Centimeter-Gram-Second System

centimeter-gram-second system

[¦sent·ə‚mēd·ər ¦gram ′sek·ənd ‚sis·təm] (physics) An absolute system of metric units in which the centimeter, gram mass, and the second are the basic units. Abbreviated cgs system.

Centimeter-Gram-Second System

(cgs system), the system of units of physical quantities that is based on the three fundamental units of the centimeter for length, the gram for mass, and the second for time.

In 1861 the British Association for the Advancement of Science appointed a committee on electrical standards, whose membership included such leading physicists of the day as W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin), J. Maxwell, and C. Wheatstone. The committee proposed that a system of units based on fundamental units of length, mass, and time be adopted for mechanics and electrodynamics. Ten years later, the association formed a new committee, which made a final choice of the centimeter, gram, and second as the fundamental units. The First International Congress of Electricians, which was held in Paris in 1881, also adopted the cgs system. Since then, the system has been widely used in scientific research. Since the introduction of the International System of Units (SI), the use of cgs units has been permitted alongside SI units in physics and astronomy.

With respect to mechanical measurements, the most important derived units in the cgs system are as follows: speed, cm/sec; acceleration, cm/sec²; force, dyne (dyn); pressure, dyn/cm²; work and energy, erg; power, erg/sec; dynamic viscosity, poise (P); and kinematic viscosity, stokes (St).

For electrodynamics, two cgs systems—the cgs electromagnetic system and the cgs electrostatic system—were originally adopted. The electromagnetic system is based on Coulomb’s law of the force between two point magnetic poles, and the electrostatic system on Coulomb’s law of the force between two point electric charges. In the cgs electromagnetic system, the permeability of empty space μ₀ is dimensionless and is taken as 1. The permittivity of empty space ɛ₀ = 1/c² sec²/cm², where c = (2.99792458 ± 0.000000012) X 10¹⁰ is the numerical value of the speed of light in cm/sec. The cgs electromagnetic system includes the following units: magnetic flux, maxwell (Mx); magnetic flux density, gauss (G); magnetic field strength, oersted (Oe); and magnetomotive force, gilbert (Gb). Special names have not been adopted for the electrical units in this system.

In the cgs electrostatic system, ɛ₀ = 1, and μ₀ = 1/c² sec²/cm². The electrical units of this system have not been given special names. Their sizes are in general inconvenient for measurements, and they are used primarily in theoretical work.

Elements of the electromagnetic and electrostatic cgs systems are mixed in the Gaussian system, which has become the most widely used system in the second half of the 20th century. In this system, μ₀ = 1, and ɛ₀ = 1. The magnetic units of this

Table 1. Relations between the most important cgs units and the corresponding SI units¹
Quantity	SI system	cgs electromagnetic system	cgs electrostatic system	Gaussian system
¹In table, c is the numerical value of the speed of light in cm/sec
Force.....................	1 N	10^-5N	10^-5N	10^-5N
Work, energy ................	1 J	10^-7J	10^-7J	10^-7J
Dynamic viscosity .............	1 N.sec/m²	0.1 N.sec/m²	0.1 N.sec/m²	0.1 N.sec/m²
Kinematic viscosity ............	1 m²/sec	10^-4m²/sec	10^-4 m²/sec	10^-4m²/sec
Current....................	1A	10A	10/c A	10/c A
Electric charge..........	1C	10C	10/cC	10/cC
Electric potential..............	1V	10^-8V	10^-8c V	l0^-8c V
Electric resistance.............	1Ω	10^-9 Ω	10^-9C²Ω	10^-9C²Ω
Electric capacitance ...........	1F	10⁹F	l0⁹/c² F	l0⁹/c² F
Magnetic field strength ..........	1 A/m	10³/(4π) A/m	10³/(4πc) A/m	10³/(4π) A/m
Magnetic flux density ...........	1T	10^-4T	10^-4cT	10^-4 T
Magnetic flux ................	1 Wb	10^-8 Wb	10^-8c Wb	10^-8 W

system are identical to those of the cgs electromagnetic system, and the electrical units are identical to those of the cgs electrostatic system.

Table 1 shows the relations between the most important units of the three cgs systems and the corresponding SI units.

REFERENCE

Burdun, G. D. Spravochnik po Mezhdunarodnoi sisteme edinits. Moscow, 1971.

