1A thing or person of the same kind or category as another.

1. 1.1 An animal or plant of the same genus as another.
   these birds or their congeners may be found in East Africa

   Example sentencesExamples

   • For example, along the subtidal to intertidal gradient, species replacements are common, and there are many examples of one species in a genus replacing a congener over relatively small vertical ranges where thermal gradients exist.
   • For example, interspecific agonistic interactions select for dull-colored male flycatchers that experience less interference from more aggressive, sympatric congeners.
   • If growth rates are sensitive to such selection, they should be more rapid in this species than in low-latitude or low-altitude congeners, and the nestling period should also be shortened.
   • Although cryptic species have often been discovered, they are often themselves wide-ranging, and frequently sympatric with congeners.
   • They studied congeners, presumed sister species in many cases, having both minimal plumage differences and superficially similar primary vocalizations.
   • Most studies of interspecific competition consider sympatric congeners because it is assumed that closely related species tend to compete more strongly.
   • Even when reproductive periods were evaluated separately, there were only two differences in the fractions of animal and plant foods in the diets of those congeners.
   • In its introduced range, in the absence of its two slightly larger congeners, as well as of other morphologically similar potential competitors, does the small Indian mongoose increase in size?
   • Although its higher taxonomy remains controversial, E. texana has been placed in the family Limnadiidae with two other genera and 15 congeners.
   • Other species also may refrain from calling, especially if they live in noisy environments, are likely to attract predators, or lack sympatric congeners with which they might hybridize.
   • Furthermore, protection of paternity does not explain why male Bucephala exclude conspecific females and subadults, congeners, and other species with similar diets from their territories.
   • Other studies have shown that widespread congeners might have an advantage over their rare congeners, by attracting more pollinators, having better competitive ability or having greater genetic diversity.
   • Similar to its congeners, this sexually dimorphic species is hypothesized to be resource-defense polygynous.
   • These results agree with other studies comparing native congeners, which also had qualitatively similar seed bank strategies.
   • Though a number of studies have found lower levels of genetic variation in rare, narrowly distributed species compared to their more widespread congeners, several studies have found the opposite result.
   • North American populations of Hypomesus transpacificus, a congener of H. pretiosus, spend the entire life-cycle in freshwater.
   • Comparisons with its lowland congener further suggested that reliance of M. arizonicum on asexual reproduction may place this moss at a disadvantage in competition for suitable establishment sites at lower elevations.
   • In the context of physiological determinants of vertical zonation, note that many of the more coldadapted porcelain crabs could not withstand the habitat temperatures experienced by more warm-adapted congeners.
   • Frigatebirds may kill chicks and eggs of conspecifics and congeners.
   • One can rapidly survey the appearance and geographic ranges of congeners, thus underscoring an outstanding feature of the volume-the ease with which information can be extracted.

2A minor chemical constituent, especially one which gives a distinctive character to a wine or spirit or is responsible for some of its physiological effects.