释义 |
contribution
con·tri·bu·tion C0609300 (kŏn′trĭ-byo͞o′shən)n.1. The act of contributing.2. Something contributed.3. A payment exacted for a special purpose; an impost or a levy.4. An article or other work submitted for publication.contribution (ˌkɒntrɪˈbjuːʃən) n1. the act of contributing2. something contributed, such as money or ideas3. (Journalism & Publishing) an article, story, etc, contributed to a newspaper or other publication4. (Insurance) insurance a portion of the total liability incumbent on each of two or more companies for a risk with respect to which all of them have issued policies5. archaic a levy, esp towards the cost of a warcon•tri•bu•tion (ˌkɒn trəˈbyu ʃən) n. 1. the act of contributing. 2. something contributed. 3. an article, story, etc., furnished to a publication. 4. an impost or levy. 5. the method of distributing liability among several insurers whose policies attach to the same risk. [1350–1400; Middle English (< Anglo-French) < Late Latin] con`tri•bu′tion•al, adj. Contribution something given to a common stock or fund; a sum of money or item voluntarily contributed, 1582.ThesaurusNoun | 1. | contribution - the part played by a person in bringing about a result; "I am proud of my contribution in advancing the project"; "they all did their share of the work"share, partattempt, effort, try, endeavor, endeavour - earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something; "made an effort to cover all the reading material"; "wished him luck in his endeavor"; "she gave it a good try"end - the part you are expected to play; "he held up his end" | | 2. | contribution - a voluntary gift (as of money or service or ideas) made to some worthwhile causedonationgift - something acquired without compensationbenefaction - a contribution of money or assistanceoffering - money contributed to a religious organizationpolitical contribution, political donation - a contribution made to a politician or a political campaign or a political party | | 3. | contribution - act of giving in common with others for a common purpose especially to a charitydonationgiving, gift - the act of givingsubscription - a pledged contributionalms - money or goods contributed to the poor | | 4. | contribution - an amount of money contributed; "he expected his contribution to be repaid with interest"amount, amount of money, sum, sum of money - a quantity of money; "he borrowed a large sum"; "the amount he had in cash was insufficient" | | 5. | contribution - a writing for publication especially one of a collection of writings as an article or storypublishing, publication - the business of issuing printed matter for sale or distribution |
contributionnoun gift, offering, grant, donation, input, subscription, bestowal companies that make charitable contributions of a half million dollars or morecontributionnounSomething given to a charity or cause:alms, benefaction, beneficence, charity, donation, gift, handout, offering, subscription.Translationscontribute (kənˈtribjut) verb1. to give (money, help etc) along with others. Have you contributed (any money) to this charity?; I've been contributing (articles) to this paper for many years. 捐贈,投稿 捐赠,投稿 2. (with to) to help to cause to happen. His gambling contributed to his downfall. 導致 导致ˌcontriˈbution (kon-) noun1. the act of contributing. 貢獻 贡献2. something contributed, especially money. Would you like to make a contribution to this charity? 捐獻物 捐献物conˈtributor noun 捐助人,投(撰)稿人 捐助人,投稿者 EncyclopediaSeeparty wallMedicalSeeParty WallContribution
ContributionIn maritime law, where the property of one of several parties with interests in a vessel and cargo has been voluntarily sacrificed for the common safety of the vessel—as by casting goods overboard to lighten the vessel—such loss must be made up by the contribution of the others, which is labeled "general average." In Civil Law, a partition by which the creditors of an insolvent debtor divide among themselves the proceeds of the debtor's property in proportion to the amount of their respective credits. The right of a defendant who has paid an entire debt, or common liability, to recoup a proportionate share of the payment from another defendant who is equally responsible for the payment of that debt or liability. Certain principles apply when contribution is sought in contractual situations. Where the parties are severally (individually) liable for a specific portion of a debt, one person who pays in excess of his or her proportionate share has no legal right to contribution from the others for the excess. Where the parties are jointly liable (as a unit) for the payment of a debt, a party who pays in excess of his or her ratable share can seek contribution from the others for the amount of his or her overpayment. If the parties are jointly and severally liable for a debt, both as a unit and as individuals, any party who pays in excess of his or her proportionate share can seek contribution. To entitle a person to contribution, the payment of the debt or liability must arise from a legal obligation to pay. The payment of the entire debt or liability is unnecessary, but the payment must