请输入您要查询的英文单词:

 

单词 faq-about 9e496813d96c49e1950a75f7ef12e965
释义
Vowels
Symbol Keyword
/i/ beat, feed
/ɪ/ bit, did
/eɪ/ date, paid
/ɛ/ bet, bed
/æ/ bat, bad
/ɑ/ box, odd, father
/ɔ/ bought, dog
/oʊ/ boat, road
/ʊ/ book, put
/u/ boot, new
/ʌ/ but, mud, mother
/ə/ banana, among
/ɚ/ shirt, murder
/aɪ/ bite, cry, buyeye
/aʊ/ about, how
/ɔɪ/ voice, boy
/ɪr/ beer
/ɛr/ bare
/ɑr/ bar
/ɔr/ door
/ʊr/ tour

Consonants

Symbol Keyword
/p/ pack, happy
/b/ back, rubber
/t/ tie
/d/ die
/k/ came, key, quick
/g/ game, guest
/tʃ/ church, nature, watch
/dʒ/ judge, general, major
/f/ fan, photograph
/v/ van
/θ/ thing, breath
/ð/ then, breathe
/s/ sip, city, psychology
/z/ zip, please, goes
/ʃ/ ship, machine, station, special, discussion
/ʒ/ measure, vision
/h/ hot, who
/m/ men, some
/n/ sunknow, pneumonia
/ŋ/ sung, ringing
/w/ wet, white
/l/ light, long, hello
/r/ right, wrong
/y/ yes, use, music
/t̬/ butter, bottle
/t˺/ button
/t/ means that /t/ may be dropped
/d/ means that /d/ may be dropped
/ˈ/ shows main stress
/ˌ/ shows secondary stress
/◂/ shows stress shift

American English Sounds

/t̬/

The /t/ in tap or sat is a voiceless sound. Many Americans, however, use a voiced sound like a quick /d/ for the /t/ in words like latterparty, and little. The t in these words, shown in this dictionary as /t̬/, sounds like the d in ladderhardy, and middle. This sound usually occurs between vowels (especially before an unstressed vowel), between r and a vowel, or before a syllabic /l/.

/t˺/

This symbol means that many speakers pronounce a glottal stop in place of or together with /t/. A glottal stop is the sound in the middle of the expression uh oh. For example, in the words button /ˈbʌt˺n/ andfootball /ˈfʊt˺bɔl/ the t does not sound the same as in the word ton /tʌn/; it sounds like a short period of silence. The glottal stop usually occurs before a syllabic /n/ or a consonant that begins the next syllable.

/t/ and /d/

These symbols mean that these consonants may be either pronounced or left out. For example, the t inrestless /ˈrɛstlɪs/ and the d in grandfather /ˈgrændˌfɑðɚ/ are usually dropped in normal connected speech, even though it is considered more correct in slow, careful speech to pronounce the t and d in these words.

/nʃ/


Many speakers pronounce the sequence /nʃ/ as /ntʃ/. For example, attention /əˈtɛnʃən/conscious /ˈkɑnʃəs/ may also be pronounced as /əˈtɛntʃən//ˈkɑntʃəs/. Only the pronunciation with /nʃ/ is shown.

The Longman Vocabulary Checker

The Longman Vocabulary Checker is a new feature of the Longman Advanced American Dictionary. To access it, click on ‘Home’ and select the Vocabulary Checker icon on the right of your screen.

With the Longman Vocabulary Checker you can find out which type of vocabulary is used in the text you are reading and which words you should learn. The Vocabulary Checker highlights words from specific lists in any text you choose. The words that it will highlight are either from:

  • the Longman 9,000 keywords – the most important 9,000 words to learn in English. To help decide which words are important for students to learn, they are divided into three categories and marked in the dictionary with circles:
    ●●● high-frequency words – indicates the top 3,000 words
    ●●○ mid-frequency words – indicates the next most important 3,000 words
    ●○○ lower-frequency words – indicates the less frequent yet important 3,000 words
  • the Academic Word List - a list of words that you need to learn in order to progress in your academic studies

The Longman Vocabulary Checker is easy to use:

  1. Copy your text and paste it in the box.
  2. Select the word list that you want to check the text against.
  3. Click Check Text.

The words which are part of the selected word list are highlighted in blue and statistics are given about words included or not included in the selected word list.

The results of the check will help you decide which words you need to learn. These results also indicate the level of difficulty of a text: the more common words that are highlighted, the easier the text; the more academic words that are highlighted, the more difficult the text. The words which are not part of the selected word list appear as regular text, in black.

Introduction

Welcome to the third edition of the Longman Advanced American Dictionary. These Help pages will show you, step by step, how easy it is to use the website and how to get the most out of it.

Find a Word

Look up over 200,000 words, phrases, and meanings in the Longman Advanced American Dictionary. If the word(s) you type into the Search box are in the dictionary, they will appear in a drop-down box and in the Index list. Either finish typing the word and click on the Go button next to the Search box, or select the word from the drop-down box or the Index to bring up the complete entry.

