| 释义 |
aviation medicine
aviation medicinen. See aerospace medicine.aviation medicine n (Medicine) the branch of medicine concerned with the effects on man of flight in the earth's atmosphere. Compare space medicine aviation medicineThe special field of medicine which is related to the biological and psychological problems of flight.Thesaurus| Noun | 1. |  aviation medicine - the study and treatment of disorders associated with flight (especially with space flight)aeromedicine, aerospace medicinebiomedicine - the branch of medical science that studies the ability of organisms to withstand environmental stress (as in space travel) |
aviation medicine
aviation medicine, scientific study of the biological effects of aviation, especially on human beings. Although aviation medicine is concerned with such problems as the spread of diseases by persons traveling by air and the harmful effects of noise and air pollution, its principal concern is with stresses applied to the passengers or crew of aircraft in flight. These stresses can include exposure to extreme temperatures, large inertial forces occurring when an aircraft undergoes acceleration, oxygen deprivation, and air sickness, as well as pilot fatigue and psychological disturbances. As the biological problems of space flight exceed considerably those of atmospheric flight, aviation medicine has become a special branch of space medicinespace medicine,
study of the medical and biological effects of space travel on living organisms. The principal aim is to discover how well and for how long humans can withstand the extreme conditions encountered in space, as well as how well they can readapt to the earth's
..... Click the link for more information. , the latter study having largely absorbed the former.Aviation Medicine a branch of medicine aimed at the medical safeguarding of flight. It consists of aviation physiology (the theoretical bases of aviation medicine), aviation hygiene, aviation toxicology, aviation psychology, aviation biochemistry, aviation accidents, and medical evaluation of flight crews with special functional diagnosis. Aviation medicine’s field of study includes (1) special states of the organism—flight fatigue, exhaustion, and chronic fatigue, high-altitude, air, and decompression sickness, barotraumas, and so on; (2) the activity of flight crews; and (3) specific occupational conditions. The overall goals of aviation medicine with respect to flight crews involve the safeguarding of a high level of in-flight efficiency (flight safety), the health of flight crews, and “flight longevity.” With regard to the passengers, aviation medicine contributes to flight safety, comfort, and the good condition of the organism after flight. Aviation medicine is primarily a prophylactic science. In a number of cases, however, flight surgeons must take therapeutic measures, give first aid to crash victims, and so on. To solve many of its tasks, aviation medicine studies the effects of hypoxia, acceleration, and other aspects of flight on the organism. The practical tasks of aviation medicine are medical screening of new flight personnel; medical and psychological safeguarding of flight training; developing efficient work and rest schedules for flight crews; laying the groundwork for technological means of protecting the human organism from the action of such unfavorable environmental factors as pressurized cabins, oxygen-breathing equipment, and anti-G devices; developing procedures for increasing body resistance, including training, various stimulants, and physical preparation; laying the groundwork for an efficient diet for flight crews; developing efficient clothing for the crews; eliminating medical causes of aircraft accidents and medically analyzing (investigating) aircraft accidents; participating in the search for crew and passengers after plane crashes, supplying medical assistance, and evacuating the victims; laying the medical groundwork for rescue equipment, including equipment for supplying oxygen under pressure, altitude-compensating equipment, pressure suits, ejection seats, parachutes, equipment for emergency landings of airliners, and ensuring the passengers’ oxygen supply in case of cabin decompression; controlling the health of flight crews by methods including special functional diagnosis. Aviation medicine includes simulating occupational conditions with various devices such as altitude chambers and centrifuges; simulating flight in trainers; using photographic models of instrument panels; using airplanes as medical laboratories; rapidly gathering information about certain body functions by means of special recording equipment, which can be small, self-contained, or remote-controlled; and increasing the overall nonspecific resistance of the body by acclimatization to high altitudes. Many of the problems and methods of aviation medicine are similar to those of space medicine. Aviation medicine took its first steps in the 1880’s in France, when the physiologists M. Jourdané and P. Ber began to study the condition of balloonists. In Russia, aviation medicine dates back to July 14, 1909, when the Council of the All-Russian Aeroclub recognized the need for giving flight permission to interested club members only on condition that they submit to a medical examination. Characteristic features of the modern period of development of aviation medicine are (1) investigations pertaining to the scientific organization of flying; (2) the development of special functional diagnoses related to the increasing demands made by aviation technology on the human organism; (3) the search for general principles of the interaction of the organism with the environment—for example, nonspecific resistance and statokinetic resistance; (4) the introduction of mathematical methods and cybernetics; (5) intensive investigation of the man + machine system under flight conditions; and (6) theoretical generalizations of the results of investigations. Great contributions to the development of aviation medicine in the Soviet Union were made by I. M. Sech-enov, L. A. Orbeli, V. I. Voiachek, N. N. Sirotinin, I. R. Petrov, V. V. Strel’tsov, P. I. Egorov, K. L. Khilov, A. P. Appolonov, A. A. Pereskokov, and V. G. Miroliubov. Abroad, the most significant research in aviation medicine was carried out by, among others, P. Garsaux and A. Mer-cier in France; K. Stende in the German Democratic Republic; A. Mosso, R. Margaria, C. Talenti, andT. Lomonaco in Italy; G. Dreyer, P. O’Connor, P. Howard, and P. King in England; D. Čapek, M. Dvořák, and M. Zeman in Czechoslovakia; M. Jongblood and A. Noyons in the Netherlands; A. Huszcza and V. Dybowskii in Poland; T. Halm in Hungary; L. Bauer, H. Armstrong, J. Fulton, W. Clark, F. Hitchcock, and P. Campbell in the USA; and T. Hasegawa in Japan. The international organization of aviation medicine is the Paris-based International Academy of Aviation and Space Medicine. In the Soviet Union, specialists in aviation medicine are trained at the Department of Aviation Medicine of the Central Institute of Postgraduate Medical Training in Moscow and at the S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy in Leningrad. REFERENCESArmstrong, H. Aviatsionnaia meditsina. Moscow, 1954. (Translated from English.)
Sergeev, A. A. Ocherki po istorii aviatsionnoi meditsiny. Moscow-Leningrad, 1962.
A Textbook of Aviation Physiology. Oxford, [1965].G. L. KOMENDANTOV aviation medicine[‚ā·vē′ā·shən ′med·ə·sən] (medicine) aerospace medicine aviation medicineA field of medicine dealing with medical problems faced in aviation. The term has been superceded by aerospace medicine, which includes aviation medical problems in the atmosphere and aerospace.aviation medicine
Aviation Medicine DefinitionAlso known as aerospace medicine, flight medicine, or space medicine, aviation medicine is a medical specialty that focuses on the physical and psychological conditions associated with flying and space travel.PurposeSince flying airplanes and spacecraft involves great risk and physical demands, such as changes in gravity and oxygen, pilots and astronauts need medical experts to protect their safety and the public's safety.DescriptionPressure changesIn the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires all pilots who fly above 14,500 ft (4,420 m) to be prepared for pressure changes caused by lower oxygen levels at high altitude. Pilots must either have a pressurized cabin or access to an oxygen mask. Without these protections, they could experience hypoxia, or altitude sickness. Hypoxia reduces the amount of oxygen in the brain, causing such symptoms as dizziness, shortness of breath, and mental confusion. These symptoms could cause the pilot to lose control of the plane. Hypoxia can be treated with oxygen therapy.Rapid altitude increases and decreases can cause pain because there is an air pocket in the middle portion of the ear. To equalize pressure in the ear, physicians typically advise pilots and passengers to clear their sinuses by plugging their nose and blowing until the eardrums "pop." Other options include yawning, swallowing or chewing gum. For people with a cold or a severely blocked middle ear, the use of decongestants, antihistamines, or nasal sprays may help. Without taking steps to equalize pressure, the tympanic membrane could rupture, causing hearing loss, vertigo, dizziness, and nausea.Gravity's impactFighter pilots who fly high-performance jets can experience health problems during rapid acceleration and when executing tight turns at high speed. During these moves, a pilot experiences extreme gravity conditions that can pull blood away from the brain and heart and into the lower body. This can cause the pilot to have tunnel vision or pass out. To prevent these potentially deadly situations, the military requires fighter pilots to wear special flight suits, or G suits, which have compartments that fill with air or fluid to keep blood from pooling in the lower body.Some pilots, like the Blue Angels, use a technique called the Valsalva Maneuver instead of G suits to prevent black outs during high-performance flying. The Valsalva Maneuver involves grunting and tightening the abdominal muscles to stop blood from collecting in the wrong parts of the body.PREVENTIVE CARE. Since any routine health problem that affects a pilot could mean the loss of hundreds of lives, aviation medicine specialists who work for commercial airlines and the military take special care to educate pilots about proper diet, exercise and preventive health tools. For example, physicians may frequently screen pilots for vision changes caused by glaucoma or cataracts. They also will check for hearing loss and encourage the pilot to wear earplugs or headphones to buffer engine noise. To monitor for heart