| 释义 |
growth hormone
growth hormonen.1. Any of various natural or synthetic substances that regulate the growth of animals or plants.2. Abbr. GH Any of such natural substances in vertebrates, consisting of polypeptide hormones that are secreted by the pituitary gland and promote growth of the body, especially by stimulating release of somatomedins. Also called somatotropic hormone, somatotropin.3. See human growth hormone.growth hormone n (Biochemistry) a hormone synthesized in and secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that promotes growth of the long bones in the limbs and increases the synthesis of protein essential for growth. Also called: somatotrophin or human growth hormone growth′ hor`mone
n. any substance that stimulates or controls the growth of an organism, esp. a species-specific hormone, as the human hormone somatotropin. [1920–25] growth hormone(or somatotrophin) Growth-stimulating hormone produced by the anterior (front) pituitary gland.Thesaurus| Noun | 1. | growth hormone - a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland; promotes growth in humanshuman growth hormone, somatotrophic hormone, somatotrophin, somatotropic hormone, somatotropin, STHendocrine, hormone, internal secretion - the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effectProtropin - trade name of a synthetic human growth hormone given to children deficient in the hormone; use by athletes and weightlifters is banned |
Translationsgrowth hormone
growth hormone or somatotropin (sōmăt'ətrō`pən), glycoprotein hormonehormone,
secretory substance carried from one gland or organ of the body via the bloodstream to more or less specific tissues, where it exerts some influence upon the metabolism of the target tissue.
..... Click the link for more information. released by the anterior pituitary glandpituitary gland,
small oval endocrine gland that lies at the base of the brain. It is sometimes called the master gland of the body because all the other endocrine glands depend on its secretions for stimulation (see endocrine system).
..... Click the link for more information. that is necessary for normal skeletal growth in humans (see proteinprotein,
any of the group of highly complex organic compounds found in all living cells and comprising the most abundant class of all biological molecules. Protein comprises approximately 50% of cellular dry weight.
..... Click the link for more information. ). Evidence suggests that the secretion of human growth hormone (HGH) is regulated by the release of certain peptides by the hypothalamushypothalamus
, an important supervisory center in the brain, rich in ganglia, nerve fibers, and synaptic connections. It is composed of several sections called nuclei, each of which controls a specific function.
..... Click the link for more information. of the brain. One such substance, called somatostatin, has been shown to inhibit the secretion of HGH. HGH is known to act upon many aspects of cellular metabolism, but its most obvious effect is the stimulation of the growth of cartilage and bone in children. See also auxinsauxin
, plant hormone that regulates the amount, type, and direction of plant growth. Auxins include both naturally occurring substances and related synthetic compounds that have similar effects. Auxins are found in all members of the plant kingdom.
..... Click the link for more information. (plant growth hormones). Role in Dwarfism and Gigantism A deficiency of growth hormone secretion before puberty (by the end of which the synthesis of new bone tissue is complete) results in pituitary dwarfism. Pituitary dwarfs, who can be as little as 3 to 4 ft (91–122 cm) tall, are generally well proportioned except for the head, which may be relatively large when compared to the body (this relationship of head to body is similar to that of normal children). Unlike cretins, whose dwarfism is caused by a deficiency of thyroxinethyroxine
, substance secreted by the thyroid gland. The hormone thyroxine forms by combining the amino acid tyrosine with iodine. Complexed to a protein, it is stored in the follicle stems between thyroid cells.
