| 释义 |
defence
de·fence D0090600 (dĭ-fĕns′)n. & v. Chiefly British Variant of defense.defence (dɪˈfɛns) or defensen1. resistance against danger, attack, or harm; protection2. a person or thing that provides such resistance3. a plea, essay, speech, etc, in support of something; vindication; justification4. (Military) a. a country's military measures or resourcesb. (as modifier): defence spending. 5. (Law) law a defendant's denial of the truth of the allegations or charge against him or her6. (Law) law the defendant and his or her legal advisers collectively. Compare prosecution7. (General Sporting Terms) sport a. the action of protecting oneself, one's goal, or one's allotted part of the playing area against an opponent's attacksb. the method of doing thisc. the defence the players in a team whose function is to do this8. (American Football) American football (usually preceded by the) a. the team that does not have possession of the ballb. the members of a team that play in such circumstances9. (Psychoanalysis) psychoanal See defence mechanism10. (Fortifications) (plural) fortifications[C13: from Old French, from Late Latin dēfensum, past participle of dēfendere to defend] deˈfenceless, deˈfenseless adj deˈfencelessly, deˈfenselessly adv deˈfencelessness, deˈfenselessness nde•fense (dɪˈfɛns or, esp. for 7,9, ˈdi fɛns)
n., v. -fensed, -fens•ing. n. 1. resistance against attack; protection. 2. something that defends, as a fortification or medication. 3. the defending of a cause or the like by speech, etc.: to speak in defense of a cause. 4. the arms production of a nation: spending billions on defense. 5. a speech, etc., in vindication. 6. a. the defendant's answer to the charge or claim made by the plaintiff. b. the strategy adopted by a defendant for defending against the plaintiff's charge. c. a defendant together with counsel. 7. defense mechanism. 8. a. the tactics of defending oneself or one's goal against attack. b. the team attempting to thwart the attack of the team having the ball or puck. c. the players of such a team or their positions. v.t. 9. to defend against (an opponent, play, etc.). [1250–1300; Middle English < Old French < Late Latin dēfēnsa a forbidding, derivative of Latin dēfendere to defend] de•fense′less, adj. de•fense′less•ness, n. Thesaurus| Noun | 1. | defence - (psychiatry) an unconscious process that tries to reduce the anxiety associated with instinctive desiresdefence mechanism, defence reaction, defense mechanism, defense reaction, defenseunconscious process, process - a mental process that you are not directly aware of; "the process of denial"psychiatry, psychological medicine, psychopathology - the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorderscompensation - (psychiatry) a defense mechanism that conceals your undesirable shortcomings by exaggerating desirable behaviorsconversion - (psychiatry) a defense mechanism represses emotional conflicts which are then converted into physical symptoms that have no organic basisdenial - (psychiatry) a defense mechanism that denies painful thoughtsdisplacement - (psychiatry) a defense mechanism that transfers affect or reaction from the original object to some more acceptable oneidealisation, idealization - (psychiatry) a defense mechanism that splits something you are ambivalent about into two representations--one good and one badintellectualisation, intellectualization - (psychiatry) a defense mechanism that uses reasoning to block out emotional stress and conflictisolation - (psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which memory of an unacceptable act or impulse is separated from the emotion originally associated with itprojection - (psychiatry) a defense mechanism by which your own traits and emotions are attributed to someone elsepsychoanalytic process - a process that is assumed to occur in psychoanalytic theoryrationalisation, rationalization - (psychiatry) a defense mechanism by which your true motivation is concealed by explaining your actions and feelings in a way that is not threateningreaction formation - (psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously develops attitudes and behavior that are the opposite of unacceptable repressed desires and impulses and serve to conceal them; "his strict morality is just a reaction formation to hide his sexual drive"regression - (psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which you flee from reality by assuming a more infantile staterepression - (psychiatry) the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious | | 2. |  defence - (sports) the team that is trying to prevent the other team from scoring; "his teams are always good on defense"defending team, defenseathletics, sport - an active diversion requiring physical exertion and competitionteam, squad - a cooperative unit (especially in sports)offence, offense - the team that has the ball (or puck) and is trying to score | | 3. | defence - the defendant and