writing, and the appearance of complex political and social institutions.2. The type of culture and society developed by a particular nation or region or in a particular epoch: Mayan civilization; the civilization of ancient Rome.3. The act or process of civilizing or reaching a civilized state.4. Cultural or intellectual refinement; good taste.5. Modern society with its conveniences: returned to civilization after camping in the mountains.civilization (ˌsɪvɪlaɪˈzeɪʃən) or civilisationn1. (Sociology) a human society that has highly developed material and spiritual resources and a complex cultural, political, and legal organization; an advanced state in social development2. the peoples or nations collectively who have achieved such a state3. the total culture and way of life of a particular people, nation, region, or period: classical civilization. 4. the process of bringing or achieving civilization5. intellectual, cultural, and moral refinement6. cities or populated areas, as contrasted with sparsely inhabited areas, deserts, etcciv•i•li•za•tion (ˌsɪv ə ləˈzeɪ ʃən)
n. 1. an advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, and government has been reached. 2. those people or nations that have reached such a state. 3. any type of culture, society, etc., of a specific place, time, or group: Greek civilization. 4. the act or process of civilizing or being civilized. 5. cultural and intellectual refinement. 6. cities or populated areas in general, as opposed to unpopulated or wilderness areas. 7. modern comforts and conveniences, as made possible by science and technology. [1765–75; < French civilisation] civ`i•li•za′tion•al, adj. Thesaurus| Noun | 1. |  civilization - a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations); "the people slowly progressed from barbarism to civilization"civilisationpolitical science, politics, government - the study of government of states and other political unitssociety - an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organizationIslam, Muslimism - the civilization of Muslims collectively which is governed by the Muslim religion; "Islam is predominant in northern Africa, the Middle East, Pakistan, and Indonesia" | | 2. |  civilization - the social process whereby societies achieve an advanced stage of development and organizationcivilisationsocial process - a process involved in the formation of groups of persons | | 3. |  civilization - a particular society at a particular time and place; "early Mayan civilization"culture, civilisationarchaeology, archeology - the branch of anthropology that studies prehistoric people and their culturessociety - an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organizationsubculture - a social group within a national culture that has distinctive patterns of behavior and beliefsAegean civilisation, Aegean civilization, Aegean culture - the prehistoric civilization on the islands in the Aegean sea and the surrounding countries; "by 800 BC the entire Aegean had adopted this style of pottery"Helladic civilisation, Helladic civilization, Helladic culture - the bronze-age culture of mainland Greece that flourished 2500-1100 BCIndus civilization - the bronze-age culture of the Indus valley that flourished from about 2600-1750 BCMinoan civilisation, Minoan civilization, Minoan culture - the bronze-age culture of Crete that flourished 3000-1100 BCMycenaean civilisation, Mycenaean civilization, Mycenaean culture - the late bronze-age culture of Mycenae that flourished 1400-1100 BCPaleo-American culture, Paleo-Amerind culture, Paleo-Indian culture - the prehistoric culture of the earliest human inhabitants of North America and South AmericaWestern civilization, Western culture - the modern culture of western Europe and North America; "when Ghandi was asked what he thought of Western civilization he said he thought it would be a good idea" | | 4. | civilization - the quality of excellence in thought and manners and taste; "a man of intellectual refinement"; "he is remembered for his generosity and civilization"civilisation, refinementexcellence - the quality of excelling; possessing good qualities in high degree |
civilizationnoun1. society, people, community, nation, polity He believed Western civilization was in grave economic and cultural danger.2. culture, development, education, progress, enlightenment, sophistication, advancement, cultivation, refinement a race with an advanced state of civilizationQuotations
"Civilization is a limitless multiplication of unnecessary necessities" [Mark Twain]civilizationnoun1. The total product of human creativity and intellect:culture, Kultur.2. Enlightenment and excellent taste resulting from intellectual development:cultivation, culture, refinement.Translationscivilize, civilise (ˈsivilaiz) verb to change the ways of (a primitive people) to those found in a more advanced type of society. The Romans tried to civilize the ancient Britons. 使開化 使开化，使文明 ˌciviliˈzation, ˌciviliˈsation noun1. the act of civilizing, or process or state of being civilized. 開化 开化2. a civilized people and their way of life. the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Greece. 文明 文明IdiomsSeethe end of civilization as we know itcivilization
civilization, culture with a relatively high degree of elaboration and technical development. The term civilization also designates that complex of cultural elements that first appeared in human history between 8,000 and 6,000 years ago. At that time, on the basis of agriculture, stock-raising, and metallurgy, intensive occupational specialization began to appear in the river valleys of SW Asia. Writing appeared, as well as urban centers that accommodated administrators, traders, and other specialists. The specific characteristics of civilization are: food production (plant and animal domestication), metallurgy, a high degree of occupational specialization, writing, and the growth of cities. Such characteristics originally emerged in several different parts of the prehistoric world: Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, India, the central Andes, and Mesoamerica. However, some civilizations did not have all of these characteristics (e.g., the Classic Maya had no metallurgy, and true writing apparently never emerged in central Mexico or the central Andes). Many anthropologists now focus on a political factor—the development of hierarchical administrative bureaucracies—as the critical characteristic of all civilizations. Bibliography See P. Sorokin, Social and Cultural Dynamics (1981); R. Wothnaw, Meaning and Moral Order (1987); F. Fernández-Armesto, Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of Nature (2001). civilization - the advanced cultural forms (e.g. central government, development of the arts and learning, articulated concern with morals and manners) associated with cities and the wider societies in which these are located. The term derives from the Latin civis, citizen.