disease, physicians will check blood pressure and may order diagnostic tests such as an ECG or stress test.Motion sicknessMany people experience nausea, vertigo, and disorientation when they first arrive in space. This is caused by changes in the fluid in the inner ear, which is sensitive to gravity and affects our sense of spatial orientation. The symptoms typically ease after several days, but often recur when the astronaut returns to Earth. To treat this condition, physicians give astronauts motion sickness medication, such as lorazepam.Key termsG suits — Special flight suits, worn by fighter pilots, which have compartments that fill with air or fluid to keep blood from pooling in the lower body during rapid acceleration and tight turns.Hypoxia — Hypoxia, or altitude sickness, reduces the amount of oxygen in the brain causing such symptoms as dizziness, shortness of breath, and mental confusion.Tympanic membrane — A structure in the middle ear that can rupture if pressure in the ear is not equalized during airplane ascents and descents.Valsalva Maneuver — Pilots grunt and tighten their abdominal muscles to prevent black outs during high-performance flying.Bone and muscle lossIn zero-gravity conditions, astronauts lose bone and muscle mass. On earth, the natural resistance of gravity helps build stronger muscles and bones during normal weight-bearing activities like walking or even sitting at a desk. In space, however, astronauts must work harder to prevent bone and muscle loss. Exercise is an important treatment. Crew members may use an exercise cycle or resistive rubber bands to stay in shape. Physicians also may give them medication to prevent bone loss and prescribe nutritional supplements, such as a mixture of essential amino acids and carbohydrates, to limit muscle atrophy.RadiationAnother health threat to space travelers is radiation. Harmful rays can alter the DNA in human cells and cause cancer. Excess radiation also can weaken the immune system. To prevent these problems, physicians may give astronauts nutritional supplements. For example, research has show that n-3 fatty acids found in fish oil reduce DNA damage.Cardiovascular issuesWhen astronauts return to earth after a long mission, they tend to feel dizzy and black out. Scientists are concerned about this dilemma because it could be dangerous if the crew members need to make an emergency exit. One way to prevent this problem, which is caused by a drop in blood pressure, is to have the astronauts drink extra fluids and increase salt intake to increase blood volume. Physicians also may prescribe medication that causes blood vessels to contract. As another precaution, astronauts also put on protective flight suits, or G suits, before they re-enter the earth's atmosphere.ResourcesPeriodicalsAviation, Space and Environmental Medicine. Monthly peerreviewed journal published by the Aerospace Medical Association. Contact theeditor: 3212 Swandale Dr., San Antonio, TX 78230-4404. (210) 342-5670. ASEMJournal@worldnet.att.net.OrganizationsAerospace Medical Association. 320 S. Henry St., Alexandria, VA 22314-3579. (703) 739-2240. http://www.asma.org.National Space Biomedical Research Institute. One Baylor Plaza, NA-425, Houston, TX 77030. (713) 798-7412. info@www.nsbri.org. http://www.nsbri.org.Wright State University Aerospace Medicine Program. P.O. Box 92, Dayton, Ohio 45401-0927. (937) 276-8338. http://www.med.wright.edu.OtherFederal Aviation Administration Office of Aviation Medicine. 〈http://www.faa.gov/avr/aamhome.htm〉.National Aeronautics and Space Administration Aerospace Medicine. 〈http://spacelink.msfc.nasa.gov〉.Society of USAF Flight Surgeons Online Catalog. 〈http://www.sam.brooks.af.mil/ram/rammain.htm〉.medicine [med´ĭ-sin] 1. any drug or remedy.2. the art and science of the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health.3. the nonsurgical treatment of disease.alternative medicine see medicine" >complementary and alternative medicine.aviation medicine the branch of medicine that deals with the physiologic, medical, psychologic, and epidemiologic problems involved in flying.ayurvedic medicine the traditional medicine of India, done according to Hindu scriptures and making use of plants and other healing materials native to India.behavioral medicine a type of psychosomatic medicine focused on psychological means of influencing physical symptoms, such as biofeedback or relaxation.clinical medicine 1. the study of disease by direct examination of the living patient.2. the last two years of the usual curriculum in a medical college.complementary medicine (complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)) a large and diverse set of systems of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention based on philosophies and techniques other than those used in conventional Western medicine, often derived from traditions of medical practice used in other, non-Western cultures. Such practices may be described as alternative, that is, existing as a body separate from and as a replacement for conventional Western medicine, or complementary, that is, used in addition to conventional Western practice. CAM is characterized by its focus on the whole person as a unique individual, on the energy of the body and its influence on health and disease, on the healing power of nature and the mobilization of the body's own resources to heal