his legal advisors collectively; "the defense called for a mistrial"defense lawyers, defense team, defenseaggregation, collection, accumulation, assemblage - several things grouped together or considered as a whole | | 4. |  defence - an organization of defenders that provides resistance against attack; "he joined the defense against invasion"defence force, defense force, defenseorganization, organisation - a group of people who work togetherbastion - a group that defends a principle; "a bastion against corruption"; "the last bastion of communism" | | 5. | defence - the speech act of answering an attack on your assertions; "his refutation of the charges was short and persuasive"; "in defense he said the other man started it"refutation, defenseanswer - the speech act of replying to a questionconfutation - the speech act of refuting conclusivelyrebuttal - the speech act of refuting by offering a contrary contention or argument | | 6. | defence - the justification for some act or belief; "he offered a persuasive defense of the theory"vindication, defensejustification - a statement in explanation of some action or beliefapologia, apology - a formal written defense of something you believe in stronglyalibi - (law) a defense by an accused person purporting to show that he or she could not have committed the crime in questionexculpation, excuse, self-justification, alibi - a defense of some offensive behavior or some failure to keep a promise etc.; "he kept finding excuses to stay"; "every day he had a new alibi for not getting a job"; "his transparent self-justification was unacceptable" | | 7. | defence - a structure used to defend against attack; "the artillery battered down the defenses"defensive structure, defensecheval-de-frise, chevaux-de-frise - defensive structure consisting of a movable obstacle composed of barbed wire or spikes attached to a wooden frame; used to obstruct cavalryfortification, munition - defensive structure consisting of walls or mounds built around a stronghold to strengthen itfortress, fort - a fortified defensive structureline of defence, line of defense - defensive structure consisting of a barrier that can be employed for defense against attackoutwork - subsidiary defensive structure lying outside the main fortified area; "the outworks of the castle"stronghold, fastness - a strongly fortified defensive structurestructure, construction - a thing constructed; a complex entity constructed of many parts; "the structure consisted of a series of arches"; "she wore her hair in an amazing construction of whirls and ribbons" | | 8. | defence - a defendant's answer or plea denying the truth of the charges against him; "he gave evidence for the defense"demurrer, denial, defensedue process, due process of law - (law) the administration of justice according to established rules and principles; based on the principle that a person cannot be deprived of life or liberty or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguardstrial - (law) the determination of a person's innocence or guilt by due process of law; "he had a fair trial and the jury found him guilty"; "most of these complaints are settled before they go to trial"entrapment - a defense that claims the defendant would not have broken the law if not tricked into doing it by law enforcement officialslaw, jurisprudence - the collection of rules imposed by authority; "civilization presupposes respect for the law"; "the great problem for jurisprudence to allow freedom while enforcing order" | | 9. | defence - (military) military action or resources protecting a country against potential enemies; "they died in the defense of Stalingrad"; "they were developed for the defense program"defense, defensive measureumbrella - a formation of military planes maintained over ground operations or targets; "an air umbrella over England"military action, action - a military engagement; "he saw action in Korea"air defense - defensive measures designed to destroy attacking enemy aircraft or missiles or to nullify their effectivenessstand - a defensive effort; "the army made a final stand at the Rhone"hasty defence, hasty defense - a defense organized while in contact with the enemy or when time is limiteddeliberate defence, deliberate defense - a defense organized before contact is made with the enemy and while time for organization is available; usually includes a fortified zone (with pillboxes) and communication systemsbiodefence, biodefense, biological defence, biological defense - procedures involved in taking defensive measures against attacks using biological agentschemical defence, chemical defense - procedures involved in taking defensive measures against attacks using chemical agentsminelaying, mining - laying explosive mines in concealed places to destroy enemy personnel and equipmentbiological warfare defence, biological warfare defense, BW defence, BW defense - defense against biological warfarearmed forces, armed services, military, military machine, war machine - the military forces of a nation; "their military is the largest in the region"; "the military machine is the same one we faced in 1991 but now it is weaker" | | 10. | defence - protection from harm; "sanitation is the best defense against disease"defenseprotection - the activity of protecting someone or something; "the witnesses demanded police protection" | | 11. | defence - the act of defending someone or something against attack or injury; "a good boxer needs a good defense"; "defense against hurricanes is an urgent problem"defenseprotection - the activity of protecting someone or something; "the witnesses demanded police protection" |
