| 释义 |
escitalopram
es·ci·tal·o·pram E5215200 (ĕs′ĭ-tăl′ō-prăm′)n. A drug of the SSRI class, C22H21FN2O, that is a stereoisomer of citalopram and is given in the form of its oxalate to treat depression and anxiety.
[es-, isomer pref. (pronunciation spelling of the first letter of S-stereoisomer, isomer with counterclockwise rotation, from Latin sinister, left-handed; see sinister) + citalopram.]Translationsescitalopram
escitalopram (ess-sit-al-o-pram) escitalopram, Cipralex (trade name), Lexapro (trade name) Classification Therapeutic: antidepressants
Pharmacologic: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ssris
Pregnancy Category: C
IndicationsMajor depressive disorder.Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).Panic disorder.Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Social anxiety disorder (social phobia).Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD).ActionSelectively inhibits the reuptake of serotonin in the CNS.Therapeutic effectsAntidepressant action.PharmacokineticsAbsorption: 80% absorbed following oral administration.Distribution: Enters breast milk.Metabolism and Excretion: Mostly metabolized by the liver (primarily CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 isoenzymes); 7% excreted unchanged by kidneys.Half-life: ↑ in elderly and patients with hepatic impairment.Time/action profile (antidepressant effect)| ROUTE | ONSET | PEAK | DURATION |
|---|
| PO | within 1–4 wk | unknown | unknown |
Contraindications/PrecautionsContraindicated in: Hypersensitivity;Concurrent pimozide;Concurrent use of MAO inhibitors or MAO-like drugs (linezolid or methylene blue);Concurrent use of citalopram.Use Cautiously in: History of mania (may activate mania/hypomania);History of seizures;Patients at risk for suicide;Hepatic impairment (dose ↓ recommended);Severe renal impairment; Obstetric: Neonates exposed to SSRIs in the 3rd trimester may develop drug discontinuation syndrome manifested by respiratory distress, feeding difficulty, and irritability; Lactation: May cause adverse effects in infant; consider risk/benefit; Pediatric: May ↑ risk of suicide attempt/ideation especially during early treatment or dose adjustment; safety not established in children <12 yr; Geriatric: ↓ doses recommended due to ↓ drug clearance in older patients.Adverse Reactions/Side EffectsCentral nervous system- neuroleptic malignant syndrome (life-threatening)
- suicidal thoughts (life-threatening)
- insomnia (most frequent)
- dizziness
- drowsiness
- fatigue
Gastrointestinal- diarrhea (most frequent)
- nausea (most frequent)
- abdominal pain
- constipation
- dry mouth
- indigestion
Genitourinary- anorgasmia
- ↓ libido
- ejaculatory delay
- erectile dysfunction
DermatologicEndocrinologic- syndrome on inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
Fluid and ElectrolyteMetabolic- serotonin syndrome (life-threatening)
- ↑ appetite
InteractionsDrug-Drug interactionMay cause serious, potentially fatal reactions when used with MAO inhibitors ; allow at least 14 days between escitalopram and MAO inhibitors.Concurrent use with MAO-inhibitor-like drugs, such as linezolid or methylene blue may ↑ risk of serotonin syndrome; concurrent use contraindicated; do not start therapy in patients receiving linezolid or methylene blue ; if linezolid or methylene blue need to be started in a patient receiving escitalopram, immediately discontinue escitalopram and monitor for signs/symptoms of serotonin syndrome for 2 wk or until 24 hr after last dose of linezolid or methylene blue, whichever comes first (may resume escitalopram therapy 24 hr after last dose of linezolid or methylene blue)Concurrent use with pimozide may result in prolongation of the QTc interval and is contraindicated.Use cautiously with other centrally acting drugs (including alcohol, antihistamines, opioid analgesics, and sedative/hypnotics ; concurrent use with alcohol is not recommended).Drugs that affect serotonergic neurotransmitter systems, including tricyclic antidepressants, SNRIs, fentanyl, buspirone, tramadol, and triptans ↑ risk of serotonin syndromeCimetidine may ↑ levels.Serotonergic effects may be ↑ by lithium (concurrent use should be carefully monitored).Carbamazepine may ↓ levels.May ↑ levels of metoprolol.Use cautiously with tricyclic antidepressants due to unpredictable effects on serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake.↑ risk of bleeding with aspirin, NSAIDs, clopidogrel, or warfarin.↑ risk of serotonin syndrome with St. John's wort and SAMe.Route/DosageOral (Adults) Depression and GAD–10 mg once daily, may be ↑ to 20 mg once daily after 1 wk.Hepatic ImpairmentOral (Adults) 10 mg once daily.Oral (Geriatric Patients) 10 mg once daily.Oral (Children ≥12 yr) Depression—10 mg once daily, may be ↑ to 20 mg once daily after 3 wk.Availability (generic available)Tablets: 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg Cost: Generic — 5 mg $13.16 / 100, 10 mg $13.87 / 100, 20 mg $18.01 / 100Oral solutionpeppermint flavor: 1 mg/mL Cost: Generic — $190.20 / 240 mLNursing implicationsNursing assessment- Monitor mood changes and level of anxiety during therapy.
