Among the many words of Arabic origin that have passed into English are a significant number reflecting the supremacy of Islamic mathematicians and scientists in the Middle Ages, particularly between the 8th and 12th cents.: algebra, zero, cipher, alkali, alcohol, almanac, nadir, and so on. Other Arabic words which have firmly established themselves in English include alcove, assassin, candy, cotton, ghoul, giraffe, lemon, lute, magazine, mohair, monsoon, safari, saffron, sash, sofa, syrup, and tariff. Recent borrowings, reflecting the resurgence of Islam as a major force in world affairs, include ayatollah, fatwa, and intifada. See also usage note at Arab