defence U.S. defensenoun1. protection, cover, security, guard, shelter, refuge, resistance, safeguard, immunity The land was flat, giving no scope for defence.2. armaments, weapons, deterrents, the military, the army, the navy, the air force Twenty-eight per cent of the federal budget is spent on defense.3. argument, explanation, excuse, plea, apology, justification, vindication, rationalization, apologia, exoneration, exculpation, extenuation a spirited defence of the government's economic progress4. plea (Law) case, claim, pleading, declaration, testimony, denial, alibi, vindication, rebuttal His defence was that records were fabricated by the police.plural noun1. shield, barricade, fortification, bastion, buttress, rampart, bulwark, fastness Soldiers are beginning to strengthen the city's defences.Translationsdefence (diˈfens) (American) defense noun1. the act or action of defending against attack. the defence of Rome; He spoke in defence of the plans. 防衛 防卫2. the method or equipment used to guard or protect. The walls will act as a defence against flooding. 防衛方法，防禦物 防卫方法，防御物 3. a person's answer to an accusation especially in a law-court. What is your defence? ［律］辯護 （律）辩护 deˈfenceless adjective helpless or without protection. 無防禦的，無助的 无防御的，无助的 the defence the case on behalf of a person who is accused in a law court. the counsel for the defence. 被告方，辯方 被告方，辩方 defence
Nuremberg defenseA plea or legal defense strategy in which the defendant claims that their actions were solely the result of carrying out the orders of superiors and that, as such, they should not be found guilty of such actions. Refers to the use of such a defense by political and military leaders of defeated Nazi Germany in the Nuremberg Trials of 1945–46. Against the charge of unlawful murder during wartime, the staff sergeant's defense attorney put forward a Nuremberg defense, claiming that the killings were carried out under direct orders by superior officers.See also: defensethe noble art (of self-defense)The sport of boxing. Any two yahoos can get into a fistfight, but it takes real skill, dedication, and training to learn the noble art of self-defense. He spent most of his career training in the noble art before joining the world of mixed martial arts last year.See also: art, noblespring to (one's) defenseTo begin defending one very quickly or abruptly. I appreciate the thought, but I don't need you springing to my defense every time someone starts arguing with me. Thankfully, a group of people in the bar sprang to her defense when the man started assaulting her. The boss singled out Jonathan when he started criticizing the progress of the project, so I sprang to his defense.See also: defense, springleap to (one's) defenseTo begin defending one very quickly or abruptly. I appreciate the thought, but I don't need you leaping to my defense every time someone starts arguing with me. Thankfully, a group of people in the bar leaped to her defense when the man started assaulting her. The boss singled out Jonathan when he started criticizing the progress of the project, so I leaped to his defense.See also: defense, leapdefence
defence (US), defense1. Law a defendant's denial of the truth of the allegations or charge against him 2. Law the defendant and his legal advisers collectively 3. American footballa. the team that does not have possession of the ball b. the members of a team that play in such circumstances 4. Psychoanal See defence mechanismDefence
Forensic psychology See Character Defence, Denim Defense, Insanity Defence
Immunology A mechanism by which an organism protects itself from foreign antigens and pathogens
Malpractice Any legal argument offered by a defendant that would either preclude or mitigate recovery of damages for a wrong allegedly committed by the defendant
Microbiology See Antibiotic resistance
Psychology A mechanism by which a person minimises harm to his/her psyche or by which one controls anxietyde·fense (dĕ-fens') 1. The psychological mechanisms used to control anxiety, e.g., rationalization, projection. 2. Any protective posture, drug, or device.
Synonym(s): defence. [L. defendo, to ward off]de·fense (dĕ-fens') 1. The psychological mechanisms used to control anxiety.2. Any protective posture, drug, or device.
