Essenes

(ĕs`ēnz), members of a small Jewish religious order, originating in the 2d cent. B.C. The chief sources of information about the Essenes are Pliny the Elder, Philo's Quod omnius probus liber, Josephus' Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews, and (possibly) the Dead Sea ScrollsDead Sea Scrolls,
ancient leather and papyrus scrolls first discovered in 1947 in caves on the NW shore of the Dead Sea. Most of the documents were written or copied between the 1st cent. B.C. and the first half of the 1st cent. A.D.
..... Click the link for more information. . The sect consisted of adult males and celibacy was encouraged. The Essenes lived as a highly organized community that held possessions in common. Ceremonial purity entailed scrupulous cleanliness, the wearing of only white garments, and the most strict observance of the Sabbath. The Essenes believed in the immortality of the soul. Their practice, common among many Jewish groups, of purification through ritual immersion may have been a significant influence on the development of the rite of baptism in the early Christian church. They condemned slavery and prohibited trading because it led to covetousness and cheating; they avoided luxury, abhorred untruthfulness and forbade oaths, with the one exception of the oath a new member took after two years of probation. In this oath, the member pledged piety toward God, justice to men, honesty with fellow Essenes, preservation of the sect's secrets, and proper transmission of its teachings. The Essenes subsisted by pastoral and agricultural activities and handicrafts; they avoided the manufacture of weapons. There is evidence of Persian and Hellenistic influences in the sect's thought. The Essenes' belief in several Messiahs is thought by some to have been a major influence in the development of Christianity. The sect ceased to exist sometime in the 2d cent. A.D.

Bibliography

See D. Howlett, The Essenes and Christianity (1957); A. Dupont-Sommer, The Essene Writings from Qumran (tr. 1961, repr. 1967); M. A. Larson, The Essene Heritage (1967); G. Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls (1978); P. R. Davies, Behind the Essenes: History and Ideology in the Dead Sea Scrolls (1987).

Essenes

members of a social and religious movement in Judea during the late second and first centuries B.C. The Essenes were among the forerunners of Christianity. According to the classical authors Philo of Alexandria, Pliny the Elder, Josephus Flavius, and Hippolytus, they lived apart in communes, usually holding property in common and working and living collectively. Their teaching condemned war, slavery, and commerce, rejected blood sacrifices, and introduced a special series of ritual purifications. Some Essenes led celibate lives. The movement represented a passive protest by the masses of Judea against internal and external oppression. After the First Roman War (in Russian, the Judean War of 66–73) part of the sect joined with Judeo-Christian communities. A new source for the study of this group was provided in 1947 by the discovery of manuscripts from the Qumran Essene community in the Dead Sea area.

REFERENCES

Amusin, I. D. Rukopisi Mertvogo moria. Moscow, 1960.
Amusin, I.-D. Teksty Kumrana. Moscow, 1971.
Kosmala, N, Hebräer-Essener-Christen. Leiden, 1959.
Wagner, S. Die Essener in der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion. Berlin’ 1960.

I. D. AMUSIN

单词	essenes
释义	DictionarySeeEssene Essenes Essenes (ĕs`ēnz), members of a small Jewish religious order, originating in the 2d cent. B.C. The chief sources of information about the Essenes are Pliny the Elder, Philo's Quod omnius probus liber, Josephus' Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews, and (possibly) the Dead Sea ScrollsDead Sea Scrolls, ancient leather and papyrus scrolls first discovered in 1947 in caves on the NW shore of the Dead Sea. Most of the documents were written or copied between the 1st cent. B.C. and the first half of the 1st cent. A.D. ..... Click the link for more information. . The sect consisted of adult males and celibacy was encouraged. The Essenes lived as a highly organized community that held possessions in common. Ceremonial purity entailed scrupulous cleanliness, the wearing of only white garments, and the most strict observance of the Sabbath. The Essenes believed in the immortality of the soul. Their practice, common among many Jewish groups, of purification through ritual immersion may have been a significant influence on the development of the rite of baptism in the early Christian church. They condemned slavery and prohibited trading because it led to covetousness and cheating; they avoided luxury, abhorred untruthfulness and forbade oaths, with the one exception of the oath a new member took after two years of probation. In this oath, the member pledged piety toward God, justice to men, honesty with fellow Essenes, preservation of the sect's secrets, and proper transmission of its teachings. The Essenes subsisted by pastoral and agricultural activities and handicrafts; they avoided the manufacture of weapons. There is evidence of Persian and Hellenistic influences in the sect's thought. The Essenes' belief in several Messiahs is thought by some to have been a major influence in the development of Christianity. The sect ceased to exist sometime in the 2d cent. A.D. Bibliography See D. Howlett, The Essenes and Christianity (1957); A. Dupont-Sommer, The Essene Writings from Qumran (tr. 1961, repr. 1967); M. A. Larson, The Essene Heritage (1967); G. Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls (1978); P. R. Davies, Behind the Essenes: History and Ideology in the Dead Sea Scrolls (1987). Essenes members of a social and religious movement in Judea during the late second and first centuries B.C. The Essenes were among the forerunners of Christianity. According to the classical authors Philo of Alexandria, Pliny the Elder, Josephus Flavius, and Hippolytus, they lived apart in communes, usually holding property in common and working and living collectively. Their teaching condemned war, slavery, and commerce, rejected blood sacrifices, and introduced a special series of ritual purifications. Some Essenes led celibate lives. The movement represented a passive protest by the masses of Judea against internal and external oppression. After the First Roman War (in Russian, the Judean War of 66–73) part of the sect joined with Judeo-Christian communities. A new source for the study of this group was provided in 1947 by the discovery of manuscripts from the Qumran Essene community in the Dead Sea area. REFERENCES Amusin, I. D. Rukopisi Mertvogo moria. Moscow, 1960. Amusin, I.-D. Teksty Kumrana. Moscow, 1971. Kosmala, N, Hebräer-Essener-Christen. Leiden, 1959. Wagner, S. Die Essener in der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion. Berlin’ 1960. I. D. AMUSIN
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