英语词汇“enzyme”的英英意思、用法、释义、翻译、读音、例句、短语、词组-英语词典

An important element in human chemistry, an enzyme is a protein manufactured by a cell, and is a catalyst in various biological functions. For example, enzymes help break down larger molecules of starch, fat, and protein during digestion.

The word enzyme was coined by a German physiologist in the late 1800's to name a digestive process that scientists had been observing. The word was later given to the actual agents discovered to spark the reactions, taken from the Greek énzymos, which meant "leavened." (Leavening makes bread rise.) Remember that the word enzyme is spelled with a y and not an i, which makes sense, since when scientists observe chemical processes, they often ask "why?"

WORD FAMILY

enzyme: coenzyme, enzymatic, enzymes+/enzymatic: enzymatically, nonenzymatic

USAGE EXAMPLES

They included chest pain, shortness of breath, an elevated electrocardiogram and elevated cardiac enzyme levels.

Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)

Initial blood tests showed some troubling indicators, such as elevated readings of liver enzymes.

Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)

Rubraca is part of an emerging class of drugs that blocks an enzyme that helps cells - including those affected by cancer - repair themselves.

Washington Times(Dec 19, 2016)

n any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions

Hypo|Hyper

ADA, adenosine deaminase

an enzyme found in mammals that can catalyze the deamination of adenosine into inosine and ammonia

amylase

any of a group of proteins found in saliva and pancreatic juice and parts of plants; help convert starch to sugar

cholinesterase

an enzyme that hydrolyses acetylcholine (into choline and acetic acid)

coagulase

an enzyme that induces coagulation

collagenase

any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of collagen and gelatin

complement

one of a series of enzymes in the blood serum that are part of the immune response

catalase

enzyme found in most plant and animal cells that functions as an oxidative catalyst; decomposes hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water

Cox, cyclooxygenase

either of two related enzymes that control the production of prostaglandins and are blocked by aspirin

decarboxylase

any of the enzymes that hydrolize the carboxyl group

de-iodinase

an enzyme that removes the iodine radical

disaccharidase

an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of disaccharides into monosaccharides

elastase

a pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of elastin

enterokinase

enzyme in the intestinal juice that converts inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin

histaminase

enzyme that acts as a catalyst in converting histidine to histamine

Hyazyme, hyaluronidase, spreading factor

an enzyme (trade name Hyazyme) that splits hyaluronic acid and so lowers its viscosity and increases the permeability of connective tissue and the absorption of fluids

isomerase

an enzyme that catalyzes its substrate to an isomeric form

kinase

an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a proenzyme to an active enzyme

lipase

an enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream

lysozyme, muramidase

an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria

MAO, monoamine oxidase

an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of many body compounds (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine and serotonin)

nitrogenase

an enzyme of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms that catalyzes the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia

nuclease

general term for enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleic acid by cleaving chains of nucleotides into smaller units

oxidase

any of the enzymes that catalyze biological oxidation

oxidoreductase

an enzyme that catalyzes oxidation-reduction

papain

a proteolytic enzyme obtained from the unripe papaya; used as a meat tenderizer

beta-lactamase, penicillinase

enzyme produced by certain bacteria that inactivates penicillin and results in resistance to that antibiotic

pepsin

an enzyme produced in the stomach that splits proteins into peptones

pepsinogen

precursor of pepsin; stored in the stomach walls and converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid in the stomach

phosphatase

any of a group of enzymes that act as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of organic phosphates

fibrinolysin, plasmin

an enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots

polymerase

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of new DNA and RNA from an existing strand of DNA or RNA

peptidase, protease, proteinase, proteolytic enzyme

any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis

reductase

an enzyme that catalyses the biochemical reduction of some specified substance

chymosin, rennin

an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice; causes milk to coagulate

secretase

a set of enzymes believed to snip pieces off a longer protein producing fragments of amyloid protein that bunch up and create amyloid protein plaques in brain tissue (the pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's)

streptodornase

an enzyme produced by some hemolytic strains of streptococcus that dissolves fibrinous secretions from infections; used medicinally (often in combination with streptokinase)

streptokinase

an enzyme produced by some strains of streptococcus that can liquefy blood clots by converting plasminogen to plasmin; used medicinally in some cases of myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism

