Characterology

(1) In psychology, the study of character. The term was introduced by the German philosopher J. Bahnsen in his Essays on Characterology (1867). It was chiefly in Germany, during the first half of the 20th century, that the emphasis on characterology as a special branch of psychological research was especially marked; German psychology was then largely influenced by such theories as the philosophy of life and phenomenology, and the term “character” was frequently used as a synonym for “personality.”

The first systematic analysis of the various aspects of character was presented by L. Klages in Principles of Characterology (1910), which was based on the author’s theory of expression. The German psychiatrist E. Kretschmer, in his “constitutional typology” (1921), worked out a static approach wherein character, or temperament, was viewed as an unchanging structure of basic traits corresponding to body makeup. According to Kretschmer, both the mental and the somatic constitution are ultimately determined by innate and, in particular, by endocrine factors. The morphological conception of character of the American psychologist W. Sheldon is close to Kretschmer’s. C. G. Jung (1921) made the distinction between the extroverted and introverted types of character, or personality—the former being primarily oriented toward the outer world, and the latter toward the world of inner experiences and thoughts.

The psychoanalytic approach—as exemplified by A. Adler’s individual psychology—examines character from the point of view of its dynamics as well as its genetic factors, attributing the decisive role in character formation to the events of early childhood. The psychoanalytic school of thought interprets the development of certain character traits as the individual’s peculiar means of resolving some conflict situation; W. Reich, for example, propounded the concept of “character armor” as a self-sustaining system of defensive reactions. Psychoanalysis and the various currents of depth psychology that derive from it emphasize the unconscious and irrational sources of character.

According to the German scholar R. Heiss (1936), man’s character and personality are determined by the basic conflict between divergent human drives and capacities. A major contribution to the subsequent development of German characterology was P. Lersch’s The Structure of Character (1938; reissued in 1951 as The Structure of Personality). Proceeding from the theories of Freud and Klages, Lersch attempted to develop a theory of character “layers,” with an “endothymic” base (including moods, feelings, affects, and drives) and a personality “superstructure.”

In the Anglo-Saxon psychological literature, the study of character was set from the very beginning within the framework of “personality study.” Since World War II, the term “character” has been replaced by “personality” in German psychology as well.

Soviet psychology, proceeding from the Marxist concept of man as the sum of social relationships, emphasizes the sociohistorical factors in the formation of character; character is regarded as a complex unity of that which is individual and that which is typological, resulting from the interaction of hereditary factors and of qualities developed in the process of upbringing.

REFERENCES

Psikhoanaliz i uchenie o kharakterakh. Moscow-Petrograd, 1923.
Lazurskii, A. F. Klassifikalsiia lichnostei, 3rd ed. Leningrad, 1924.
Vygotskii, L. S. “K voprosu o dinamike detskogo kharaktera.” In the collection Pedologiia i vospitanie. Moscow, 1928.
Jung, C. G. Psikhologicheskie tipy. Zurich, 1929.
Kretschmer, E. Stroenie tela i kharakter, 2nd ed. Moscow-Leningrad, 1930.
Teplov, B. M. Problemy individual’nykh razlichii. Moscow, 1961.
Meili, R. “Struktura lichnosti.” In P. Fraisse and J. Piaget, eds. and comps., Eksperimental’naia psikhologiia, issue 5. Moscow, 1975. (Translated from French.)
Leont’ev, A. N. Deiatel’nost’, soznanie, lichnost’. Moscow, 1975.
Jahrbuch der Charakterologie, vols. 1–6. Edited by E. Utitz. Berlin, 1924–29.
LeSenne, R. Traité de caractérologie. Paris, 1945.
Heiss, R. Die Lehre vom Charakter, 2nd ed. Berlin, 1949.
Klages, L. Die Grundlagen der Charakterkunde, 13th ed. Bonn, 1966.
Lersch, P. Aufbau der Person, 10th ed. Munich, 1966.
Wellek, A. Die Polartät im Aufbau des Charakters, 3rd ed. Bern-Munich, 1966.
Arnold, W. Person, Charakter, Persönlichkeit, 3rd ed. Göttingen, 1969.IU. N. POPOV and A. A. PUZYREI(2) In linguistics, a school of linguistic typology that arose in the Linguistic Circle of Prague, headed by V. Skalička.
Linguistic characterology proceeds from the theory that, of all the potential structural-typological features, or characteristics, of a given language, essentially only those that may be regarded as mutually conditioned or mutually compatible are actually realized in each language. In addition, the combination of certain structural features in a given language may be neutral. The sum of all the mutually conditioned characteristics, constituting the general type or character of a language, predetermines the relative stability of its structure. Thus an isolating type of language commonly combines such features as marked opposition between root and auxiliary (word-changing and word-forming) elements, brevity of words, a limited number of categories of parts of speech, weakly expressed agreement, fewness of compound words, and firmly fixed word order.

REFERENCES

Skalička, V. “O sovremennom sostoianii tipologii.” In the collection Novoe v lingvistike, issue 3. Moscow, 1963. (Translated from Czech.)
Skalička, V. “Tipologiia i tozhdestvennost’ iazykov.” In the collection lssledovaniia po strukturnoi tipologii. Moscow, 1963.
Skalička, V. “K voprosu o tipologii.” Voprosy iazykoznaniia, 1966, no. 4.
Skalčka, V. Vývoj jazyka. Prague, 1960.

