| 释义 |
custom
customa practice followed as a matter of course among a people; a habitual practice of an individual: It is her custom to take a walk every night before dinner.
Not to be confused with:costume – a style of clothing typical of a particular time, country, or people; a set of clothes appropriate for a particular occasion: a Halloween costumecus·tom C0824100 (kŭs′təm) n. 1. a. A traditional practice or usual way of doing something followed by a social group or people. b. The tradition or body of such practices: The respect that is by custom accorded to the king. 2. a. A habitual practice of a person: my custom of reading a little before sleep. See Synonyms at habit.b. Habitual manner or practice: I am not by custom a coffee drinker. 3. Law A common tradition or usage so long established that it has the force or validity of law. 4. Habitual patronage, as of a store: tried to obtain the custom of the wealthiest shoppers. 5. customs a. Duties or taxes imposed on imported and, less commonly, exported goods. b. (used with a sing. verb) The governmental agency authorized to collect these duties. c. (used with a sing. verb) The place where goods and baggage entering a country are inspected by this agency: go through customs. 6. Tribute, service, or rent paid by a feudal tenant to a lord. adj. 1. Made to order: custom suits. 2. Specializing in the making or selling of made-to-order goods: a custom tailor.
[Middle English custume, from Old French costume, from Vulgar Latin *cōnstūm(i)n-, alteration of Latin cōnsuētūdin-, oblique stem of cōnsuētūdō, custom, from cōnsuētus, past participle of cōnsuēscere, to accustom : com-, intensive prefix; see com- + suēscere, to become accustomed; see s(w)e- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.] custom (ˈkʌstəm) n1. a usual or habitual practice; typical mode of behaviour2. (Sociology) the long-established habits or traditions of a society collectively; convention: custom dictates good manners. 3. (Law) a. a practice which by long-established usage has come to have the force of lawb. such practices collectively (esp in the phrase custom and practice)4. (Commerce) habitual patronage, esp of a shop or business5. (Commerce) the customers of a shop or business collectively6. (Historical Terms) (in feudal Europe) a tribute paid by a vassal to his lordadj7. made to the specifications of an individual customer (often in the combinations custom-built, custom-made)8. specializing in goods so made[C12: from Old French costume, from Latin consuētūdō, from consuēscere to grow accustomed to, from suēscere to be used to]cus•tom (ˈkʌs təm)
n. 1. a habitual practice; the usual way of acting in given circumstances. 2. habits or usages collectively; convention. 3. a practice so long established that it has the force of law. 4. such practices collectively. 5. customs, a. (used with a sing. or pl. v.) duties imposed by law on imported or, sometimes, exported goods. b. (used with a sing. v.) the government department that collects these duties. c. (used with a sing. v.) the section of an airport, station, etc., where baggage is checked for contraband and for goods subject to duty. 6. regular patronage of a shop, restaurant, etc. 7. customers or patrons collectively. 8. a customary tax, tribute, or service due by feudal tenants to their lord. adj. 9. made specially for individual customers: custom shoes. 10. dealing in things so made, or doing work to order: a custom tailor. [1150–1200; Middle English custume < Anglo-French; Old French costume < Vulgar Latin *consuētūminem, for Latin consuētūdinem, acc. of consuētūdō habit] syn: custom, habit, practice mean an established way of doing things. custom, applied to a community or to an individual, implies a more or less permanent way of acting reinforced by tradition and social attitudes: the custom of giving gifts at Christmas. habit, applied particularly to an individual, implies such repetition of the same action as to develop a natural, spontaneous, or rooted tendency or inclination to perform it: He has an annoying habit of interrupting the speaker. practice applies to a regularly followed procedure or pattern in conducting activities: It is his practice to verify all statements. habit custom1. 'habit'A habit is something that a person does often or regularly. He had a nervous habit of biting his nails.Try to get out of the habit of adding unnecessary salt in cooking.2. 'custom'A custom is something that people in a society do at a particular time of year or in a particular situation. It is the custom to take chocolates or fruit when visiting a patient in hospital.My wife likes all the old English customs.Thesaurus| Noun | 1. |  custom - accepted or habitual practice usage, usancepractice, pattern - a customary way of operation or behavior; "it is their practice to give annual raises"; "they changed their dietary pattern"Americanism - a custom that is peculiar to the United States or its citizensAnglicism, Britishism - a custom that is peculiar to England or its citizensconsuetude - a custom or usage that has acquired the force of lawcouvade - a custom among some peoples whereby the husband of a pregnant wife is put to bed at the time of bearing the childGermanism - a custom that is peculiar to Germany or its citizenshabit, use - (psychology) an automatic pattern of behavior in reaction to a specific situation; may be inherited or acquired through frequent repetition; "owls have nocturnal habits"; "she had a habit twirling the ends of her hair"; "long use had hardened him to it"hijab - the custom in some Islamic societies of women