- a particular society or culture area possessing the above characteristics (e.g. ‘Chinese civilization’ or ‘Western civilization’).
Historically, use of the term was often strongly, and somewhat crudely, evaluative, e.g. the contrast with pre-existing stages such as SAVAGERY or BARBARISM. See also CIVILIZING PROCESS.Civilization (1) A synonym for culture. In Marxist literature the word is also used to designate material culture. (2) A level or stage of social development or material and nonmaterial culture, for example, ancient civilization and modern civilization. (3) The stage of social development that follows barbarism (L. Morgan, F. Engels). The concept of civilization originated in the 18th century along with the concept of culture. The French Enlightenment philosophers applied the term to a society based on the principles of reason and justice. In the 19th century the concept of civilization was used to a limited extent to characterize capitalism as a whole. Thus, N. Ia. Danilevskii formulated the theory of the general typology of cultures, or civilizations, in accordance with which universal history does not exist, but only the history of given civilizations having an individual, closed character. In the conception of O. Spengler, civilization is the distinct, final stage of development of any culture. Its primary signs are the development of industry and technology, the degradation of art and literature, the concentration of people in big cities, and the transformation of the people into faceless “masses.” In this interpretation, civilization as an age of decline is contrasted to the integrity and organicism of culture. These and other idealist concepts explain neither the nature of civilization nor the true essence of its development. The classics of Marxism analyzed the driving forces and contradictions of the development of civilization, substantiating the necessity of the revolutionary transition to its new phase—the communist society. REFERENCESMarx, K. “Konspekt knigi L’iuisa G. Morgana ’Drevnee obshchestvo.’” In Arkhiv K. Marksai F. Engel’sa, vol. 9. Moscow, 1941.
Engels, F. Proiskhozhdenie sem’i chastnoi sobstvennosti i gosudarstva. In K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 21.
Morgan, L. Drevnee obshchestvo, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1935. (Translated from English.)
Markarian, E. S. O kontsepisiilokal’nykh tsivilizatsii. Yerevan, 1962.
Artanovskii, S. N. Istoricheskoe edinstvo chelovechestva i vzaimnoe vliianie kul’tur: Filosofsko-metodologicheskii analiz sovremennykh zarubezhnykh kontseptsii. Leningrad, 1967.
Emge, K. A. Die Frage nach einem neuen Kulturbegriff. Mainz, 1963.AcronymsSeeCIVcivilization
Related to civilization: Indus Valley Civilization, Ancient civilizationSynonyms for civilizationnoun societySynonyms- society
- people
- community
- nation
- polity
noun cultureSynonyms- culture
- development
- education
- progress
- enlightenment
- sophistication
- advancement
- cultivation
- refinement
Synonyms for civilizationnoun the total product of human creativity and intellectSynonymsnoun enlightenment and excellent taste resulting from intellectual developmentSynonyms- cultivation
- culture
- refinement
Synonyms for civilizationnoun a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)SynonymsRelated Words- political science
- politics
- government
- society
- Islam
- Muslimism
noun the social process whereby societies achieve an advanced stage of development and organizationSynonymsRelated Wordsnoun a particular society at a particular time and placeSynonymsRelated Words- archaeology
- archeology
- society
- subculture
- Aegean civilisation
- Aegean civilization
- Aegean culture
- Helladic civilisation
- Helladic civilization
- Helladic culture
- Indus civilization
- Minoan civilisation
- Minoan civilization
- Minoan culture
- Mycenaean civilisation
- Mycenaean civilization
- Mycenaean culture
- Paleo-American culture
- Paleo-Amerind culture
- Paleo-Indian culture
- Western civilization
- Western culture
noun the quality of excellence in thought and manners and tasteSynonymsRelated Words |