| 单词 | gold standard | ||||||
| 释义 | gold standardgold standardgold standardgold′ stand`ardn. gold standard
gold standardgold standardgold standardgold standard:see bimetallismbimetallism, in economic history, monetary system in which two commodities, usually gold and silver, were used as a standard and coined without limit at a ratio fixed by legislation that also designated both of them as legally acceptable for all payments. ..... Click the link for more information. ; international monetary systeminternational monetary system, rules and procedures by which different national currencies are exchanged for each other in world trade. Such a system is necessary to define a common standard of value for the world's currencies. ..... Click the link for more information. ; moneymoney, term that refers to two concepts: the abstract unit of account in terms of which the value of goods, services, and obligations can be compared; and anything that is widely established as a means of payment. ..... Click the link for more information. . Gold Standarda monometallic monetary system that existed in many countries during the stage of the development of capitalism under which only gold was a universal equivalent and the direct basis of monetary circulation. The perfect classic form of the gold standard was the gold monetary standard, according to which the monetary unit of a country had a definite, legally established, unchanged gold content (gold parity) and the “price” of gold in token money corresponded to this parity. Gold coins were in circulation and had the unlimited privilege of a legal tender. The central banks of issue had the obligation to redeem bank notes and other token money (paper money and coins of inferior metallic content) for gold at face value. For a small fee or no fee, unrestricted coinage was allowed from gold belonging to private persons, and gold coins could be remelted into gold bullion. Unrestricted export and import of gold of any kind was permitted, and no foreign exchange restrictions were in force. The gold standard was introduced for the first time in Great Britain (legally at the end of the 18th century and in actuality in 1821). In France, Germany, Russia, Italy, Japan, the USA, and other capitalist countries the introduction of the gold standard was completed in the last quarter of the 19th century. Monetary systems of individual countries turned into a single relatively stable world currency system. This to a great extent contributed to the development of the world capitalist economy, the growth of industrial production, the promotion of domestic commodity turnover and international trade, and the expansion and consolidation of the credit system. With the beginning of the general crisis of capitalism when World War I broke out, the gold monetary standard went bankrupt. Instead, paper money was put into circulation. After World War I, an attempt was made to reintroduce the gold standard from 1924 to 1928, not in its earlier form but in the form of a gold bullion and gold currency standard. The circulation of gold coins could not be reinstated for lack of gold reserves and the uneven distribution of reserves among countries. Large amounts in bank notes were exchanged for gold ingots of 12–14 kg (in Great Britain and France) or for foreign currencies which in their turn were exchanged for gold bullion (in Germany, Belgium, and other countries). Gold was completely forced out of domestic circulation in all countries except the USA, where it was in circulation until 1933. The redemption of bank notes for gold bullion was effected as a rule only in cases of liquidation of the deficit of an unfavorable balance of payments by means of gold export. These modified forms of the gold standard, however, were also short-lived. Complete bankruptcy resulted from the world economic crisis of 1929–33, when in all capitalist countries, including the USA, paper money circulation was instituted with such inherent consequences as inflation, an increase in commodity prices, and sharp fluctuations of foreign exchange rates. The gold standard was abolished in Great Britain and Japan in 1931, in the USA in 1933, in Belgium and Italy in 1935, and in France, Switzerland, and the Netherlands in 1936. The international foreign exchange system that arose after World War II is sometimes also called the gold currency standard because, according to the requirements of this system, which was formulated at the Bretton Woods international monetary conference in 1944, all countries had to have reserves in gold and foreign exchange (basically in US dollars) to cover a deficit in their balance of payments. However, there is an essential difference between the prewar forms and the present forms of the gold currency standard: after World War II the domestic circulation in capitalist countries remained completely based on paper money, and the privilege given to the foreign holders of national currencies to redeem their holdings for dollars and through dollars for gold bullion became unrealizable in practice. This was especially true in the United States, which because of its reduced gold reserves abstained in practice from exchanging paper dollars for gold even to governments and central banks of other countries. Such exchange was officially discontinued on Aug. 15, 1971. M. G. POLIAKOV gold standardgold standardgold stan·dardthe term criterion standard is preferred in medical writing.gold standardCriterion standard The best or most successful diagnostic or therapeutic modality for a condition, against which new tests or results and protocols are compared. See Standard of practice, Practice guidelines.gold stan·dard(gōld stan'dărd)gold standardGold standardGold Standardgold standardGold standard.The gold standard is a monetary system that measures the relative value of a currency against a specific amount of gold. It was developed in England in the early 18th century when the scientist Sir Isaac Newton was Master of the English Mint. By the late 19th century, the gold standard was used throughout the world. The United States was on the gold standard until 1971, when it stopped redeeming its paper currency for gold. gold standardan INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM in which GOLD forms the basis of countries’ domestic MONEY SUPPLY and is used to finance INTERNATIONAL TRADE and BALANCE OF PAYMENTS deficits.Under the gold standard, EXCHANGE RATES were rigidly fixed in terms of gold. (The gold standard was widely adopted in the 19th century and operated down to the early 1930s.) In theory, the gold standard provided an automatic ADJUSTMENT MECHANISM for eliminating payments imbalances between countries: deficits were financed by outward gold transfers that reduced the domestic MONEY SUPPLY. This in turn deflated (see DEFLATION) the domestic price level, making IMPORTS relatively more expensive and EXPORTS relatively cheaper, thereby reducing the volume of imports and increasing the volume of exports. Surpluses were financed by inward gold transfers, which increased the domestic money supply. This in turn inflated (see INFLATION) the domestic price level, making imports relatively cheaper and exports relatively more expensive, resulting in a fall in the volume of exports and an increase in the volume of imports. In this way, both deficits and surpluses were removed and BALANCE OF PAYMENTS EQUILIBRIUM restored. In practice, however, countries found that a combination of rigidly fixed exchange rates and the complete subordination of domestic economic policy to the external situation was too onerous and opted for more flexible arrangements. See FIXED EXCHANGE RATE SYSTEM, INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. gold standard
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gold standard - a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by a stated quantity of gold