Synonym(s): defence. [L. defendo, to ward off]defence
Related to defence: defence mechanismdefence in civil proceedings a defence maybe one of the following: - (i) a traverse, i.e. a formal denial of an alleged fact
- (ii) a denial of the plaintiff's claim
- (iii) an allegation of counterclaim
- (iv) a confession and avoidance
- (v) a statement of defence raising an objection in point of law to the effect that the facts alleged, even if established, do not disclose a good cause of action. In Scottish written civil pleadings, a defender lodges written defences. In criminal matters there is no written defence; a defence is raised by the plea of not guilty. In Scottish solemn criminal procedure, there are certain special defences that require to be lodged timeously in writing:
ALIBI, incrimination (see INCRIMINATE), INSANITY, non-insane automatism and SELF-DEFENCE. DEFENCE, torts. A forcible resistance of an attack by force.
2. A man is justified, in defending his person, that of his wife, children, and servants, and for this purpose he may use as much force as may be necessary, even to killing the assailant, remembering that the means used must always be proportioned to the occasion, and an excess becomes, itself, an injury.
3. A man may also repel force by force in defence of his personal property, and even justify homicide against one Who manifestly intends or endeavors by violence or surprise to commit a known felony, as robbery.
4. With respect to the defence or protection of the possession of real property, although it is justifiable even to kill a person in the act of attempting to commit a forcible felony, as burglary or arson, yet this justification can only take place when the party in possession is wholly without fault. 1 Hale, 440, 444; 1 East, P. C. 259, 277. When a forcible attack is made upon the dwelling-house of another, without any felonious intent, but barely to commit a trespass, it is in general lawful to oppose force by force, when the former was clearly illegal. 7 Bing. 305; S. C. 20 Eng. C. L. Rep. 139. Vide, generally, Ham. N. P. 136, 151 1 Chit. Pr. 589, 616; Grot. lib. 2, c. 1 Rutherf. Inst. B. 1, c. 16. DEFENCE, pleading, practice. It is defined to be the denial of the truth or validity of the complaint, and does not signify a justification. It is a general assertion that the plaintiff has no ground of action, which assertion is afterwards extended and maintained in the plea. 3 Bl. Com. 296; Co. Litt. 127. It is similar to the contestatio litis of the civilians.
2. Defence is of two descriptions; first half defence, which is as follows, "venit et defendit vim et injuriam, et dicit," &c.; or secondly, full defence, "venit et defendit vim et injuriam, quando," &c. meaning "quando et ubi curia consideravit," (or when and where it shall behoove him,) "et damna et quicquid quod ipse defendere debet et dicit," &c. Co. Litt. 127, b; Bac. Abr. Pleas, D Willis, 41.
3. In strictness, the words quando, &c. ought not to be added when only half defence is to be made; and after the words "venit et defendit vim et injuriam," the subject matter of the plea should immediately be stated. Gilb. C. P. 188; 8 T. R. 6 3 2; 3 B. & P. 9, n. a.
4. It has, however, now become the practice in all cases, whether half or full defence be intended, to, state it a's follows: "And the said C D, by M N, his attorney, comes and defends the wrong, (or in trespass, force) and injury, when, &c. and says," which will be considered only as half defence in cases where such defence should be made, and as full defence where the latter is necessary. 8 T. R. 633; Willis, 41 3 B. & P. 9; 2 Saund. 209, c.
5. If full defence were made expressly by the words "when and where it shall behoove him," and "the damages and whatever else he ought to defend," the defendant would be precluded from pleading to the jurisdiction or in abatement, for by defending when and where it shall behoove him, the defendant acknowledges the jurisdiction of the court and by defending the damages he waives all. exception to the person of the plaintiff. 2 Saund. 209, c.; 3 Bl. Com. 297 Co. Litt. 127, b Bac. Abr. Pleas, D.
6. Want of defence being only matter of form, the omission is aided by general demurrer. 3 Salk. 271. See further, 7 Vin. Abr. 497; 1 Chit. Pl. 410; Com. Dig. Abatement, I 16; Gould. on Pl. c. 2, s. 6-15; Steph. Pl. 430.
7. In another sense, defence signifies a justification; as, the defendant has made a successful defence to the charge laid in the indictment.