M. A. ZHURINSKAIA

单词	characterology
释义	characterology characterology (ˌkærɪktərˈɒlədʒɪ) nthe academic study of character characterology the study of character, especially its development and its variations. — characterologist, n. — characterologic, characterological, adj.See also: Behavior Characterology Characterology (1) In psychology, the study of character. The term was introduced by the German philosopher J. Bahnsen in his Essays on Characterology (1867). It was chiefly in Germany, during the first half of the 20th century, that the emphasis on characterology as a special branch of psychological research was especially marked; German psychology was then largely influenced by such theories as the philosophy of life and phenomenology, and the term “character” was frequently used as a synonym for “personality.” The first systematic analysis of the various aspects of character was presented by L. Klages in Principles of Characterology (1910), which was based on the author’s theory of expression. The German psychiatrist E. Kretschmer, in his “constitutional typology” (1921), worked out a static approach wherein character, or temperament, was viewed as an unchanging structure of basic traits corresponding to body makeup. According to Kretschmer, both the mental and the somatic constitution are ultimately determined by innate and, in particular, by endocrine factors. The morphological conception of character of the American psychologist W. Sheldon is close to Kretschmer’s. C. G. Jung (1921) made the distinction between the extroverted and introverted types of character, or personality—the former being primarily oriented toward the outer world, and the latter toward the world of inner experiences and thoughts. The psychoanalytic approach—as exemplified by A. Adler’s individual psychology—examines character from the point of view of its dynamics as well as its genetic factors, attributing the decisive role in character formation to the events of early childhood. The psychoanalytic school of thought interprets the development of certain character traits as the individual’s peculiar means of resolving some conflict situation; W. Reich, for example, propounded the concept of “character armor” as a self-sustaining system of defensive reactions. Psychoanalysis and the various currents of depth psychology that derive from it emphasize the unconscious and irrational sources of character. According to the German scholar R. Heiss (1936), man’s character and personality are determined by the basic conflict between divergent human drives and capacities. A major contribution to the subsequent development of German characterology was P. Lersch’s The Structure of Character (1938; reissued in 1951 as The Structure of Personality). Proceeding from the theories of Freud and Klages, Lersch attempted to develop a theory of character “layers,” with an “endothymic” base (including moods, feelings, affects, and drives) and a personality “superstructure.” In the Anglo-Saxon psychological literature, the study of character was set from the very beginning within the framework of “personality study.” Since World War II, the term “character” has been replaced by “personality” in German psychology as well. Soviet psychology, proceeding from the Marxist concept of man as the sum of social relationships, emphasizes the sociohistorical factors in the formation of character; character is regarded as a complex unity of that which is individual and that which is typological, resulting from the interaction of hereditary factors and of qualities developed in the process of upbringing. REFERENCES Psikhoanaliz i uchenie o kharakterakh. Moscow-Petrograd, 1923. Lazurskii, A. F. Klassifikalsiia lichnostei, 3rd ed. Leningrad, 1924. Vygotskii, L. S. “K voprosu o dinamike detskogo kharaktera.” In the collection Pedologiia i vospitanie. Moscow, 1928. Jung, C. G. Psikhologicheskie tipy. Zurich, 1929. Kretschmer, E. Stroenie tela i kharakter, 2nd ed. Moscow-Leningrad, 1930. Teplov, B. M. Problemy individual’nykh razlichii. Moscow, 1961. Meili, R. “Struktura lichnosti.” In P. Fraisse and J. Piaget, eds. and comps., Eksperimental’naia psikhologiia, issue 5. Moscow, 1975. (Translated from French.) Leont’ev, A. N. Deiatel’nost’, soznanie, lichnost’. Moscow, 1975. Jahrbuch der Charakterologie, vols. 1–6. Edited by E. Utitz. Berlin, 1924–29. LeSenne, R. Traité de caractérologie. Paris, 1945. Heiss, R. Die Lehre vom Charakter, 2nd ed. Berlin, 1949. Klages, L. Die Grundlagen der Charakterkunde, 13th ed. Bonn, 1966. Lersch, P. Aufbau der Person, 10th ed. Munich, 1966. Wellek, A. Die Polartät im Aufbau des Charakters, 3rd ed. Bern-Munich, 1966. Arnold, W. Person, Charakter, Persönlichkeit, 3rd ed. Göttingen, 1969.IU. N. POPOV and A. A. PUZYREI(2) In linguistics, a school of linguistic typology that arose in the Linguistic Circle of Prague, headed by V. Skalička. Linguistic characterology proceeds from the theory that, of all the potential structural-typological features, or characteristics, of a given language, essentially only those that may be regarded as mutually conditioned or mutually compatible are actually realized in each language. In addition, the combination of certain structural features in a given language may be neutral. The sum of all the mutually conditioned characteristics, constituting the general type or character of a language, predetermines the relative stability of its structure. Thus an isolating type of language commonly combines such features as marked opposition between root and auxiliary (word-changing and word-forming) elements, brevity of words, a limited number of categories of parts of speech, weakly expressed agreement, fewness of compound words, and firmly fixed word order. REFERENCES Skalička, V. “O sovremennom sostoianii tipologii.” In the collection Novoe v lingvistike, issue 3. Moscow, 1963. (Translated from Czech.) Skalička, V. “Tipologiia i tozhdestvennost’ iazykov.” In the collection lssledovaniia po strukturnoi tipologii. Moscow, 1963. Skalička, V. “K voprosu o tipologii.” Voprosy iazykoznaniia, 1966, no. 4. Skalčka, V. Vývoj jazyka. Prague, 1960. M. A. ZHURINSKAIA MedicalSeeLombroso, Cesare
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