SOD, superoxide dismutase

an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of superoxide into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen

telomerase

an enzyme in eukaryotic cells that can add telomeres to the ends of chromosomes after they divide

transferase

any of various enzymes that move a chemical group from one compound to another compound

trypsin

an enzyme of pancreatic origin; catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins to smaller polypeptide units

urease

an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia; is present in intestinal bacteria

zymase

a complex of enzymes that cause glycolysis; originally found in yeast but also present in higher organisms

endonuclease

a nuclease that cleaves nucleic acids at interior bonds and so produces fragments of various sizes

exonuclease

a nuclease that releases one nucleotide at a time (serially) beginning at one of a nucleic acid

5-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, HMG-CoA reductase

a liver enzyme that is responsible for producing cholesterol

caspase

any of a group of proteases that mediate apoptosis

ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme, angiotensin-converting enzyme

proteolytic enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II

thrombin

an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen in blood causing it to clot

Cox-1, cyclooxygenase-1

an enzyme that regulates prostaglandins that are important for the health of the stomach lining and kidneys

Cox-2, cyclooxygenase-2

an enzyme that makes prostaglandins that cause inflammation and pain and fever

ptyalin

an amylase secreted in saliva

RNase, ribonuclease, ribonucleinase

a transferase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid

invertase, saccharase, sucrase

an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose

Lactaid, lactase

any of a group of enzymes (trade name Lactaid) that hydrolyze lactose to glucose and galactose

oxygenase

an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the incorporation of molecular oxygen

peroxidase

any of a group of enzymes (occurring especially in plant cells) that catalyze the oxidation of a compound by a peroxide

plasminogen

an inactive form of plasmin that occurs in plasma and is converted to plasmin by organic solvents

plasminogen activator, urokinase

protease produced in the kidney that converts plasminogen to plasmin and so initiates fibrinolysis

DNA polymerase

the enzyme responsible for DNA replication

RNA polymerase, transcriptase

the enzyme that copies DNA into RNA

reverse transcriptase

a polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA using RNA as a template; found especially in retroviruses

renin

a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys; catalyzes the formation of angiotensin and thus affects blood pressure

aminopherase, aminotransferase, transaminase

a class of transferases that catalyze transamination (that transfer an amino group from an amino acid to another compound)

trypsinogen

inactive precursor of trypsin; a substance secreted by the pancreas and converted to active trypsin by enterokinase in the small intestine