dressing modestly outside the home; "she observes the hijab and does not wear tight clothing"survival - something that survivesritual, rite - any customary observance or practice | | 2. |  custom - a specific practice of long standingtraditionpractice - knowledge of how something is usually done; "it is not the local practice to wear shorts to dinner"habit, wont - an established custom; "it was their habit to dine at 7 every evening"Hadith - (Islam) a tradition based on reports of the sayings and activities of Muhammad and his companionsinstitution - a custom that for a long time has been an important feature of some group or society; "the institution of marriage"; "the institution of slavery"; "he had become an institution in the theater" | | 3. | custom - money collected under a tariffcustoms, customs duty, imposttariff, duty - a government tax on imports or exports; "they signed a treaty to lower duties on trade between their countries"ship money - an impost levied in England to provide money for ships for national defense | | 4. | custom - habitual patronage; "I have given this tailor my custom for many years"trade, patronage - the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers; "even before noon there was a considerable patronage" | | Adj. | 1. | custom - made according to the specifications of an individualcustom-made |
customnoun1. tradition, practice, convention, ritual, form, policy, rule, style, fashion, usage, formality, etiquette, observance, praxis, unwritten law The custom of lighting the Olympic flame goes back centuries.2. habit, way, practice, manner, procedure, routine, mode, wont It was his custom to approach every problem cautiously.3. customers, business, trade, patronage Providing discounts is not the only way to win custom.Quotations
"Custom reconciles us to everything" [Edmund Burke The Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful]
"a custom"
"More honoured in the breach than the observance" [William Shakespeare Hamlet]customnoun1. A habitual way of behaving:consuetude, habit, habitude, manner, practice, praxis, usage, usance, use, way, wont.2. The commercial transactions of customers with a supplier:business, patronage, trade, traffic.adjectiveMade according to the specifications of the buyer:custom-built, customized, custom-made, made-to-order, tailor-made.Translationscustom (ˈkastəm) noun1. what a person etc is in the habit of doing or does regularly. It's my custom to go for a walk on Saturday mornings; religious customs. 習慣 习惯2. the regular buying of goods at the same shop etc; trade or business. The new supermarkets take away custom from the small shops. 經常性惠顧 经常性的光顾ˈcustomary adjective habitual; usually done etc. It is customary to eat turkey for Christmas dinner. 習慣的 习惯的ˈcustomarily adverb 習慣性地 习惯性地ˈcustomer noun1. a person who buys from a shop etc. our regular customers. 顧客 顾客2. used jokingly for a person. a strange customer. 傢伙 家伙ˈcustoms noun plural1. (the government department that collects) taxes paid on goods coming into a country. Did you have to pay customs on those watches?; He works for the customs; (also adjective) customs duty. 關稅 关税2. the place at a port etc where these taxes are collected. I was searched when I came through customs at the airport. 海關 海关custom
old Spanish customsUnorthodox, unregulated, or unauthorized practices that are nevertheless widely accepted and long-standing. Because this department existed long before all the new regulations came into effect, there are quite a few old Spanish customs held onto by the more tenured staff that, while not in the service of efficiency, aren't likely to disappear anytime soon.See also: custom, old, Spanishso many countries, so many customsThere are around 200 countries in the world, and each of them has a unique set of social rules about what constitutes appropriate behavior. Just be aware that what you've been taught to consider rude might not be the same elsewhere. In China, for example, it's considered very rude to stick your chopstick upright into a bowl of rice, but spitting in public is considered perfectly acceptable. So many countries, so many customs.See also: custom, manyso many countries, so many customs.Prov. People in different countries have different ways of behaving. In the last place I visited, it was considered rude to put your hands on the table at dinner, but here, it's rude to keep them under the table. so many countries, so many customs.See also: custom, manyold Spanish customs (or Spanish practices) long-standing though unauthorized or irregular work practices. This expression has been in use in printing circles since the 1960s; it is often used humorously to refer to practices in the British newspaper printing houses in Fleet Street, London, formerly notorious for their inefficiency. The reason for describing such practices as ‘Spanish’ is not known. 1998 Spectator [Outsourcing] can do much for flexibility and more for costs and it is a proven cure for quaint old Spanish customs. See also: custom, old, Spanishcustom
custom, habitual group pattern of behavior that is transmitted from one generation to another and is not biologically determined. Since societies are perpetually changing, no matter how slowly, all customs are basically impermanent. If short-lived, they are more properly called fashions. Customs form the core of human cultureculture,
in anthropology, the integrated system of socially acquired values, beliefs, and rules of conduct which delimit the range of accepted behaviors in any given society. Cultural differences distinguish societies from one another.
