The substantial Old Norse element in the English vocabulary comes from the Scandinavians, mostly from Denmark and Norway, who raided England from the late eighth cent., settled in the country from the mid-ninth cent., and became rulers of the region north and east of a line from London to Chester. Thousands of Old Norse words entered English by the 13th cent., including awkward, both, dirt, fellow, hit, husband, ill, leg, outlaw, rag, root, scale, sky, take, want, window, and the pronouns they, them, their. Since Old Norse was quite closely related to English, some words (e.g. bleak, kettle) result from a mixture of Old English and Old Norse; some (e.g. dane and drag) could have originally come from either language; and in a few cases, Old Norse words have survived alongside their Old English equivalents, sometimes with a different meaning or only in dialect (skirt/shirt, kirk/church, scale/shell)