..... Click the link for more information. , pituitary dwarfs are not mentally retarded; they are often sexually immature. They can be treated by injections of synthetic growth hormone, either somatrem or somatropin, which are produced by genetically engineered bacteria. An excess of growth hormone in children results in gigantism; these children grow to be over 7 ft (213 cm) in height and have disproportionately long limbs. Excess growth hormone produced after puberty has little effect on the growth of the skeleton, but it results in a disease affecting terminal skeletal structures known as acromegalyacromegaly
, adult endocrine disorder resulting from hypersecretion of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland. Since the bones cannot increase in length after full growth is attained, there is a disproportionate thickening of bones, predominantly in the skull and small
..... Click the link for more information. . Other Medical Uses HGH has been used with some success to combat the weight loss and general wasting characteristic of AIDS and cancer. It is used illegally by bodybuilders and athletes to increase muscle mass. Controversy surrounds its use in normal children who simply want to be taller. In addition, a 1990 medical study that reported the reversal of many of the physiological effects of aging with regular injections of HGH has created a lucrative black market for it and has prompted funding of further trials. There has been no conclusive evidence, however, to support the use of HGH as an anti-aging treatment, and it can cause serious side effects, including diabetes, in older adults. Growth Hormone an adenohypophyseal hormone that accelerates the longitudinal growth of an organism’s bones and the organism’s overall body growth. It also helps regulate carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. Growth hormone is synthesized by acidophilic cells of the anterior pituitary and secreted into the blood, where it is rapidly broken down. Human growth hormone is a protein with a molecular weight of 21,500. Its polypeptide chain consists of 191 amino-acid residues and contains two disulfide bridges. The primary structure of human, sheep, and ox growth hormone has been established. The chemical structure of growth hormone has changed in different animals during the course of evolution, and the hormone has differentiated according to species. In man and sheep, for example, the hormones differ by a sequence of 70 amino-acid residues, which constitute more than one-third of the protein molecule. Therefore, animal growth hormone does not stimulate human growth, whereas human growth hormone is able to stimulate the growth of experimental animals (monkey growth hormone is closest to human growth hormone). Increased secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland at an early age accelerates growth and causes gigantism. At a later age such increased secretion leads to acromegaly. A decrease in secretion results in hypophyseal dwarfism. This disease when detected in childhood responds to treatment by injections of growth hormone. REFERENCESinitsina, A. L., and Iu. M. Keda. “Sovremennye predstavleniia o strukture i funktsii gormona rosta.” In the collection Sovremennye voprosy endokrinologii, fasc. 4. Moscow, 1972.IU. A. PANKOV growth hormone[′grōth ¦hȯr‚mōn] (biochemistry) A polypeptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary which promotes an increase in body size. Abbreviated GH. Any hormone that regulates growth in plants and animals. growth hormone
hormone [hor´mōn] a chemical transmitter substance produced by cells of the body and transported by the bloodstream to the cells and organs on which it has a specific regulatory effect. adj., adj hormo´nal. Hormones act as chemical messengers to body organs, stimulating certain life processes and retarding others. Growth, reproduction, control of metabolic processes, sexual attributes, and even mental conditions and personality traits are dependent on hormones.
Hormones are produced by various organs and body tissues, but mainly by the endocrine glands, such as the pituitary, thyroid, and gonads (testes and ovaries). Each gland apparently synthesizes several kinds of hormones; the adrenal glands alone produce more than 25 varieties. The total number of hormones is still unknown, but each has its unique function and its own chemical formula. After a hormone is discharged by its parent gland into the capillaries or the lymph, it may travel a circuitous path through the bloodstream to exert influence on cells, tissues, and organs (target organs) far removed from its site of origin.
One of the best-known endocrine hormones is insulin, a protein manufactured by the beta cells of the islands of Langerhans in the pancreas that is important in carbohydrate metabolism. Other important hormones are thyroxine, an iodine-carrying amino acid produced by the thyroid gland; cortisone, a member of the steroid family from the adrenal glands; and the sex hormones, estrogen from the ovaries and androgen from the testes. Certain hormone substances can be synthesized in the laboratory for treatment of human disease. Animal hormones can also be used, as endocrine hormones are to some extent interchangeable among species. Extracts from the pancreas of cattle, for example, enabled diabetes sufferers to live normal lives even before the chemistry of insulin was fully understood.
Endocrine hormone synthesis and secretion is controlled and regulated by a closed-loop system. Negative feedback loops maintain optimal levels of each hormone in the body. If there are abnormally high levels of a hormone in the blood, feedback to the gland responsible for its production inhibits secretion. If there are abnormally low levels, the gland is stimulated to step up production and secretion. In this way a homeostatic balance is maintained. (See also endocrine glands.)adrenocortical hormone 1. any of the corticosteroids secreted by the adrenal cortex, the major ones being the glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, and including some androgens, progesterone, and estrogens.2. corticosteroid.adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) corticotropin.adrenomedullary h's substances secreted by the adrenal medulla, including epinephrine and norepinephrine.androgenic hormone androgen.anterior pituitary hormone any of the protein or polypeptide hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland" >pituitary gland, including growth hormone, thyrotropin, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and corticotropin.antidiuretic hormone (ADH) vasopressin.corpus luteum hormone progesterone.cortical hormone corticosteroid.corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) a neuropeptide secreted by the median eminence of the hypothalamus that binds to specific receptors on the corticotroph cells of the anterior pituitary and stimulates the secretion of corticotropin.ectopic h's those secreted by tumors of nonendocrine tissues but having the same physiologic effects as their normally produced counterparts. It is not known exactly how the synthesis and secretion of endocrine hormones from nonendocrine tissues occurs. Most of these tumors are derived from tissues that have a common embryonic origin with endocrine tissues. When the cells undergo neoplastic transformation, they can revert to a more primitive stage of development and begin to synthesize hormones.