..... Click the link for more information. and are stronger and more persistent in preindustrial societies than in industrial ones, in rural than in urban areas. When formalized in the social or religious sphere it leads to ethicsethics,
in philosophy, the study and evaluation of human conduct in the light of moral principles. Moral principles may be viewed either as the standard of conduct that individuals have constructed for themselves or as the body of obligations and duties that a particular society
..... Click the link for more information. , and when enforced in the sphere of rights and duties, custom leads to lawlaw,
rules of conduct of any organized society, however simple or small, that are enforced by threat of punishment if they are violated. Modern law has a wide sweep and regulates many branches of conduct.
..... Click the link for more information. . See folkwaysfolkways,
term coined by William Graham Sumner in his treatise Folkways (1906) to denote those group habits that are common to a society or culture and are usually called customs.
..... Click the link for more information. ; moresmores
, concept developed by William Graham Sumner to designate those folkways that if violated, result in extreme punishment. The term comes from the Latin mos (customs), and although mores are fewer in number than folkways, they are more coercive.
..... Click the link for more information. .custom any established pattern(s) of behaviour within a community or society. As in everyday usage, the term refers to regularized social practices, or accepted rules of behaviour, which are informally regulated, and which mark off one cultural group from another. At another level, customary forms of action may be distinguished from ‘rational’forms of action (see TYPES OF SOCIAL ACTION), e.g. as with TRADITIONAL ACTION, in which there is little consideration of alternative courses of action.Custom an inherited pattern of behavior that recurs in a given society or social group and is habitual for the members of that society or group. The term “custom” is frequently identified with the terms “tradition” and “ritual.” Traditions, however, embrace a much larger range of phenomena, intrinsic to all spheres of social behavior and all cultures, while custom is limited to a particular society or area of social behavior. Ritual is only a variety of custom, symbolizing particular social relations, while custom may also be a means of practical utilization and transformation of various objects. Custom served as the principal regulator of relations among people in precapitalist societies. This fact was related to the settled and immobile nature of social life and the weak development of intercultural relations. Custom serves as a means of acquainting individuals with a particular social and cultural experience, transmitting that experience from generation to generation, regulating the behavior of individuals, maintaining intragroup solidarity, and sanctifying various objects and social relationships. Both real and imaginary objects (gods and so forth) may be sanctified. Production skills, religious rituals, and civil holidays can all function as customs. With the development of the state and of law, a whole body of customs was sanctioned by the ruling class and included in a system of legal norms (customary law); as a result, the observance of custom was ensured by the state. The power of custom was on the whole undermined with the development of capitalism, the expansion of relations between different cultures, and the secularization of public life. The dynamism of contemporary life, the development of industry and the means of mass communication, and urbanization all intensify this process, bringing social institutions to the fore as regulators of social activity. Custom is preserved in its purest form in everyday life, in mores, and in civic rituals. The role of customs is determined chiefly by the system of social relations of which the customs are a part; in this connection, customs are divided into the progressive and the reactionary, or obsolete. In the USSR and other socialist countries, a struggle is waged against obsolete customs. New civic rituals and customs are established, which contribute to the development of socialist social relations. REFERENCESEngels, F. “Proiskhozhdenie sem’i, chastnoi sobstvennosti i gosudarstva.” Marx, K. and F. Engels. Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 21.
Tarde, G. Zakony podrazhaniia. St. Petersburg, 1892. (Translated from French.)
Gofman, A. B., and V. P. Levkovich. “Obychai kak forma sotsial’noi reguliatsii.” Sovetskaia etnografiia, 1973, no. 1.