itself, and on the treatment of the underlying causes, rather than symptoms, of disease. Many of the techniques used are the subject of controversy and have not been validated by controlled studies.emergency medicine the medical specialty that deals with the acutely ill or injured who require immediate medical treatment. See also emergency and care" >emergency care.experimental medicine study of the science of healing diseases based on experimentation in animals.family medicine family practice.forensic medicine the application of medical knowledge to questions of law; see also jurisprudence" >medical jurisprudence. Called also legal medicine.group medicine the practice of medicine by a group of physicians, usually representing various specialties, who are associated together for the cooperative diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.internal medicine the medical specialty that deals with diagnosis and medical treatment of diseases and disorders of internal structures of the body.legal medicine forensic medicine.nuclear medicine the branch of medicine concerned with the use of radionuclides in diagnosis and treatment of disease.patent medicine a drug or remedy protected by a trademark, available without a prescription.physical medicine physiatry.preclinical medicine the subjects studied in medicine before the student observes actual diseases in patients.preventive medicine the branch of medical study and practice aimed at preventing disease and promoting health.proprietary medicine any chemical, drug, or similar preparation used in the treatment of diseases, if such article is protected against free competition as to name, product, composition, or process of manufacture by secrecy, patent, trademark, or copyright, or by other means.psychosomatic medicine the study of the interrelations between bodily processes and emotional life.socialized medicine a system of medical care regulated and controlled by the government; called also state medicine.space medicine the branch of medicine" >aviation medicine concerned with conditions encountered by human beings in space.sports medicine the field of medicine concerned with injuries sustained in athletic endeavors, including their prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.state medicine socialized medicine.travel medicine (travelers' medicine) the subspecialty of medicine" >tropical medicine consisting of the diagnosis and treatment or prevention of diseases of travelers.tropical medicine medical science as applied to diseases occurring primarily in the tropics and subtropics.veterinary medicine the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of animals other than humans.a·vi·a·tion med·i·cinethe study and practice of medicine as it applies to physiologic problems peculiar to aviation. Synonym(s): aeromedicineaviation medicinen. See aerospace medicine.US Federal Aviation Agency regulations require that an ‘enhanced' medical kit—stethoscope, sphygmomanometer, airway tube, syringes, epinephrine, nitroglycerin, 50 ml 50% dextrose, diphenhydramine injectable—be carried on any airplane with > 30 seats
In-flight emergencies Syncope 29%, cardiac/chest pain 16%, asthma/shortness of breath 10%, allergic reactions 5%
Diseases transmission Resurgence of TB has made the aerosol transmission through aircraft ventilation systems a health hazard of unknown epidemiologic significance
Statistics 0.31 deaths/1 million passengers—regardless of flight length; 125 deaths/1 billion passenger-km; 25 deaths/1 million departures; the average victim was male, age 54, physicians were available in 43% of cases
Cause of death Cardiac 56%, terminal cancer 8%, respiratory 6%aviation medicine Travel medicine In-flight emergencies Federal Aviation Agency regulations require that an 'enhanced' medical kit–stethoscope, sphygmomanometer, airway tube, syringes, epinephrine, nitroglycerin, 50 ml 50% dextrose, diphenhydramine injectable be carried on any airplane with > 30 seats In-flight emergencies Syncope 29%, cardiac/chest pain 16%, asthma/shortness of breath 10%, allergic reactions 5%, in-flight deaths Disease transmission Resurgence of TB has made the aerosol transmission through aircraft ventilation systems a health hazard of unknown epidemiologic significance Statistics 0.31 deaths/106 passengers—regardless of flight length; 125 deaths/109 passenger kilometers; 25 deaths/106 departures; the average victim was ♂, age 53.8, physicians were available in 43% of cases Cause of death Cardiac 56%, terminal cancer 8%, respiratory 6%, miscellaneous and no cause, the remainder. See Traveler medicine. a·vi·a·tion med·i·cine (ā'vē-ā'shŭn med'i-sin) The study and practice of medicine as it applies to physiologic problems peculiar to aviation.
Synonym(s): aeromedicine. aviation medicine The branch of medicine concerned with the medical hazards of atmospheric and space flight and with the special problems of aeromedical evacuation of the sick and wounded.a·vi·a·tion med·i·cine (ā'vē-ā'shŭn med'i-sin) Study and practice of medicine as it applies to physiologic problems peculiar to aviation. See AM
See AVNMEDaviation medicine
Related to aviation medicine: aerospace medicineSynonyms for aviation medicinenoun the study and treatment of disorders associated with flight (especially with space flight)Synonyms- aeromedicine
- aerospace medicine
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