| 单词 | charles i | |||||||||
| 释义 | Charles ICharles I 11600-1649.Charles I 21887-1922.Charles I 3Charles I
Charles ICharles I,emperor of the West and Frankish king: see CharlemagneCharlemagne(Charles the Great or Charles I) [O.Fr.,=Charles the great], 742?–814, emperor of the West (800–814), Carolingian king of the Franks (768–814). ..... Click the link for more information. . Charles I,1600–1649, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625–49), second son of James I and Anne of Denmark.Early LifeHe became heir to the throne on the death of his older brother Henry in 1612 and was made prince of Wales in 1616. The negotiations for his marriage to the Spanish infanta were unpopular in England, and Charles himself turned against Spain after his unhappy visit to Madrid (1623) in the company of George Villiers, 1st duke of BuckinghamBuckingham, George Villiers, 1st duke of ReignEarly Struggle with ParliamentA shy and dignified figure, he was popular at the time of his coronation, but he immediately offended his Protestant subjects by his marriage to the Catholic Henrietta MariaHenrietta Maria Parliament had a substantial role in the making of money grants to the king and adopted the tactic of withholding grants until its grievances were redressed. The Parliament of 1625 refused money, demanded ministers it could trust, and was soon dissolved by Charles. That of 1626 was dissolved when it started impeachment proceedings against Buckingham. Charles, to meet his needs for money, resorted to quartering troops upon the people and to a forced loan, which he attempted to collect by prosecutions and imprisonments. Forced to call Parliament again in 1628, he was compelled to agree to the Petition of RightPetition of Right, The Years of No ParliamentCharles governed without Parliament for 11 years after 1629, which were marked by popular opposition to strict enforcement of the practices of the Established Church by Archbishop William LaudLaud, William, Renewed Struggles with ParliamentConditions in England reached a crisis when Charles attempted (1637) to force episcopacy upon the Scots, an attempt that was violently opposed by the Scottish CovenantersCovenanters Another attempt to carry on the war without Parliament failed, and the famous Long Parliament was summoned in November. Under the leadership of John PymPym, John Charles professed to accept the revolutionary legislation, though he was known to hold strong views on the divine right of monarchy. Parliament's trust in the king was further undermined when his queen was implicated in the army plot to coerce Parliament, and Charles was suspected of complicity in the Irish rebellion (1641) and its resulting atrocities, especially in Ulster. In 1641, Parliament presented its Grand Remonstrance, calling for religious and administrative reforms and reciting in full its grievances against the king. Charles repudiated the charges, and his unsuccessful attempt to seize five opposition leaders of Commons in violation of traditional privilege was the fatal blunder that precipitated war. Civil War and ExecutionThere were no decisive victories in the civil war until Charles was defeated at Marston Moor (1644) and Naseby (1645). In 1646 he gave himself up to the Scottish army, which delivered him to Parliament. He was ultimately taken over by the English army leaders, who were now highly suspicious of Parliament. He escaped (Nov., 1647) to Carisbrooke, on the Isle of Wight, where he concluded an alliance with the discontented Scots, which led to the second civil war (1648) and another royalist defeat. Parliament, now reduced in number by Pride's Purge (see under Pride, ThomasPride, Thomas, BibliographySee biography by C. Hibbert (1968); C. Hill, The Century of Revolution, 1603–1714 (1961); C. V. Wedgwood, The Great Rebellion: The King's Peace, 1637–1641 (1955), The King's War 1641–1647 (1958), and A Coffin for King Charles (1964); M. Ashley, Charles I and Cromwell (1988); L. J. Reeve, Charles I and the Road to Personal Rule (1989). Charles I,Frankish king: see CharlemagneCharlemagne(Charles the Great or Charles I) [O.Fr.,=Charles the great], 742?