accelerator, catalyst

(chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected

protein

any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes

单词	enzyme
释义	enzyme (once / 5198 pages) n An important element in human chemistry, an enzyme is a protein manufactured by a cell, and is a catalyst in various biological functions. For example, enzymes help break down larger molecules of starch, fat, and protein during digestion. The word enzyme was coined by a German physiologist in the late 1800's to name a digestive process that scientists had been observing. The word was later given to the actual agents discovered to spark the reactions, taken from the Greek énzymos, which meant "leavened." (Leavening makes bread rise.) Remember that the word enzyme is spelled with a y and not an i, which makes sense, since when scientists observe chemical processes, they often ask "why?" WORD FAMILY enzyme: coenzyme, enzymatic, enzymes+/enzymatic: enzymatically, nonenzymatic USAGE EXAMPLES They included chest pain, shortness of breath, an elevated electrocardiogram and elevated cardiac enzyme levels. Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016) Initial blood tests showed some troubling indicators, such as elevated readings of liver enzymes. Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016) Rubraca is part of an emerging class of drugs that blocks an enzyme that helps cells - including those affected by cancer - repair themselves. Washington Times(Dec 19, 2016) n any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions Hypo\|Hyper ADA, adenosine deaminase an enzyme found in mammals that can catalyze the deamination of adenosine into inosine and ammonia amylase any of a group of proteins found in saliva and pancreatic juice and parts of plants; help convert starch to sugar cholinesterase an enzyme that hydrolyses acetylcholine (into choline and acetic acid) coagulase an enzyme that induces coagulation collagenase any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of collagen and gelatin complement one of a series of enzymes in the blood serum that are part of the immune response catalase enzyme found in most plant and animal cells that functions as an oxidative catalyst; decomposes hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water Cox, cyclooxygenase either of two related enzymes that control the production of prostaglandins and are blocked by aspirin decarboxylase any of the enzymes that hydrolize the carboxyl group de-iodinase an enzyme that removes the iodine radical disaccharidase an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of disaccharides into monosaccharides elastase a pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of elastin enterokinase enzyme in the intestinal juice that converts inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin histaminase enzyme that acts as a catalyst in converting histidine to histamine Hyazyme, hyaluronidase, spreading factor an enzyme (trade name Hyazyme) that splits hyaluronic acid and so lowers its viscosity and increases the permeability of connective tissue and the absorption of fluids isomerase an enzyme that catalyzes its substrate to an isomeric form kinase an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a proenzyme to an active enzyme lipase an enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream lysozyme, muramidase an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria MAO, monoamine oxidase an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of many body compounds (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine and serotonin) nitrogenase an enzyme of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms that catalyzes the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia nuclease general term for enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleic acid by cleaving chains of nucleotides into smaller units oxidase any of the enzymes that catalyze biological oxidation oxidoreductase an enzyme that catalyzes oxidation-reduction papain a proteolytic enzyme obtained from the unripe papaya; used as a meat tenderizer beta-lactamase, penicillinase enzyme produced by certain bacteria that inactivates penicillin and results in resistance to that antibiotic pepsin an enzyme produced in the stomach that splits proteins into peptones pepsinogen precursor of pepsin; stored in the stomach walls and converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid in the stomach phosphatase any of a group of enzymes that act as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of organic phosphates fibrinolysin, plasmin an enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots polymerase an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of new DNA and RNA from an existing strand of DNA or RNA peptidase, protease, proteinase, proteolytic enzyme any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis reductase an enzyme that catalyses the biochemical reduction of some specified substance chymosin, rennin an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice; causes milk to coagulate secretase a set of enzymes believed to snip pieces off a longer protein producing fragments of amyloid protein that bunch up and create amyloid protein plaques in brain tissue (the pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's) streptodornase an enzyme produced by some hemolytic strains of streptococcus that dissolves fibrinous secretions from infections; used medicinally (often in combination with streptokinase) streptokinase an enzyme produced by some strains of streptococcus that can liquefy blood clots by converting plasminogen to plasmin; used medicinally in some cases of myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism SOD, superoxide dismutase an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of superoxide into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen telomerase an enzyme in eukaryotic cells that can add telomeres to the ends of chromosomes after they divide transferase any of various enzymes that move a chemical group from one compound to another compound trypsin an enzyme of pancreatic origin; catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins to smaller polypeptide units urease an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia; is present in intestinal bacteria zymase a complex of enzymes that cause glycolysis; originally found in yeast but also present in higher organisms endonuclease a nuclease that cleaves nucleic acids at interior bonds and so produces fragments of various sizes exonuclease a nuclease that releases one nucleotide at a time (serially) beginning at one of a nucleic acid 5-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, HMG-CoA reductase a liver enzyme that is responsible for producing cholesterol caspase any of a group of proteases that mediate apoptosis ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme, angiotensin-converting enzyme proteolytic enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II thrombin an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen in blood causing it to clot Cox-1, cyclooxygenase-1 an enzyme that regulates prostaglandins that are important for the health of the stomach lining and kidneys Cox-2, cyclooxygenase-2 an enzyme that makes prostaglandins that cause inflammation and pain and fever ptyalin an amylase secreted in saliva RNase, ribonuclease, ribonucleinase a transferase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid invertase, saccharase, sucrase an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose Lactaid, lactase any of a group of enzymes (trade name Lactaid) that hydrolyze lactose to glucose and galactose oxygenase an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the incorporation of molecular oxygen peroxidase any of a group of enzymes (occurring especially in plant cells) that catalyze the oxidation of a compound by a peroxide plasminogen an inactive form of plasmin that occurs in plasma and is converted to plasmin by organic solvents plasminogen activator, urokinase protease produced in the kidney that converts plasminogen to plasmin and so initiates fibrinolysis DNA polymerase the enzyme responsible for DNA replication RNA polymerase, transcriptase the enzyme that copies DNA into RNA reverse transcriptase a polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA using RNA as a template; found especially in retroviruses renin a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys; catalyzes the formation of angiotensin and thus affects blood pressure aminopherase, aminotransferase, transaminase a class of transferases that catalyze transamination (that transfer an amino group from an amino acid to another compound) trypsinogen inactive precursor of trypsin; a substance secreted by the pancreas and converted to active trypsin by enterokinase in the small intestine accelerator, catalyst (chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected protein any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes
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