- Assess for suicidal tendencies, especially during early therapy. Restrict amount of drug available to patient. Risk may be increased in children, adolescents, and adults ≤24 yr. After starting therapy, children, adolescents, and young adults should be seen by health care professional at least weekly for 4 wk, every 3 wk for next 4 wk, and on advice of health care professional thereafter.
- Assess for sexual dysfunction (erectile dysfunction; decreased libido).
- Assess for serotonin syndrome (mental changes [agitation, hallucinations, coma], autonomic instability [tachycardia, labile BP, hyperthermia], neuromuscular aberrations [hyperreflexia, incoordination], and/or GI symptoms [nausea, vomiting, diarrhea]), especially in patients taking other serotonergic drugs (SSRIs, SNRIs, triptans).
Potential Nursing DiagnosesIneffective coping (Indications)
Risk for injury (Side Effects)
Sexual dysfunction (Side Effects)
Implementation- Do not confuse Lexapro with Loxitane (loxapine).
- Do not administer escitalopram and citalopram concomitantly. Taper to avoid potential withdrawal reactions. Reduce dose by 50% for 3 days, then again by 50% for 3 days, then discontinue.
- Oral: Administer as a single dose in the morning or evening without regard to meals.
Patient/Family Teaching- Instruct patient to take escitalopram as directed. Take missed doses on the same day as soon as remembered and consult health care professional. Resume regular dosing schedule next day. Do not double doses. Do not stop abruptly; should be discontinued gradually. Instruct patient to read Medication Guide before starting and with each Rx refill in case of changes.
- May cause dizziness. Caution patient to avoid driving or other activities requiring alertness until response to medication is known.
- Advise patient, family, and caregivers to look for suicidality, especially during early therapy or dose changes. Notify health care professional immediately if thoughts about suicide or dying, attempts to commit suicide, new or worse depression or anxiety, agitation or restlessness, panic attacks, insomnia, new or worse irritability, aggressiveness, acting on dangerous impulses, mania, or other changes in mood or behavior or if rash or symptoms of serotonin syndrome occur.
- Instruct patient to notify health care professional of all Rx or OTC medications, vitamins, or herbal products being taken and to consult health care professional before taking any other Rx, OTC, or herbal products, especially alcohol or other CNS depressants.
- Instruct female patients to notify health care professional if pregnancy is planned or suspected or if they plan to breast feed. If used during pregnancy, should be tapered during 3rd trimester to avoid neonatal serotonin syndrome.
- Emphasize importance of follow-up exams to monitor progress.
Evaluation/Desired Outcomes- Increased sense of well-being.
- Renewed interest in surroundings. May require 1–4 wk of therapy to obtain antidepressant effects. Full antidepressant effects occur in 4–6 wk.
- Decrease in anxiety.
escitalopram (ĕs′ĭ-tăl′ō-prăm′)n. A drug of the SSRI class, C22H21FN2O, that is a stereoisomer of citalopram and is given in the form of its oxalate to treat depression and anxiety.escitalopram A highly selective SEROTONIN reuptake inhibitor used to treat major depression and panic disorders. A brand name is Cipralex. |