have exceeded the share of the person seeking contribution. A plaintiff who procures a judgment (a final court decision that resolves a controversy and determines the rights and obligations of the parties) against two or more joint tortfeasors (those who together commit a civil wrong) can collect that judgment from all, any one, or less than all of them. The English and early U.S. Common Law held that if one such defendant did in fact pay less than a proportionate share of the judgment, that defendant should reimburse the other defendant(s) who paid more, except in cases of intentional torts or acts of the defendant that did not justify the court's assistance. During the past century, however, the majority of jurisdictions in this country expanded this exception and denied all common-law contribution among joint tortfeasors regardless of the basis of liability, including cases of Negligence and Strict Liability. Statutes—some of which are patterned after the Uniform Contribution Among Tortfeasors Act—supersede the common law in more than half the states and provide for contribution in some form. Several jurisdictions continue to permit contribution by judicial decision, never having adhered to the majority rule disallowing it, although some states still generally deny contribution. Of those states allowing contribution, the majority allocate the damages among the defendants in proportion to their relative fault. In the remainder, which includes almost all those without a statute, the damages are divided equally. Certain defendants, such as an employer and his or her employee, are aggregated and assessed a single share. Contribution is still generally but not universally denied to willful tortfeasors. If the plaintiff has sued and obtained a judgment against fewer than all joint tortfeasors, some statutes prohibit contribution from one against whom there is no judgment. Other statutes permit contribution in this instance, subject to satisfactory proof of liability. It is generally held, unless there is a statute requiring otherwise, that a tortfeasor who settles prior to trial—and therefore against whom there is no judgment—can nevertheless obtain contribution from other joint tortfeasors, but must prove the liability to the plaintiff of the other tortfeasors, the amount of the damages, and the reasonableness of the prior settlement. In an action for contribution, the party seeking it must ordinarily establish that the tortfeasor from whom contribution is sought was subject to liability to the injured plaintiff, if no judgment has been obtained determining that liability. Certain defenses usually bar contribution, such as automobile Guest Statutes and the Immunity granted to employers under the Workers' Compensation acts, which only the defendant in the action for contribution could have asserted against the injured person. There is some authority to the contrary, however. Cross-references Joint and Several Liability. contributionn. 1) donation to a charity or political campaign. 2) the sharing of a loss by each of several persons who may have been jointly responsible for injury to a third party, who entered into a business which lost money, or who owe a debt jointly. Quite often this arises when one responsible party pays more than his share and then demands contribution from the others in proportion to their share of the obligation. Example: three partners own equal shares in a building from which a cornice falls and injures Bobby Hardhat. One partner pays the demand of $9,000 for Hardhat's injury; he is entitled to a contribution of $3,000 from each of his partners. CONTRIBUTION, civil law. A partition by which the creditors of an insolvent debtor divide, among themselves the proceeds of his property, proportionably to the amount of their respective credits. Civ. Code of Lo. art. 2522, n. 10. It is a division pro rata. Merl. Rep. h.t. CONTRIBUTION, contracts. When two or more persons jointly owe a debt, and one is compelled to pay the whole of it, the others are bound to indemnify him for the payment of their shares; this indemnity is called a contribution. 1 Bibb. R. 562; 4 John. Ch. R. 545; 4 Bouv. Inst. n. 3935-6. 2. The subject will be considered by taking a view, 1. Of right of the creditors where there are several debtors. 2. Of the right of the debtor who pays the whole debt. 3. Of the liabilities of the debtors who are liable to contribution. 4. Of the liability of land owned by several owners, when it is subject to a charge. 5. Of the liability of owners of goods in a vessel, when part is thrown overboard to save the rest. 3.-1. The creditor of several debtors, jointly bound to him, has a right to compel the payment by any he may choose; but he cannot sue them severally, unless they are severally bound. 4.-2. When one of several debtors pays a debt, the creditor is bound in conscience, if not by contract, to give to the party paying the debt all his remedies against the other debtors. 1 Cox, R. 318 S. C. 2 B. & P. 270 2 Swanst. R. 189, 192; 3 Bligh, 59 14 Ves. 160; 1 Ves. 31 12 Wheat. 596 1 Hill, Ch. R. 844, 351 1 Term. St. It. 512, 517; 1 Ala. R. 23, 28; 11 Ohio It. 444, 449 8 Misso. It. 169, 175. 