Felling

fell¹

F0071600 (fĕl)tr.v. felled, fell·ing, fells 1. a. To cause to fall by striking; cut or knock down: fell a tree; fell an opponent in boxing.b. To kill: was felled by an assassin's bullet.2. To sew or finish (a seam) with the raw edges flattened, turned under, and stitched down.n.1. The timber cut down in one season.2. A felled seam.

[Middle English fellen, from Old English fellan, fyllan.]

fell′a·ble adj.

fell²

F0071600 (fĕl)adj.1. Of an inhumanly cruel nature; fierce: fell hordes.2. Capable of destroying; lethal: a fell blow.3. Dire; sinister: by some fell chance.4. Scots Sharp and biting.Idiom: at/in one fell swoop All at once.

[Middle English fel, from Old French, variant of felon; see felon¹.]

fell′ness n.

fell³

F0071600 (fĕl)n.1. The hide of an animal; a pelt.2. A thin membrane directly beneath the hide.

[Middle English fel, from Old English fell; see pel- in Indo-European roots.]

fell⁴

F0071600 (fĕl)n.1. Chiefly British An upland stretch of open country; a moor.2. A barren or stony hill.

[Middle English fel, from Old Norse fell, fjall, mountain, hill.]

fell⁵

F0071600 (fĕl)v.Past tense of fall.

Felling

(ˈfɛlɪŋ) n (Placename) a town in NE England, in Gateshead unitary authority, Tyne and Wear; formerly noted for coal mining. Pop: 34 196 (2001)

Translations

AbholzungEinschlagtalaabattageсруб

Felling

Felling,

town (1991 pop. 36,377), Gateshead metropolitan district, NE England. Felling is an industrial suburb of Gateshead and part of the Newcastle upon Tyne industrial concentration. Felling has various engineering works; it also produces paint and radar equipment.

Felling

cutting down and removing trees from a forest to obtain timber and to renew, improve, and increase the productivity of a forest. Four principal types of felling are distinguished in forestry: main-use, maintenance, combination, and improvement.

The felling of mature trees is called main-use felling. In selective felling some trees are cut down, while others are left standing. Selective felling may involve cutting down only large good-quality trees, with only the most valuable part of the trunk used for timber. Another form of selective felling involves cutting down large mature trees and immature trees of little value from time to time in forests with trees of various ages; all the wood is used for timber. In Russia, selective felling was carried out in pine forests in the northern European part of the country and in some southern forests, where timber was procured for shipbuilding. In the USSR selective felling is used to help a forest retain its protective properties. It is particularly advisable in tundra, water-conserving, and mountain forests.

Another type of main-use felling, clear-cutting, involves the removal of all the trees in a given area during the logging season. Clear-cut areas are small and strictly limited or large and concentrated. Clear-cutting over large areas is widely used in heavily wooded taiga regions with mechanized logging.

Successive main-use felling is the cutting down of trees in a single area at different times over a period of several years. It is used in zones of mixed and mountain forests.

Maintenance felling is the periodic cutting down of some immature trees to enable the valuable species to become dominant, to improve the quality of the timber, and to increase productivity of a forest. In addition, the water-conserving, water-regulating, field-protecting, health-benefiting, and aesthetic functions of a forest are promoted. Trees are divided into three categories in maintenance felling: I—best, II—auxiliary (useful), and III—worst. In addition to category III trees and trees of undesirable species, some well-growing trees are felled in order to thin out dense stands that are comparatively homogeneous.

There are four kinds of maintenance felling: (1) thinning out until the young trees make crown contact (up to ten years of age), (2) thinning out after the trees make general crown contact, (3) thinning out at the pole stage, and (4) thinning out older tree stands before maturity. Depending on the type of tree stand and on economic conditions, the trees that are thinned out are mostly from the understory (slow-growing and dying trees) or mostly from the overstory, or canopy (rapidly-growing but undesirable species that retard the dominant species, or trees of the dominant species with poorly shaped trunks and crowns that adversely affect adjacent trees). Lower maintenance methods are ordinarily used in pure single-story stands, and upper ones in mixed and complex stands. Maintenance felling entails cutting down 10 to 40 percent of the trees. The first and second kinds of maintenance felling are carried out every two or three years, the third kind every five to ten years, and the fourth kind every ten to 15 years. Maintenance felling produces commercially undersized timber that is used as industrial raw material.

Combination felling includes both main-use and maintenance felling. For example, in a two-story stand of mature aspen (overstory) and young spruce (understory), main-use felling is used in the removal of the aspen, and maintenance felling in the removal of the spruce (to provide more light and weaken root competition).

Improvement felling is the cutting down of young, middle-aged, mature, and overmature stands that have been damaged by fires, insects, or disease; this form of felling makes the stands healthier.

REFERENCES

Georgievskii, N. P. Rubki ukhoda za lesom. Moscow-Leningrad, 1957.
Melekhov, I. S. Rubki glavnogo pol’zovaniia, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1966.
Melekhov, I. S. Problemy sovremennogo lesovodstva. Moscow, 1969.
Iziumskii, P. P. Rubki promezhutochnogo pol’zovaniia v ravninnykh lesakh. Moscow, 1969.
Davydov, A. V. Rubki ukhoda za lesom. Moscow, 1971.
Ievin’, I. K., and A. Ia. Kazhemak. Problemy tekhnologii rubok ukhoda. Riga, 1973.