–814, emperor of the West (800–814), Carolingian king of the Franks (768–814). ..... Click the link for more information. . Charles I,1288–1342, king of Hungary (1308–42), founder of the AngevinAngevin[Fr.,=of Anjou], name of two medieval dynasties originating in France. The first ruled over parts of France and over Jerusalem and England; the second ruled over parts of France and over Naples, Hungary, and Poland, with a claim to Jerusalem. ..... Click the link for more information. dynasty in Hungary; grandson of Charles IICharles II (Charles the Lame), 1248–1309, king of Naples (1285–1309), count of Anjou and Provence, son and successor of Charles I. In the war of the Sicilian Vespers between Charles I and Peter III of Aragón for possession of Sicily, Charles was captured ..... Click the link for more information. of Naples, who had married a daughter of Stephen VStephen V, 1239–72, king of Hungary (1270–72), son and successor of Bela IV. As a child he was named duke of Transylvania, and in 1259 he was made duke of Styria. ..... Click the link for more information. of Hungary. On the death (1301) of Andrew III, last of the Arpad dynasty, Charles was the candidate of Pope Boniface VIII for the crown of St. Stephen, but the Hungarians elected Wenceslaus IIIWenceslaus III, c.1289–1306, king of Bohemia (1305–6) and of Hungary (1301–5), son and successor of Wenceslaus II. On the death of Andrew III of Hungary, last of the Arpad dynasty, he was elected (1301) king of Hungary. ..... Click the link for more information. of Bohemia; in 1308 the Hungarian diet at last chose Charles, who was crowned in 1310. He reorganized the army on a feudal basis, using the nobility for its personnel, and taxed the bourgeoisie. Silver and gold mines became state monopolies, and in 1338 gold became the accepted currency. He encouraged trade and increased the privileges of the cities. He married his second son to Joanna I of Naples and took as his second wife Elizabeth, daughter of King Ladislaus I of Poland. In 1339 he secured the succession to Casimir III of Poland for his eldest son, later Louis I of Hungary. Charles I,1863–1908, king of Portugal (1889–1908), son and successor of Louis I. A cultured man, learned in language and oceanography, Charles had little opportunity to display his administrative talents in a reign beset by political stagnation and financial troubles. Portuguese and British ambitions clashed over Africa, and in 1890, Great Britain issued an ultimatum demanding that the Portuguese cease attempts to expand their African empire. The Portuguese complied, but the issue raised strong feeling against Charles's rule. Financial affairs grew worse, and Germany sought to obtain part of the Portuguese African empire. After a revolt in 1906, Charles empowered João Franco, head of the Regenerator (conservative) party, to establish a dictatorial government. This provoked another revolt in 1908, in the course of which Charles and his eldest son were assassinated in a public square in Lisbon. Charles's second son, Manuel IIManuel II,1889–1932, king of Portugal (1908–10), second son of Charles I. He succeeded to the throne after the assassination of his father and elder brother, but in Oct., 1910, a revolution dethroned Manuel and established a republic. ..... Click the link for more information. , succeeded to the throne. Charles IandCharles II,kings of Romania: see Carol ICarol I,1839–1914, prince (1866–81) and first king (1881–1914) of Romania, of the house of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. He is also called Charles I. A Prussian officer, he was elected to succeed the deposed Alexander John Cuza as prince of Romania. ..... Click the link for more information. and Carol IICarol II, 1893–1953, king of Romania, son of King Ferdinand and Queen Marie. While crown prince, he contracted a morganatic marriage with Zizi Labrino but divorced her to marry (1921) Princess Helen of Greece. ..... Click the link for more information. . Charles I,king of Spain: see Charles VCharles V,1500–1558, Holy Roman emperor (1519–58) and, as Charles I, king of Spain (1516–56); son of Philip I and Joanna of Castile, grandson of Ferdinand II of Aragón, Isabella of Castile, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and Mary of Burgundy. ..... Click the link for more information. , Holy Roman emperor. Charles I,1887–1922, last emperor of Austria and, as Charles IV, king of Hungary (1916–18); son of Archduke Otto and grandnephew and successor of Emperor Francis Joseph. He married ZitaZita, 1892–1989, last empress of Austria and queen of Hungary. The daughter of Duke Robert of Parma, she was married (1911) to Archduke Charles Francis, who in 1916 became emperor as Charles I. ..... Click the link for more information. of Bourbon-Parma. The death (1914) of his uncle, Francis FerdinandFrancis Ferdinand, 1863–1914, Austrian archduke, heir apparent (after 1889) of his uncle, Emperor Francis