K. P. SHIROKOV

centimeter-gram-second system

system

[sis´tem] 1. a set or series of interconnected or interdependent parts or entities (objects, organs, or organisms) that act together in a common purpose or produce results impossible by action of one alone. 2. an organized set of principles or ideas. adj., adj systemat´ic, system´ic.
The parts of a system can be referred to as its elements or components; the environment of the system is defined as all of the factors that affect the system and are affected by it. A living system is capable of taking in matter, energy, and information from its environment (input), processing them in some way, and returning matter, energy, and information to its environment as output.
An open system is one in which there is an exchange of matter, energy, and information with the environment; in a closed system there is no such exchange. A living system cannot survive without this exchange, but in order to survive it must maintain pattern and organization in the midst of constant change. Control of self-regulation of an open system is achieved by dynamic interactions among its elements or components. The result of self-regulation is referred to as the steady state; that is, a state of equilibrium. homeostasis is an assemblage of organic regulations that act to maintain steady states of a living organism.
A system can be divided hierarchically into subsystems, which can be further subdivided into sub-subsystems and components. A system and its environment could be considered as a unified whole for purposes of study, or a subsystem could be studied as a system. For example, the collection of glands in the endocrine system can be thought of as a system, each endocrine gland could be viewed as a system, or even specific cells of a single gland could be studied as a system. It is also possible to think of the human body as a living system and the endocrine system as a subsystem. The division of a system into a subsystem and its environment is dependent on the perspective chosen by the person studying a particular phenomenon.

Systems, subsystems, and suprasystems. Within the environment there are suprasystems, such as human society, and systems within the suprasystem, such as the educational and industrial systems and the health care delivery system. Within the health care delivery system are subsystems, such as the patient, family members, the nurse, the physician, and allied health care professionals and paraprofessionals.alimentary system digestive system.apothecaries' system see apothecaries' system" >apothecaries' system.autonomic nervous system see autonomic nervous system.avoirdupois system see avoirdupois system" >avoirdupois system.behavioral system in the behavioral system model of nursing, the patterned, repetitive, and purposeful behaviors of an individual.cardiovascular system the heart and blood vessels, by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body; see also circulatory system.CD system (cluster designation) a system for classifying markers" >cell-surface markers expressed by lymphocytes based on a computer analysis of monoclonal antibodies against hla antigens, with antibodies having similar specificity characteristics being grouped together and assigned a number (CD1, CD2, CD3, etc.); these CD numbers are also applied to the specific antigens recognized by the various groups of monoclonal antibodies. See also antigen" >CD antigen.centimeter-gram-second system (CGS) (cgs) a system of measurements in which the units are based on the centimeter as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of mass, and the second as the unit of time.central nervous system see central nervous system.centrencephalic system the neurons in the central core of the brainstem from the thalamus to the medulla oblongata, connecting the hemispheres" >cerebral hemispheres.circulatory system see circulatory system.client system in the general systems framework and theory of goal attainment" >general systems framework and theory of goal attainment, the composite of physiological, psychological, sociocultural, and developmental variables that make up the total person.colloid system (colloidal system) colloid (def. 3).conduction system (conductive system (of heart)) the system of atypical cardiac muscle fibers, comprising the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, internodal tracts, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branch, and terminal ramifications into the Purkinje network.digestive system see digestive system.Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system a comprehensive program designed to provide services to the patient in the prehospital setting. The system is activated when a call is made to the EMS operator, who then dispatches an ambulance to the patient. The patient receives critical interventions and is stabilized at the scene. A communication system allows the health care workers at the scene to contact a trauma center for information regarding further treatment and disposition of the patient, followed by transportation of the patient to the most appropriate facility for treatment.endocrine system the system of ductless glands and other structures that produce internal secretions (hormones) that are released directly into the circulatory system, influencing metabolism and other body processes; see endocrine glands.environmental control system unit" >environmental control unit.expert system a set of computer programs designed to serve as an aid in decision making.extrapyramidal system see extrapyramidal system.gateway system a software interface between an online searcher and one or more search systems, facilitating the use of the system by searchers who are unfamiliar with it, or with online retrieval in general.genitourinary system the organs concerned with production and excretion of urine, together with the reproductive organs. (See Plates.) Called also urogenital system.haversian system a canal" >haversian canal and its concentrically arranged lamellae, constituting the basic unit of structure in compact bone (osteon).