I. S. MELEKHOV

Felling

a town in NE England, in Gateshead unitary authority, Tyne and Wear; formerly noted for coal mining. Pop.: 34 196 (2001)

单词	felling
释义	Felling fell¹ F0071600 (fĕl)tr.v. felled, fell·ing, fells 1. a. To cause to fall by striking; cut or knock down: fell a tree; fell an opponent in boxing.b. To kill: was felled by an assassin's bullet.2. To sew or finish (a seam) with the raw edges flattened, turned under, and stitched down.n.1. The timber cut down in one season.2. A felled seam. [Middle English fellen, from Old English fellan, fyllan.] fell′a·ble adj. fell² F0071600 (fĕl)adj.1. Of an inhumanly cruel nature; fierce: fell hordes.2. Capable of destroying; lethal: a fell blow.3. Dire; sinister: by some fell chance.4. Scots Sharp and biting.Idiom: at/in *one fell swoop* All at once. [Middle English fel, from Old French, variant of felon; see felon¹.] fell′ness n. fell³ F0071600 (fĕl)n.1. The hide of an animal; a pelt.2. A thin membrane directly beneath the hide. [Middle English fel, from Old English fell; see pel- in Indo-European roots.] fell⁴ F0071600 (fĕl)n.1. Chiefly British An upland stretch of open country; a moor.2. A barren or stony hill. [Middle English fel, from Old Norse fell, fjall, mountain, hill.] fell⁵ F0071600 (fĕl)v.Past tense of fall. Felling (ˈfɛlɪŋ) n (Placename) a town in NE England, in Gateshead unitary authority, Tyne and Wear; formerly noted for coal mining. Pop: 34 196 (2001) Translations AbholzungEinschlagtalaabattageсруб IdiomsSeefell Felling Felling, town (1991 pop. 36,377), Gateshead metropolitan district, NE England. Felling is an industrial suburb of Gateshead and part of the Newcastle upon Tyne industrial concentration. Felling has various engineering works; it also produces paint and radar equipment. Felling cutting down and removing trees from a forest to obtain timber and to renew, improve, and increase the productivity of a forest. Four principal types of felling are distinguished in forestry: main-use, maintenance, combination, and improvement. The felling of mature trees is called main-use felling. In selective felling some trees are cut down, while others are left standing. Selective felling may involve cutting down only large good-quality trees, with only the most valuable part of the trunk used for timber. Another form of selective felling involves cutting down large mature trees and immature trees of little value from time to time in forests with trees of various ages; all the wood is used for timber. In Russia, selective felling was carried out in pine forests in the northern European part of the country and in some southern forests, where timber was procured for shipbuilding. In the USSR selective felling is used to help a forest retain its protective properties. It is particularly advisable in tundra, water-conserving, and mountain forests. Another type of main-use felling, clear-cutting, involves the removal of all the trees in a given area during the logging season. Clear-cut areas are small and strictly limited or large and concentrated. Clear-cutting over large areas is widely used in heavily wooded taiga regions with mechanized logging. Successive main-use felling is the cutting down of trees in a single area at different times over a period of several years. It is used in zones of mixed and mountain forests. Maintenance felling is the periodic cutting down of some immature trees to enable the valuable species to become dominant, to improve the quality of the timber, and to increase productivity of a forest. In addition, the water-conserving, water-regulating, field-protecting, health-benefiting, and aesthetic functions of a forest are promoted. Trees are divided into three categories in maintenance felling: I—best, II—auxiliary (useful), and III—worst. In addition to category III trees and trees of undesirable species, some well-growing trees are felled in order to thin out dense stands that are comparatively homogeneous. There are four kinds of maintenance felling: (1) thinning out until the young trees make crown contact (up to ten years of age), (2) thinning out after the trees make general crown contact, (3) thinning out at the pole stage, and (4) thinning out older tree stands before maturity. Depending on the type of tree stand and on economic conditions, the trees that are thinned out are mostly from the understory (slow-growing and dying trees) or mostly from the overstory, or canopy (rapidly-growing but undesirable species that retard the dominant species, or trees of the dominant species with poorly shaped trunks and crowns that adversely affect adjacent trees). Lower maintenance methods are ordinarily used in pure single-story stands, and upper ones in mixed and complex stands. Maintenance felling entails cutting down 10 to 40 percent of the trees. The first and second kinds of maintenance felling are carried out every two or three years, the third kind every five to ten years, and the fourth kind every ten to 15 years. Maintenance felling produces commercially undersized timber that is used as industrial raw material. Combination felling includes both main-use and maintenance felling. For example, in a two-story stand of mature aspen (overstory) and young spruce (understory), main-use felling is used in the removal of the aspen, and maintenance felling in the removal of the spruce (to provide more light and weaken root competition). Improvement felling is the cutting down of young, middle-aged, mature, and overmature stands that have been damaged by fires, insects, or disease; this form of felling makes the stands healthier. REFERENCES Georgievskii, N. P. Rubki ukhoda za lesom. Moscow-Leningrad, 1957. Melekhov, I. S. Rubki glavnogo pol’zovaniia, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1966. Melekhov, I. S. Problemy sovremennogo lesovodstva. Moscow, 1969. Iziumskii, P. P. Rubki promezhutochnogo pol’zovaniia v ravninnykh lesakh. Moscow, 1969. Davydov, A. V. Rubki ukhoda za lesom. Moscow, 1971. Ievin’, I. K., and A. Ia. Kazhemak. Problemy tekhnologii rubok ukhoda. Riga, 1973. I. S. MELEKHOV Felling a town in NE England, in Gateshead unitary authority, Tyne and Wear; formerly noted for coal mining. Pop.: 34 196 (2001)
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REFERENCES

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