Joseph. In 1900 he married a Czech, Sophie Chotek. She was made duchess of Hohenberg, but because she was of minor nobility their children were barred from succession. ..... Click the link for more information. , made Charles heir to the throne. He showed skill as a commander in World War I. After his accession he put out peace feelers. His correspondence with his brother-in-law, Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-ParmaSixtus of Bourbon-Parma, Prince, 1886–1934, son of Robert, last duke of Parma. While serving as an officer in the Belgian army, he was the intermediary for his brother-in-law, Emperor Charles I of Austria-Hungary, in Charles's secret attempt to negotiate peace with the ..... Click the link for more information. , justified French claims to Alsace-Lorraine. The Allies published (Apr., 1918) the correspondence, thus causing friction between Austria and Germany and diminishing Charles's popularity. Charles vainly tried to save the Austro-Hungarian monarchy by proclaiming (Oct. 16, 1918) an Austrian federative state. Hungary and Czechoslovakia declared their independence, and on Nov. 3, Charles had to consent to unconditional surrender in the armistice concluded with General Armando Diaz. Charles abdicated as emperor of Austria on Nov. 11 and as king of Hungary on Nov. 13; early in 1919 he and his family went into exile in Switzerland. After the triumph of the monarchists in Hungary in 1920, he attempted unsuccessfully to regain the Hungarian throne in Mar., 1921, and again in October, when the regent, HorthyHorthy de Nagybanya, Nicholas , Hung. Nagybányai Horthy Miklós, 1868–1957, Hungarian admiral and regent. He commanded the Austro-Hungarian fleet in World War I. ..... Click the link for more information. , had him arrested. Charles was exiled to Madeira and there died of pneumonia. His son, Archduke Otto, inherited his claim to the throne. Charles I was beatified in 2004. BibliographySee biographies by H. Vivian (1932) and G. Shepherd (1968). Charles I,953–992?, duke of Lower Lorraine (977–91); younger son of King Louis IV of France. He claimed the French throne when his nephew, Louis V of France, died (987) without issue, but he was set aside in favor of Hugh CapetHugh Capet, c.938–996, king of France (987–96), first of the Capetians. He was the son of Hugh the Great, to whose vast territories he succeeded in 956. After the death of Louis V, last Carolingian king of France, the nobles and prelates elected him king, setting ..... Click the link for more information. . Charles seized Laon (988) and Reims (989), but was betrayed (991) by the bishop of Laon, who turned him over to Hugh. Charles died in prison. With the death of his sons the French Carolingian dynasty ended. Charles I(Charles of Anjou), 1227–85, king of Naples and Sicily (1266–85), count of Anjou and Provence, youngest brother of King Louis IX of France. He took part in Louis's crusades to Egypt (1248) and Tunisia (1270). After obtaining Provence by marriage (1246), he extended his influence into Piedmont. He became senator of Rome (1263, 1265–78) and undertook to champion the papal cause against ManfredManfred, c.1232–1266, king of Sicily (1258–66), the last Hohenstaufen on that throne. An illegitimate son of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, Manfred was regent in Sicily for his brother Conrad IV. ..... Click the link for more information. in the kingdom of Naples and Sicily. In reward, he was crowned king (1266) by Pope Clement IV. Charles defeated (1266) Manfred at Benevento and defeated and executed ConradinConradin , 1252–68, duke of Swabia, titular king of Jerusalem and Sicily, the last legitimate Hohenstaufen, son of Holy Roman Emperor Conrad IV. While Conradin was still a child in Germany, his uncle Manfred made himself (1258) king of Sicily. ..... Click the link for more information. in 1268. As leader of the Guelphs, or papal faction, he gained political hegemony in Italy and won suzerainty over several cities in Tuscany, Piedmont, and Lombardy, but his overbearing policies led to a cooling of his relations with the papacy. Planning to establish his own empire, he allied himself with the deposed Byzantine emperor, Baldwin IIBaldwin II, 1217–73, last Latin emperor of Constantinople (1228–61), brother and successor of Robert of Courtenay. He began his personal rule only after the death (1237) of his father-in-law, John of Brienne. ..... Click the link for more information. , against Michael VIIIMichael VIII (Michael Palaeologus), c.1225–1282, Byzantine