Words that are related to the word that you have searched for – for example compounds or phrases that contain that word – will appear in the “Other words and phrases” box. Click on any of these words to bring up the complete entry.

If you type in a word that is an inflection of a verb or noun, for example traveling, you will be taken to the correct entry in the dictionary, in this case travel.

Information about an Entry

The Longman Advanced American Dictionary has full information for all your language learning needs at each entry.

Understanding Definitions

If you do not understand a word in a definition, double click on the word. The entry appears in a pop-up window.

Frequency and Keywords

The Longman Advanced American Dictionary is organized on the basis of frequency. The most frequent meanings of a word are shown first, and homographs are shown in frequency order. All of our judgments about frequency are made with reference to the Longman Corpus Network – a 390 million-word corpus of English.

The 9,000 most important words to learn are shown in red; they are divided into three categories and marked in the dictionary with circles:

●●● high frequency words – indicates the top 3,000 words
●●○ mid frequency words – indicates the next most important 3,000 words
●○○ low frequency words – indicates the less frequent yet important 3,000 words

The dictionary also shows which words are used most frequently in spoken and written English. This information appears immediately after the entry. The 3,000 most frequent spoken and written words (theLongman Communication 3,000) are indicated in this way:

W1 Most frequent 1000 written words
W2 Between 1001 and 2000 most frequent written words
W3 Between 2001 and 3000 most frequent written words
S1 Most frequent 1000 spoken words
S2 Between 1001 and 2000 most frequent spoken words
S3 Between 2001 and 3000 most frequent spoken words

Academic Word List

The Longman Advanced American Dictionary highlights all the words from the Academic Word List. These are important words to know if you are studying in an English-speaking environment or if you are writing academic assignments. Words that are included in the Academic Word List are marked with the symbol AWL.

You can use the Advanced Search function to search for all the words in the Academic Word List.

Pronunciation of Words

The pronunciation of a word is shown in the International Phonetic Alphabet. You can also listen to the sound of every word in the dictionary. Click on the speaker icon to hear the pronunciation.

Pronunciation of Examples

All examples in the dictionary entries have a pronunciation recorded. These sentences have a speaker icon before them. Click on the speaker icon to play the recording.

Collocation Boxes

The Longman Advanced American Dictionary contains Collocation boxes which show combination of words that are frequently used together. Words are arranged according to their part of speech and are listed in order of frequency so that you can see the most common collocations first. Click on the active Collocations link to view a Collocation box. Click on the arrow next to each of the collocations to see a definition and examples of how it is used in English. Alternatively, you can scroll down the entry in the main dictionary window.

Thesaurus Boxes

The Longman Advanced American Dictionary contains over 500 Thesaurus boxes, which explain the meaning of thousands of synonyms and antonyms, helping you to choose the most appropriate word for a particular context. Click on the active Thesaurus link to view a Thesaurus box. Click on the arrow next to the word in bold to see its definition and examples of how the word is used in English. Alternatively, you can scroll down the entry in the main dictionary window.

Etymology

Where do words come from? If the Etymology link appears at the top of the entry, you can find out the etymology of the word. The Longman Advanced American Dictionary contains over 14,000 Etymologies for you to explore. You can search for all the words that entered English from a particular language or at a particular time. Click on the Advanced search button and choose the Word Origin search.

Verb Forms

You can see the inflections for all regular and irregular verbs in the dictionary by clicking on the Verb Table link that appears at the top of the entry.

Pictures

The Longman Advanced American Dictionary contains about 2,000 pictures to help make entries even clearer. Clicking on the pictures opens them in a larger window to make them easier to see and study. You can search for all the entries that have pictures by choosing Pictures in the Advanced Search.

Search Dictionary Entries Using the Advanced Search Function

The Advanced Search helps you find the words that you are looking for. Click on Go to Advanced Search to start the search.

Using the various search options, you can find words that are headwords, words from the Academic Word List, or words that are a particular part of speech. You can also find entries that have particular prefixes or suffixes, words relating to a specific topic, and words with a particular word origin.

If the number of results is very large, it might be better to refine the search by selecting one of the various search options – for instance by specifying the part of speech.

Dictionary Entry Search

You can search for words that appear in a specific part of a dictionary entry, such as the definition and example, using the Advanced Search. Enter the word you want to search for, check the relevant box, then click on Go. The words appear in the Index. Click on any word to open that entry.

Academic Word List Search

If you want to see all the words in the Academic Word List, check the Academic Word List box, then click on Go next to the Search box. The results will appear in the Index. Click on any word to open that entry.

Part of Speech Search

You can search for words with a particular part of speech using the Advanced Search. Use the drop-down Part of speech menu to select the part of speech you want, and click on Go next to the Search box. Words matching your search will appear in the Index. Click on any word to open that entry.

Core Vocabulary Search

The Longman Advanced American Dictionary highlights the most important 9,000 words to learn in English. To help decide which words are important for students to learn, they are divided into three categories and marked in the dictionary with circles:

●●● high frequency words – indicates the top 3,000 words
●●○ mid frequency words – indicates the next most important 3,000 words
●○○ low frequency words – indicates the less frequent yet important next 3,000 words

You can use the Advanced Search function to search for all the words in each of the category.