Ectopic hormones present serious problems for patients and add to the complexity of caring for those with certain kinds of neoplastic diseases. These hormones do not respond to the feedback mechanisms that regulate normal hormonal production; hence, surgery and destruction of the tumorous tissue by radiation and chemotherapy are the treatments of choice.estrogenic hormone estrogen.follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) one of the gonadotropins of the anterior pituitary, which stimulates the growth and maturity of graafian follicles in the ovary, and stimulates spermatogenesis in the male.follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone (FSH/LH-RH) luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone.follicle-stimulating hormone–releasing hormone (FSH-RH) luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone.gonadotropic hormone gonadotropin.gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone.growth hormone (GH) any of several related polypeptide hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that directly influence protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism and control the rate of skeletal and visceral growth; their secretion is in part controlled by the hypothalamus. It is used pharmaceutically as somatrem and somatropin. Called also somatotrophin, somatotropin, and somatotrophic or somatotropic hormone.growth hormone release–inhibiting hormone somatostatin.growth hormone–releasing hormone (GH-RH) a neuropeptide elaborated by the median eminence of the hypothalamus that binds to specific receptors on the somatotroph cells of the anterior pituitary and stimulates the secretion of growth hormone.interstitial cell–stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone.lactation hormone (lactogenic hormone) prolactin.local hormone a substance with hormone like properties that acts at an anatomically restricted site; most are rapidly degraded. Called also autacoid and autocoid.luteinizing hormone (LH) a gonadotropin of the anterior pituitary gland, acting with follicle-stimulating hormone to cause ovulation of mature follicles and secretion of estrogen by thecal and granulosa cells of the ovary; it is also concerned with corpus luteum formation. In the male, it stimulates development of the interstitial cells of the testes and their secretion of testosterone. Called also interstitial cell–stimulating hormone.luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone (LH-RH) a decapeptide hormone of the hypothalamus, which stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland; it can be used in the differential diagnosis of hypothalamic, pituitary, and gonadal dysfunction. Called also follicle-stimulating hormone–releasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone.melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) a substance from the anterior pituitary gland of certain other animals but not humans; it influences the formation or deposition of melanin in the body and pigmentation of the skin.neurohypophyseal h's those stored and released by the neurohypophysis, i.e., oxytocin and vasopressin.parathyroid hormone (PTH) a polypeptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that influences calcium and phosphorus metabolism and bone formation.placental h's hormones secreted by the placenta, including chorionic gonadotropin, and other substances having estrogenic, progestational, or adrenocorticoid activity.progestational hormone 1. progesterone.2. progestational agent.prolactin-inhibiting hormone a hormone released by the hypothalamus that inhibits the secretion of prolactin by the anterior pituitary gland.prolactin-releasing hormone any of various hormones elaborated by the hypothalamus that stimulate the release of prolactin by the anterior pituitary gland. Most such activity is exerted by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, although in humans hormone" >thyrotropin-releasing hormone can also have this action. sex h's see sex hormones.somatotrophic hormone (somatotropic hormone) growth hormone.somatotropin release–inhibiting hormone somatostatin.somatotropin-releasing hormone (SRH) growth hormone–releasing hormone.steroid h's hormones that are biologically active steroids; they are secreted by the cortex" >adrenal cortex, testis, ovary, and placenta and include the progestational agents, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens. They act by binding to specific receptors to form complexes, which then enhance or inhibit the expression of specific genes.thyroid h's see thyroid