Sumner, W. Folkways. London, 1958.A. B. GOFMAN custom1. a. a practice which by long-established usage has come to have the force of law b. such practices collectively (esp in the phrase custom and practice) 2. habitual patronage, esp of a shop or business 3. the customers of a shop or business collectively 4. (in feudal Europe) a tribute paid by a vassal to his lord custom
customA generally accepted practice or behavior by a particular group of people or a social group.custom
Related to custom: Custom duty, Custom stickerscustom or usage a residual source of law.CUSTOM. A usage which had acquired the force of law. It is, in fact, a lex loci, which regulates all local or real property within its limits. A repugnancy which destroys it, must be such as to show it never did exist. 5 T. R. 414. In Pennsylvania no customs have the force of law but those which prevail throughout the state. 6 Binn. 419, 20.
2. A custom derives its force from the tacit consent of the legislature and the people, and supposes an original, actual deed or agreement. 2 Bl. Com. 30, 31; 1 Chit. Pr. 283. Therefore, custom is the best interpreter of laws: optima est legum interpres consuetudo. Dig. 1, 8, 37; 2 Inst. 18. It follows, therefore, there; can be no custom in relation to a matter regulated by law. 8 M. R. 309. Law cannot be established or abrogated except by the sovereign will, but this will may be express or implied and presumed and whether it manifests itself by word or by a series of facts, is of little importance. When a custom is public, peaceable, uniform, general, continued, reasonable and certain, and has lasted "time whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary," it acquires the force of law. And when any doubts arise as to the meaning of a statute, the custom which has prevailed on the subject ought to have weight in its construction, for the manner in which a law has always been executed is one of its modes of interpretation. 4 Penn. St. Rep. 13.
3. Customs are general or, particular customs. 1. By general customs is meant the common law itself, by which proceedings and determinations in courts are guided.
2. Particular customs, are those which affect the inhabitants of some particular districts only. 1 Bl. Com. 68, 74. Vide 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 121 Bac. Ab. h.t.; 1 Bl. Com. 76; 2 Bl. Com. 31; 1 Lill. Reg. 516; 7 Vin. Ab. 164; Com. Dig. h.t.; Nelson's Ab. h.t. the various Amer. Digs. h.t. Ayl. Pand. 15, 16; Ayl. Pareg. 194; Doct. Pl. 201; 3 W. C. C. R. 150; 1 Gilp. 486; Pet. C. C. R. 220; I Edw. Ch. R. 146; 1 Gall. R. 443; 3 Watts, R. 178; 1 Rep. Const. Ct. 303, 308; 1 Caines, R. 45; 15 Mass. R. 433; 1 Hill, R. 270; Wright, R. 573; 1 N. & M. 176; 5 Binn. R. 287; 5 Ham. R. 436; 3 Conn. R. 9; 2 Pet. R. 148; 6 Pet. R. 715; 6 Porter R. 123; 2 N. H. Rep. 93; 1 Hall, R. 612; 1 Harr. & Gill, 239; 1 N. S. 192; 4 L. R. 160; 7 L. R. 529; Id. 215. FinancialSeeCustomsCUSTOM
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| CUSTOM➣Center for Uncertain Systems: Tools for Optimization and Management (University of Illinois; Chicago, IL) |
custom
Related to custom: Custom duty, Custom stickersSynonyms for customnoun traditionSynonyms- tradition
- practice
- convention
- ritual
- form
- policy
- rule
- style
- fashion
- usage
- formality
- etiquette
- observance
- praxis
- unwritten law
noun habitSynonyms- habit
- way
- practice
- manner
- procedure
- routine
- mode
- wont
noun customersSynonyms- customers
- business
- trade
- patronage
Synonyms for customnoun a habitual way of behavingSynonyms- consuetude
- habit
- habitude
- manner
- practice
- praxis
- usage
- usance
- use
- way
- wont
noun the commercial transactions of customers with a supplierSynonyms- business
- patronage
- trade
- traffic
adj made according to the specifications of the buyerSynonyms- custom-built
- customized
- custom-made
- made-to-order
- tailor-made
Synonyms for customnoun accepted or habitual practiceSynonymsRelated Words- practice
- pattern
- Americanism
- Anglicism
- Britishism
- consuetude
- couvade
- Germanism
- habit
- use
- hijab
- survival
- ritual
- rite
noun a specific practice of long standingSynonymsRelated Words- practice
- habit
- wont
- Hadith
- institution
noun money collected under a tariffSynonyms- customs
- customs duty
- impost
Related Wordsnoun habitual patronageRelated Wordsadj made according to the specifications of an individualSynonyms |