Use the drop-down Core Vocabulary menu to select one of the categories, and click on Go next to the Search box. The results will appear in the Index. Click on any word to open that entry. You can combine this search with other search options – for instance, by specifying the part of speech.

Content Vocabulary Search

You can search for words relating to a specific topic, such as math, biology, history, English language and the arts, using the Advanced Search. Use the drop-down Content vocabulary menu to select the topic you want, and click on Go next to the Search box. Words matching your search will appear in the Index. Click on any word to open that entry.

Word Origin Search

You can search for word origin information to find out which foreign language words come from. Use the drop-down Word origin menu to select the language you want, and click on Go next to the Search box. Words matching your search will appear in the Index. Click on any word to open that entry.

About

Copyright

Longman Advanced American Dictionary, third edition (online) © Pearson Education Limited 2010, 2013.

Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE, England, UK
and associated Companies throughout the world

© Pearson Education Limited 2000, 2007, 2013
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publishers.

First edition published 2000
Second edition published 2007
Third edition published 2013

Words that the editors have reason to believe constitute trademarks have been described as such. However, neither the presence nor the absence of such a description should be regarded as affecting the legal status of any trademark.

Longman British English and American English Sound Database
© Addison Wesley Longman Limited 1998
© Pearson Education Limited 1999-2013

Longman Interactive Exercise Bank 
© Pearson Education Limited 2013

Longman Corpus Examples Database
© Pearson Education Limited 2002, 2013

Acknowledgments

Editorial Director
Michael Mayor

Publishing Manager
Laurence Delacroix

Managing Editors
Karen Cleveland Marwick
Chris Fox

Senior Editor
Karen Stern

Editors
Daniel Barron
Elizabeth Beizai
Rosalind Combley
Stephen Handorf
Lucy Hollingworth
Michael Murphy

Project Manager
Alan Savill

Production Editors
Paola Rocchetti
Alice Willoughby

Corpus Development
Steve Crowdy
Kevin Fox
Allan Ørsnes
Duncan Pettigrew
Andrew Roberts

Spoken Corpus Development
University of California at Santa Barbara:
Professor John Du Bois
Professor Wallace Chafe
Professor Sandra Thompson

Computational Linguist
Allan Ørsnes

Website development
Andrew Roberts

Design
Matthew Dickin

Pronunciation Editor
Dinah Jackson

Proofreaders
Simone Chalkley Jock Graham Margaret Hill Ruth Hilmore Alison Sadler Nicky Thompson

Project and Databases Administrator
Denise McKeough

Production
Susan Braund

The Publishers would like to thank the people who contributed to the previous editions of this dictionary:
Stephen Bullon, Rebecca Campbell, Robert Clevenger, Rebecca Dauer, Korey Egge, Tammy Gales, Mark Hamer, Alex Henderson, Dileri Borunda Johnston, Wendalyn Nichols, Leslie Redick, Michael Rundell, Ruth Urbom

Review of School Content Vocabulary by the following teachers and editors:
Kenneth Nealy, PhD, Linda Hudson, Michael Aleksius, Susan Jellis, Katherine Pate, Joe Will.

The publishers would like to express their gratitude to all the dedicated teachers who have attended focus groups and given their informed feedback on sample text:
Kent Adams, David Allan, Nancy Joy Allchin, Rebecca Alvarado, Carrie Barnard, Carolyn Behram, Jennifer Benichou, Belinda Campbell, Robert Caren, Brittney Carlson, Elizabeth Chewlin, Steven Dominguez, Suzy Doob, Laurie Gluck, Sylvia Gonzales, Joseph Halabi, Abdou Hannaoui, Ilona Hanson, Karen Hibbert, Cristin Hickey, Peter Hoffman, Elizabeth Iannotti, Barbara Jackson, Martin Jacobi, Katie Kennedy, Erin Kirkland, Adam Kokosinski, Kia McDaniel, Beth Meetsma, Frank Milano and his team, Joan Mitchell, Dr Laurie Moody, Safa Motallebi, Barrie S Mullian, Agatha Munu, Mamiko Nakata, Mary Nance-Tager, Melissa Nankin, Sonja Norwood, Nancy Pauliukoni, Lynn Poirier, Felicia Rose, Mark Savitt, Ann Marie Schlender, Alyce Slater Lentz, Christine Tierney, Carole Weisz and her team, Mark Yoffie.

The publishers would also like to thank Averil Coxhead for permission to highlight the Academic Wordlist (AWL, compiled in 2000) in this dictionary. Averil Coxhead is the author of the AWL and a lecturer in English for Academic Purposes at Massey University, New Zealand. For further information on the AWL, go to Averil's Website at: http://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/about/staff/averil-coxhead


Technical support
Visit the support pages at: http://www.pearsonlongmansupport.com
随便看

 

英语词典包含48224条英英释义在线翻译词条,基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法,是英语学习的有利工具。

 

Copyright © 2004-2022 Newdu.com All Rights Reserved
更新时间:2024/9/21 19:45:50