| 单词 | ideology |
| 释义 | ideology (once / 1209 pages) n An ideology is a set of opinions or beliefs of a group or an individual. Very often ideology refers to a set of political beliefs or a set of ideas that characterize a particular culture. Capitalism, communism, socialism, and Marxism are ideologies. But not all -ism words are. Think: cronyism (a system of graft whereby friends unfairly help each other make money.) Our English noun is from French idéologie. The suffix –logy, used with many English words describing theories or doctrines, is from Greek logos "word, reason, speech, account." WORD FAMILYideology: ideologic, ideological, ideologies, ideologist+/ideological: ideologically/ideologist: ideologists USAGE EXAMPLESDr. Appleby was part of a generation of historians who examined the ideologies and beliefs that animated the American Revolution. New York Times(Jan 02, 2017) His hope, however far-fetched, was that Trump, by demolishing traditional Party ideologies, might somehow help people move beyond hardened partisan positions. The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017) Try to diversify not only the subject matter you read, but the ideology of the publishers and the identities of the writers. The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017) 1n an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation Syn|Hypo|Hyper political orientation, political theory absolutism, totalism, totalitarianism the principle of complete and unrestricted power in government anarchisma political theory favoring the abolition of governments autocracya political theory favoring unlimited authority by a single individual centrism, moderatisma political philosophy of avoiding the extremes of left and right by taking a moderate position or course of action collectivisma political theory that the people should own the means of production communisma political theory favoring collectivism in a classless society conservatism, conservativisma political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes segregationisma political orientation favoring political or racial segregation constitutionalismadvocacy of a system of government according to constitutional principles democracythe political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives social democracythe belief in a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism by democratic means domino theorythe political theory that if one nation comes under communist control then neighboring nations will also come under communist control elitismthe attitude that society should be governed by an elite group of individuals extremismany political theory favoring immoderate uncompromising policies fascisma political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism) federalismthe idea of a federal organization of more or less self-governing units imperialisma political orientation that advocates imperial interests leftismthe ideology of the political left; belief in or support of the tenets of the political left liberalisma political orientation that favors social progress by reform and by changing laws rather than by revolution meritocracythe belief that rulers should be chosen for their superior abilities and not because of their wealth or birth libertarianisman ideological belief in freedom of thought and speech monarchisma belief in and advocacy of monarchy as a political system Negritudean ideological position that holds Black culture to be independent and valid on its own terms; an affirmation of the African cultural heritage Orleanismthe political philosophy of the Orleanists progressivismthe political orientation of those who favor progress toward better conditions in government and society radicalismthe political orientation of those who favor revolutionary change in government and society reactionismthe political orientation of reactionaries republicanismthe political orientation of those who hold that a republic is the best form of government rightismthe ideology of the political right; belief in or support of the tenets of the political right socialisma political theory advocating state ownership of industry theocracythe belief in government by divine guidance Utopianismthe political orientation of a Utopian who believes in impossibly idealistic schemes of social perfection dovishnessany political orientation favoring compromise to avoid conflict hawkishnessany political orientation favoring aggressive policies Machiavellianismthe political doctrine of Machiavelli: any means (however unscrupulous) can be used by a ruler in order to create and maintain his autocratic government Castroisma form of communism developed in Cuba by Fidel Castro Leninism, Marxism-Leninismthe political and economic theories of Lenin which provided the guiding doctrine of the Soviet Union; the modification of Marxism by Lenin stressed that imperialism is the highest form of capitalism (which shifts the struggle from developed to underdeveloped countries) Maoisma form of communism developed in China by Mao Zedong Marxismthe economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded by communism Trotskyismthe form of communism advocated by Leon Trotsky; calls for immediate worldwide revolution by the proletariat neoconservatisman approach to politics or theology that represents a return to a traditional point of view (in contrast to more liberal or radical schools of thought of the 1960s) reactionextreme conservatism in political or social matters neoliberalisma political orientation originating in the 1960s; blends liberal political views with an emphasis on economic growth Jacobinismthe ideology of the most radical element of the French Revolution that instituted the Reign of Terror Fabianismsocialism to be established by gradual reforms within the law guild socialisma form of socialist theory advocating state ownership of industry but managements by guilds of workers utopian socialismsocialism achieved by voluntary sacrifice peace advocacyany policy that advocates maintaining peaceful international relations militarisma political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests war advocacy, warmongeringa policy of advocating war Naziism, Nazism, national socialisma form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism and obedience to a strong leader orientation an integrated set of attitudes and beliefs 2n imaginary or visionary theorization Hyper theorisation, theorization the production or use of theories |
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