5.- 3. A debtor liable to contribution is not responsible upon a contract, but is so in equity. But courts of common law, in modern times, have assumed a jurisdiction to compel contribution among sureties, in the absence of any positive contract, on the ground of an implied assumpsit, and each of the sureties may be sued for his respective quota or proportion. White's L. C. in Eq. 66. The remedy in equity is, however, much more effective. For example, a surety who pays an entire debt, can, in equity, compel the solvent sureties to contribute towards the payment of the entire debt. 1 Chan. R. 34 1 Chan. Cas. 246; Finch, R. 15, 203. But at law he can recover no more than an aliquot part of the whole, regard being had to the number of co-sureties. 2 B. & P. 268; 6 B. & C. 697. 6.-4. When land is charged with the payment of a legacy, or an estate with the portion of a posthumous child, every part is bound to make contribution. 3 Munf. R. 29; 1 John. Ch. R. 425 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 1301. 7.-5. Contribution takes place in another case; namely, when in order to save a ship or cargo, a part of the goods are cast overboard, the ship and cargo are liable to contribution in order to indemnify the owner of the goods lost, except his just proportion. No contribution can be claimed between joint wrong doers. Bac. Ab. Assumpsit A; Vide 3 Com. Dig. 143; 8 Com. Dig. 373; 5 Vin. Ab. 561; 2 Supp. to Ves. jr. 159, 343; 3 Ves. jr. 64; Wesk. Ins. 130; 10 S. & R. 75; 5 B. & Ad. 936; S. C. 3 N. & M. 258; Rast. Entr. 161; 2 Ventr. 348; 2 Vern. 592; 2 B. & P. 268; 3 B. & P 235; 5 East, 225; 1 J. P. Smith 411 5 Esp. 194; 3 Campb. 480; Gow, N. P. C. 13; 2 A. & E. 57; 4 N. & M. 64; 6 N. & M. 494. contribution
ContributionMoney placed in an individual retirement account (IRA), an employer-sponsored retirement plan, or other retirement plan for a particular tax year. Contributions may be deductible or nondeductible, depending on the type of account.ContributionMoney placed into an annuity or retirement account. Most of the time, contributions are small and are made on a regular basis, especially monthly. Occasionally, however, one may make a large, one-time contribution to purchase the annuity or retirement account. Contributions are combined and invested and, along with any earnings, are eventually repaid to the annuitant or account holder in monthly installments. Fig. 26 Contribution. Output and sales of chairs. contribution the difference between SALES REVENUE and VARIABLE COSTS. If total contributions are just large enough to cover FIXED COSTS then the producer BREAKS EVEN; if contributions are less than fixed costs the producer makes a LOSS; while if contributions exceed fixed costs then the producer makes a PROFIT. Fig. 26 shows how contributions provide a fund out of which total fixed costs must be paid before any profit is made. See MARGINAL COSTING.contribution the difference between a product's SALES REVENUE and its VARIABLE COSTS. If total contributions are just large enough to cover FIXED COSTS then the producer BREAKS EVEN; if contributions are less than fixed costs, the producer makes a LOSS; while if contributions exceed fixed costs then the producer makes a PROFIT. See LOSS MINIMIZATION, MARGINAL COST PRICING.contribution(1) An appraisal principle that says the value of an improvement is the amount it adds to the value of the property as a whole,not the value of the improvement standing alone in a void. A backyard workshop in a prestigious neighborhood might not add any value at all and could be considered an eyesore detracting from value, but might be worth $10,000 in a different neighborhood.(2) A legal principle holding that if a judgment is collected against one who was held guilty of negligence,assault,defamation,fraud,or some other tort,then that person may obtain a contribution from others against whom the same judgment was rendered, for their proportionate share of the judgment.Likewise,persons jointly liable for a debt,such as partners or cotenants,are responsible to pay their share to the other if one pays the entire amount. contribution
Synonyms for contributionnoun giftSynonyms- gift
- offering
- grant
- donation
- input
- subscription
- bestowal
Synonyms for contributionnoun something given to a charity or causeSynonyms- alms
- benefaction
- beneficence
- charity
- donation
- gift
- handout
- offering
- subscription
Synonyms for contributionnoun the part played by a person in bringing about a resultSynonymsRelated Words- attempt
- effort
- try
- endeavor
- endeavour
- end
noun a voluntary gift (as of money or service or ideas) made to some worthwhile causeSynonymsRelated Words- gift
- benefaction
- offering
- political contribution
- political donation
noun act of giving in common with others for a common purpose especially to a charitySynonymsRelated Words- giving
- gift
- subscription
- alms
noun an amount of money contributedRelated Words- amount
- amount of money
- sum
- sum of money
noun a writing for publication especially one of a collection of writings as an article or storyRelated Words |