emperor (1261–82), first of the Palaeologus dynasty. Following the murder of the regent for Emperor John IV of Nicaea, he was appointed (1258) regent and, soon afterward (1259), coemperor. ..... Click the link for more information. and fought for years in the Balkans. Corfu, Epirus, and Albania were taken, but the crushing taxes necessitated by his wars and his appointment of oppressive French officials to exact them led to the Sicilian VespersSicilian Vespers, in Italian history, name given the rebellion staged by the Sicilians against the Angevin French domination of Sicily; the rebellion broke out at Palermo at the start of Vespers on Easter Monday, Mar. 30, 1282. ..... Click the link for more information. (1282). The ensuing war against the Sicilian rebels and Peter IIIPeter III (Peter the Great), 1239?–1285, king of Aragón and count of Barcelona (1276–85) and king of Sicily (1282–85); son and successor of James I. In 1280 he established Aragonese influence on the northern shores of Africa. ..... Click the link for more information. of Aragón, chosen by the rebels as king of Sicily, continued under Charles's son and successor, Charles IICharles II (Charles the Lame), 1248–1309, king of Naples (1285–1309), count of Anjou and Provence, son and successor of Charles I. In the war of the Sicilian Vespers between Charles I and Peter III of Aragón for possession of Sicily, Charles was captured ..... Click the link for more information. . Charles I was the founder of the first AngevinAngevin [Fr.,=of Anjou], name of two medieval dynasties originating in France. The first ruled over parts of France and over Jerusalem and England; the second ruled over parts of France and over Naples, Hungary, and Poland, with a claim to Jerusalem. ..... Click the link for more information. dynasty in Naples. Charles IBorn Aug. 17, 1887, in Persenberg, Lower Austria; died Apr. 1, 1922, in Funchal, Madeira Island. Emperor of Austria, king of Hungary as Charles IV (1916–). Charles I belonged to the Hapsburg dynasty. During the revolution of 1918, he was forced to renounce the Austrian throne on Nov. 11, 1918, and the Hungarian throne on Nov. 13, 1918. REFERENCESTurok, V. M. Ocherki istorii Avstrii 1918–29. Moscow, 1955.Polzer-Hoditz, A. Kaiser Karl. Zurich, 1929. Charles I(Károly Robert, Charles Robert). Born 1288; died July 16, 1342, in Visegrád. Hungarian king from 1308 to 1342. Founder of the Anjou dynasty in Hungary. During Charles’ reign, the central regime, which was supported by the church, petty nobility, and city dwellers, was strengthened. Cities grew, and mining and trade expanded. In 1335, Charles signed the Visegrád trade agreement with Bohemia and Poland. He waged unsuccessful wars against Venice, Serbia, and Walachia. Charles I(Charles d’Anjou). Born in March 1226; died Jan. 7, 1285, in Foggia. King of Sicily (1268– in name, from 1266) and Naples (1282–). Count of Anjou, Maine, and Provence. Charles I was the son of the French king Louis VIII. Proposedfor the Sicilian throne by the papacy, he was crowned by PopeClement IV in 1266. He took over the kingdom of Sicily in 1268, having triumphed over the kings of the Hohenstaufen dynasty(over Manfred at Bonevento in 1266 and over his success or Conradin at Tagliacozzo in 1268). In 1270, Charles took part in Louis IX’s crusade to Tunis. He sought to subjugate Northern and Central Italy, the Balkan Peninsula (where he captured a number of cities), all of Byzantium, and the Levant States. His extensive disbursements of land and privileges in Southern Italy and Sicily to the numerous French knights who accompanied him, as well as the sharp increase in feudal exploitation and oppressive taxation, resulted in a popular uprising in Sicily, known as the Sicilian Vespers, in 1282. Having lost his control of the island, Charles’ possessions were limited to Southern Italy, known as the Neapolitan kingdom. Charles I(Carlos I). Born Sept. 28, 1863, in Lisbon; died there Feb. 1, 1908. Portuguese king from 1889. Charles I supported the most reactionary circles of the absolutist clerical party. He suppressed the republican uprising of 1891 and increased the economic and political dependence of Portugal on Great Britain. He was killed by a republican. Charles ICharles I
Synonyms for Charles I
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Charles I - as Charles II he was Holy Roman Emperor and as Charles I he was king of France (823-877)
Charles I - king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor; conqueror of the Lombards and Saxons (742-814)