Haversian system: Structures of compact and spongy bone with the central haversian canal surrounded by the lamellae. From Applegate, 2000.health care system see health care system.heterogeneous system a system or structure made up of mechanically separable parts, as an emulsion or suspension.His-Purkinje system the intraventricular conduction system from the bundle of His to the distal Purkinje fibers, which carries the impulse to the ventricles.Home Health Care Classification system see home health care classification system.homogeneous system a system or structure made up of parts that cannot be mechanically separated, as a solution.hypophyseoportal system (hypophysioportal system) (hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system) the venules connecting the hypothalamus with the sinusoidal capillaries of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; they carry releasing substances to the pituitary.immune system see immune system.interpersonal system in the general systems framework and theory of goal attainment, two or more individuals interacting in a given situation.lay health system a system comprising an informal referral network and sources of treatment outside the formal biomedical sources of health care; it includes individual consultation and information-seeking through significant others and peers concerning health behaviors, symptoms, and evaluation of treatment before, during, and after consultation with health care professionals.legal system in the omaha system, anything connected with law or its administration; it includes legal aid, attorney, courts, or Child Protective Services (CPS), and many other agencies and officials.limbic system a system of brain structures common to the brains of all mammals, comprising the phylogenetically old cortex (archipallium and paleopallium) and its primarily related nuclei. It is associated with olfaction, autonomic functions, and certain aspects of emotion and behavior.lymphatic system see lymphatic system.lymphoid system the lymphoid tissue of the body, collectively; it consists of primary (or central) lymphoid tissues, the bone marrow, and thymus, and secondary (or peripheral) tissues, the lymph nodes, spleen, and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (tonsils, Peyer's patches).lymphoreticular system the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial systems considered together; see also lymphoreticular disorders.metric system see metric system.mononuclear phagocyte system the group of highly phagocytic cells that have a common origin from stem cells of the bone marrow and develop circulating monocytes and tissue macrophages, which develop from monocytes that have migrated to connective tissue of the liver (kupffer's cells), lung, spleen, and lymph nodes. The term has been proposed to replace reticuloendothelial system, which includes some cells of different origin and does not include all macrophages.nervous system see nervous system.nursing system in the self-care model of nursing, all the actions and interactions of nurses and patients in nursing practice situations; nursing systems fall into three categories: wholly compensatory, partly compensatory, and supportive-educative.Omaha system see omaha system.oxygen delivery system a device that delivers oxygen through the upper airways to the lungs at concentrations above that of ambient air. There are two general types: the fixed performance or high flow type, which can supply all of the needs of a patient for inspired gas at a given fractional inspired oxygen; and the variable performance or low flow type, which cannot supply all of the patient's needs for oxygen and delivers fractional inspired oxygen that varies with ventilatory demand.parasympathetic nervous system see parasympathetic nervous system" >parasympathetic nervous system.peripheral nervous system the portion of the nervous system consisting of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.personal system in the general systems framework and theory of goal attainment, the unified self, a complex whole that is rational, conscious, and feeling and that sets goals and decides on the means of achieving them.pituitary portal system hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system.portal system an arrangement by which blood collected from one set of capillaries passes through a large vessel or vessels and another set of capillaries before returning to the systemic circulation, as in the pituitary gland (the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system) or the liver (the hepatic portal circulation).renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system see renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.respiratory system the group of specialized organs whose specific function is to provide for the transfer of oxygen from the air to the blood and of waste carbon dioxide from the blood to the air. The organs of the system include the nose, the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, the bronchi, and the lungs. See also respiration and Plates 7 and 8.reticular activating system see reticular activating system.reticuloendothelial system see reticuloendothelial system.safety system see safety system." >safety system.SI system see SI units.skeletal system see skeletal system.social system in the general systems framework and theory of goal attainment, an organized boundary system of social roles, behaviors, and practices developed to maintain balance for growth, development, and performance, which involves an exchange of energy and information between the person and the environment for regulation and control of stressors.support system in the omaha system, the circle of friends, family, and associates that provide love, care, and need gratification; it may include church, school, workplace, or other groupings.sympathetic nervous system see sympathetic nervous system.Unified Medical Language system see unified medical language system.Unified Nursing Language system see unified nursing language system.unit dose system a method of delivery of patient medications directly to the patient care unit. Following review by a nurse, a copy of the physician's original order is sent to the pharmacy, where the pharmacist reviews it again. The pharmacist then fills the order and delivers the medication to the patient care unit, usually in a 24-hour supply. Each patient has an individual supply of medications prepared and labeled by the pharmacist.urinary system the system formed in the body by the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, the organs concerned in the production and excretion of urine.urogenital system genitourinary system.vascular system circulatory system.vasomotor system the part of the nervous system that controls the caliber of the blood vessels.