hormones.thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) thyrotropin.thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) a tripeptide hormone of the hypothalamus, which stimulates release of thyrotropin from the pituitary gland. In humans, it also acts as a prolactinreleasing factor. It is used in the diagnosis of mild hyperthyroidism and Graves disease, and in differentiating between primary, secondary, and tertiary hypothyroidism.so·ma·to·tro·pin (sō'mă-tō-trō'pin), Do not confuse this word with somatropin.A protein hormone of the anterior lobe of the pituitary, produced by the acidophil cells, which promotes body growth, fat mobilization, and inhibition of glucose use; diabetogenic when present in excess; a deficiency of somatotropin is associated with a number of types of dwarfism (type III is an X-linked disorder). Synonym(s): growth hormone, pituitary growth hormone, somatotropic hormone [for somatotrophin, fr. somato- + G. trophē nourishment; corrupted to -tropin and reanalyzed as fr. G. tropē, a turning] growth hormonen.1. Any of various natural or synthetic substances that regulate the growth of animals or plants.2. Abbr. GH Any of such natural substances in vertebrates, consisting of polypeptide hormones that are secreted by the pituitary gland and promote growth of the body, especially by stimulating release of somatomedins. Also called somatotropic hormone, somatotropin.3. See human growth hormone.growth hormone Somatotropin A 21.5 kD growth-promoting protein hormone secreted in a pulsatile fashion by the anterior pituitary in response to the hypothalamic regulatory hormones, GHRH and somatostatin; GH influences protein, carbohydrate, fat metabolism. See Recombinant human growth hormone. so·ma·to·tro·pin , somatotropic hormone (sōmă-tō-trōpin, -trōpik hōrmōn) A protein hormone of the anterior lobe of the pituitary, produced by the acidophil cells, which promotes body growth, fat mobilization, and inhibition of glucose utilization; diabetogenic when present in excess; a deficiency of somatotropin is associated with a number of types of dwarfism.
Compare: bioregulator
Synonym(s): growth hormone, pituitary growth hormone. [fr. somato- + G. trophē nourishment; corrupted to -tropin and reanalyzed as fr. G. tropē, a turning]growth hormone (GH) The hormone, somatotropin, produced by the pituitary gland, that controls protein synthesis and hence the process of growth. Excess growth hormone during the normal childhood growth period causes gigantism. Deficiency causes dwarfism. In adult life, excess causes ACROMEGALY. GH is secreted during periods of exercise and stress and for an hour or two after falling asleep. Growth hormone is also produced by breast tissue and in excess by breast cancers. GH encourages cancer cells to metastasize. Somatotropin is available as a commercial product under brand names such as Genotropin, Humatrope, Norditropin, Saizen and Zomacton.growth hormone or somatotrophic hormone (STH) a hormone secreted by the anterior PITUITARY GLAND mainly in the growth period, where it stimulates the lengthening of the long bones in TETRAPODS, induces protein synthesis and inhibits INSULIN, thus raising the level of blood sugar. Oversecretion during development produces GIGANTISM but excess later in life gives rise to ACROMEGALY. Deficiency of the hormone results in pituitary DWARFISM.Growth hormoneA hormone that eventually stimulates growth. Also called somatotropin.Mentioned in: Pituitary Dwarfismso·ma·to·tro·pin , somatotropic hormone (sōmă-tō-trōpin, -trōpik hōrmōn) Protein hormone of anterior lobe of pituitary, produced by acidophil cells, which promotes body growth, fat mobilization, and inhibition of glucose use.
Synonym(s): growth hormone. [fr. somato- + G. trophē nourishment; corrupted to -tropin and reanalyzed as fr. G. tropē, a turning]Patient discussion about growth hormoneQ. does the growth hormone have side effects and what are they? A. Yes, it does, and not a few. They include, among others, pain in the joints, carpal tunnel syndrome, diabetes, pain at the injection site, problems with the thyroid gland, ear problems and many others. You may read more about side effects of growth hormone treatment (called Mecasermin or Somatropin) here: http://www.drugs.com/ppa/mecasermin.html More discussions about growth hormoneFinancialSeeGHAcronymsSeegreenhorngrowth hormone
Synonyms for growth hormonenoun a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary glandSynonyms- human growth hormone
- somatotrophic hormone
- somatotrophin
- somatotropic hormone
- somatotropin
- STH
Related Words- endocrine
- hormone
- internal secretion
- Protropin
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