| 单词 | clonidine | |||
| 释义 | clonidineenUKclon·i·dineC0414900 (klŏn′ĭ-dēn′, klō′nĭ-)clonidine(ˈklɒnɪˌdiːn; ˈkləʊnɪˌdiːn)clon•i•dine(ˈklɒn ɪˌdin, ˈkloʊ nɪ-)n.
clonidineenUKclonidine[klo´nĭ-dēn]clonidineclonidine hydrochloridePharmacologic class: Centrally acting sympatholytic Therapeutic class: Antihypertensive Pregnancy risk category C FDA Box Warning• Before use, dilute clonidine hydrochloride 500-μg/mL strength product in appropriate solution. • Epidural form (clonidine hydrochloride) isn't recommended for obstetric, postpartum, or perioperative pain management. In these cases, risk of hemodynamic instability may be unacceptable, except in rare patients for whom potential benefits may outweigh possible risks. ActionStimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors in CNS, decreasing sympathetic outflow, inhibiting vasoconstriction, and ultimately reducing blood pressure. Also prevents transmission of pain impulses by inhibiting pain pathway signals in brain. AvailabilitySolution for epidural injection: 100 mcg/ml in 10-ml vials, 500 mcg/ml in 10-ml vials Tablets: 100 mcg (0.1 mg), 200 mcg (0.2 mg), 300 mcg (0.3 mg) Transdermal systems: 2.5 mg total released as 0.1 mg/24 hours (TTS 1), 5 mg total released as 0.2 mg/24 hours (TTS 2), 7.5 mg total released as 0.3 mg/24 hours (TTS 3) Indications and dosages➣ Mild to moderate hypertension Adults: 0.1 mg P.O. b.i.d. (morning and bedtime) alone or with other anti-hypertensives; increase in increments of 0.1 mg/day q week until desired response occurs. Or, one transdermal system applied once q 7 days to hairless area of intact skin on upper outer arm or chest. ➣ Severe pain in cancer patients unresponsive to opioids alone Adults: Initially, 30 mcg/hour by continuous epidural infusion, titrated upward or downward depending on patient response Dosage adjustment• Renal impairment Off-label uses• Acute alcohol withdrawal • Akathisia • Diarrhea • Prolonged surgical anesthesia Contraindications• Hypersensitivity to drug • Hypersensitivity to components of adhesive layer (transdermal form) • Infection at epidural injection site, bleeding problems (epidural use) • Concurrent anticoagulant therapy PrecautionsUse cautiously in: • renal insufficiency, serious cardiac or cerebrovascular disease • elderly patients • pregnant or breastfeeding patients. Administration• For epidural use, dilute drug solution in normal saline solution, as ordered. • To minimize sedative effects, give largest portion of maintenance P.O. dose at bedtime.  Adverse reactionsCNS: drowsiness, depression, dizziness, nervousness, nightmares CV: hypotension (especially with epidural use), palpitations, bradycardia GI: nausea, vomiting, constipation, dry mouth GU: urinary retention, nocturia, erectile dysfunction Metabolic: sodium retention Skin: rash, sweating, pruritus, dermatitis Other: weight gain, withdrawal phenomenon InteractionsDrug-drug. Amphetamines, beta-adrenergic blockers, MAO inhibitors, prazosin, tricyclic antidepressants: decreased antihypertensive effect Beta-adrenergic blockers: increased withdrawal phenomenon CNS depressants (including antihistamines, opioids, sedative-hypnotics): additive sedation Epidurally administered local anesthetics: prolonged clonidine effects Levodopa: decreased levodopa efficacy Myocardial depressants (including beta-adrenergic blockers): additive bradycardia Other antihypertensives, nitrates: additive hypotension Verapamil: increased risk of adverse cardiovascular reactions Drug-herbs. Capsicum: reduced anti-hypertensive effect Drug-behaviors. Alcohol use: increased sedation Patient monitoring• Monitor patient for signs and symptoms of adverse cardiovascular reactions. • Frequently assess vital signs, especially blood pressure and pulse. • Monitor patient for drug tolerance and efficacy. Patient teaching• Instruct patient to move slowly when sitting up or standing, to avoid dizziness or light-headedness caused by sudden blood pressure decrease. See Caution patient not to stop taking drug abruptly. • As appropriate, review all other significant adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs, herbs, and behaviors mentioned above. clonidine(klŏn′ĭ-dēn′, klō′nĭ-)clonidineAn alpha2 adrenoreceptor stimulator (AGONIST) that is effective in lowering blood pressure and controlling some cases of MIGRAINE and postmenopausal flushing. Stopping treatment may produce a dangerous rise in blood pressure. Brand names are Dixarit and Catapres.clonidineenUK
Synonyms for clonidine
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