8. The Act of Congress of April 30, 1790, 1 Story, L. U. S. 89, acting upon the principles adopted in perhaps all the states, enacts, Sec. 28, that every person accused and indicted of the crime of treason, or other capital offence, shall "be allowed and admitted to make his full defence by counsel learned in the law; and the court before whom such person shall be tried, or some judge thereof, shall, and they are hereby authorized and requited, immediately upon his request, to assign to such person such counsel, not exceeding two, as such person shall desire, to whom such counsel shall have free access, at all seasonable hours; and every such person or persons, accused or indicted of the crimes aforesaid, shall be allowed and admitted in his said defence, to make any proof that he or they can produce, by lawful witness or witnesses, and shall have the like process of the court where he or they shall be tried, to compel his or their witnesses to appear at his or their trial, as is usually granted to compel witnesses to appear on the prosecution against them."
9. Defences in equity may be classed in two divisions, namely into dilatory defences, (q.v.) and into those which are peremptory. Matters of peremptory or permanent defences may be also divided into two sorts, first, those where the plaintiff never had any right to institute the suit; for example: 1. That the plaintiff had not a superior right to the defendant. 2. That the defendant has no interest. 3. That there is no privity between the plaintiff and defendant, or any right to sustain the suit. Secondly, those that insist that the original right, if any, is extinguished or determined; as, 1. When the right is determined by the act of the parties; or, 2. When it is determined by operation of law. 4 Bouv. Inst. n. 4199, et seq.; 1 Montag. Eq. Pl. 89. See Dilatory Defence; Merits. defence
Related to defence: defence mechanismSynonyms for defencenoun protectionSynonyms- protection
- cover
- security
- guard
- shelter
- refuge
- resistance
- safeguard
- immunity
noun armamentsSynonyms- armaments
- weapons
- deterrents
- the military
- the army
- the navy
- the air force
noun argumentSynonyms- argument
- explanation
- excuse
- plea
- apology
- justification
- vindication
- rationalization
- apologia
- exoneration
- exculpation
- extenuation
noun pleaSynonyms- plea
- case
- claim
- pleading
- declaration
- testimony
- denial
- alibi
- vindication
- rebuttal
noun shieldSynonyms- shield
- barricade
- fortification
- bastion
- buttress
- rampart
- bulwark
- fastness
Synonyms for defencenoun (psychiatry) an unconscious process that tries to reduce the anxiety associated with instinctive desiresSynonyms- defence mechanism
- defence reaction
- defense mechanism
- defense reaction
- defense
Related Words- unconscious process
- process
- psychiatry
- psychological medicine
- psychopathology
- compensation
- conversion
- denial
- displacement
- idealisation
- idealization
- intellectualisation
- intellectualization
- isolation
- projection
- psychoanalytic process
- rationalisation
- rationalization
- reaction formation
- regression
- repression
noun (sports) the team that is trying to prevent the other team from scoringSynonymsRelated WordsAntonymsnoun the defendant and his legal advisors collectivelySynonyms- defense lawyers
- defense team
- defense
Related Words- aggregation
- collection
- accumulation
- assemblage
noun an organization of defenders that provides resistance against attackSynonyms- defence force
- defense force
- defense
Related Words- organization
- organisation
- bastion
noun the speech act of answering an attack on your assertionsSynonymsRelated Words- answer
- confutation
- rebuttal
noun the justification for some act or beliefSynonymsRelated Words- justification
- apologia
- apology
- alibi
- exculpation
- excuse
- self-justification
noun a structure used to defend against attackSynonyms- defensive structure
- defense
Related Words- cheval-de-frise
- chevaux-de-frise
- fortification
- munition
- fortress
- fort
- line of defence
- line of defense
- outwork
- stronghold
- fastness
- structure
- construction
noun a defendant's answer or plea denying the truth of the charges against himSynonymsRelated Words- due process
- due process of law
- trial
- entrapment
- law
- jurisprudence
noun (military) military action or resources protecting a country against potential enemiesSynonymsRelated Words- umbrella
- military action
- action
- air defense
- stand
- hasty defence
- hasty defense
- deliberate defence
- deliberate defense
- biodefence
- biodefense
- biological defence
- biological defense
- chemical defence
- chemical defense
- minelaying
- mining
- biological warfare defence
- biological warfare defense
- BW defence
- BW defense
- armed forces
- armed services
- military
- military machine
- war machine
noun protection from harmSynonymsRelated Wordsnoun the act of defending someone or something against attack or injurySynonymsRelated Words |