英语词汇“intellectual”的英英意思、用法、释义、翻译、读音、例句、短语、词组-英语词典

adjn

The adjective intellectual describes something related to or using the mind or intellect. Your creative pursuit of singing in a rock band is different from your intellectual interest in 16th-century drama.

Intellectual is often used to describe intensive reasoning and deep thinking, particularly in relation to subjects that tend to spark deep discussion, such as literature or philosophy. An intellectual is also a noun for a cerebral or brainy person who engages in deep thinking, like Plato, Albert Einstein, or your classmate who can speak at length about the relationship between French existentialism and ice hockey.

WORD FAMILY

intellectual: anti-intellectual, intellectualisation, intellectualization, intellectually, intellectuals, nonintellectual+/intellect: intellects, intellectual/intellectualization: intellectualizations

USAGE EXAMPLES

Ten years later, Capucci led a delegation of clerics and intellectuals to Iraq in a show of solidarity against UN sanctions.

BBC(Jan 02, 2017)

They’d be well advised to fire their Growth Hackers and start prioritizing intellectual integrity over content farming.

Salon(Jan 02, 2017)

In somewhat of a statistical and intellectual improbability, Couch Slouch agrees with both sides.

Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)

1adj of or associated with or requiring the use of the mind

intellectual problems

Syn

noetic, rational
mental

involving the mind or an intellectual process

2adj involving intelligence rather than emotions or instinct

Syn|Ant

cerebral

emotional

determined or actuated by emotion rather than reason

3adj appealing to or using the intellect

satire is an intellectual weapon
intellectual workers engaged in creative literary or artistic or scientific labor
has tremendous intellectual sympathy for oppressed people
coldly intellectual
sort of the intellectual type
intellectual literature

Syn|Ant

educated

possessing an education (especially having more than average knowledge)

highbrow, highbrowed

highly cultured or educated

rational

having its source in or being guided by the intellect (as distinguished from experience or emotion)

reflective

devoted to matters of the mind

good, serious

appealing to the mind

sophisticated

intellectually appealing

mental

involving the mind or an intellectual process

scholarly

characteristic of scholars or scholarship

nonintellectual

not intellectual

anti-intellectual, philistine

smug and ignorant and indifferent or hostile to artistic and cultural values

lowbrow, lowbrowed, uncultivated

characteristic of a person who is not cultivated or does not have intellectual tastes

mindless

requiring little mental effort

unscholarly

not scholarly

4n a person who uses the mind creatively

Syn|Exp|Hypo|Hyper

intellect

Pierre Abelard

French philosopher and theologian; lover of Heloise (1079-1142)

Saint Ambrose

(Roman Catholic Church) Roman priest who became bishop of Milan; the first Church Father born and raised in the Christian faith; composer of hymns; imposed orthodoxy on the early Christian church and built up its secular power; a saint and Doctor of the Church (340?-397)

Anaxagoras

a presocratic Athenian philosopher who maintained that everything is composed of very small particles that were arranged by some eternal intelligence (500-428 BC)

Anaximander

a presocratic Greek philosopher and student of Thales who believed the universal substance to be infinity rather than something resembling ordinary objects (611-547 BC)

Anaximenes

a presocratic Greek philosopher and associate of Anaximander who believed that all things are made of air in different degrees of density (6th century BC)

Saint Thomas Aquinas

(Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology; presented philosophical proofs of the existence of God (1225-1274)

Hannah Arendt

United States historian and political philosopher (born in Germany) (1906-1975)

Aristotle

one of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers; pupil of Plato; teacher of Alexander the Great (384-322 BC)

Arius

a Greek who was a Christian theologian active in Alexandria and who was declared a heretic for his doctrines about God (which came to be known as Arianism) (256?-336)

Jakob Hermandszoon

Dutch Protestant theologian who founded Arminianism which opposed the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin (1559-1609)

Arnold of Brescia

Italian theologian who censured the worldly possessions of monks and the temporal power of bishops and was condemned for dogmatic errors by the Second Lateran Council (early 12th century)

Athanasius the Great

(Roman Catholic Church) Greek patriarch of Alexandria who championed Christian orthodoxy against Arianism; a church father, saint, and Doctor of the Church (293-373)

Augustine of Hippo

(Roman Catholic Church) one of the great Fathers of the early Christian church; after a dramatic conversion to Christianity he became bishop of Hippo Regius in North Africa; St. Augustine emphasized man's need for grace (354-430)

Abul-Walid Mohammed ibn-Ahmad Ibn-Mohammed ibn-Roshd

Arabian philosopher born in Spain; wrote detailed commentaries on Aristotle that were admired by the Schoolmen (1126-1198)

Abu Ali al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina

Arabian physician and influential Islamic philosopher; his interpretation of Aristotle influenced St. Thomas Aquinas; writings on medicine were important for almost 500 years (980-1037)

Viscount St. Albans

English statesman and philosopher; precursor of British empiricism; advocated inductive reasoning (1561-1626)

Balthasar

(New Testament) one of the three sages from the east who came bearing gifts for the infant Jesus

Karl Barth

Swiss Protestant theologian (1886-1968)

St. Basil the Great

(Roman Catholic Church) the bishop of Caesarea who defended the Roman Catholic Church against the heresies of the 4th century; a saint and Doctor of the Church (329-379)

Simone de Beauvoir

French feminist and existentialist and novelist (1908-1986)

the Venerable Bede

(Roman Catholic Church) English monk and scholar (672-735)

Roberto Francesco Romolo Bellarmine

Italian cardinal and theologian (1542-1621)

Jeremy Bentham

English philosopher and jurist; founder of utilitarianism (1748-1831)

Henri Louis Bergson

French philosopher who proposed elan vital as the cause of evolution and development (1859-1941)

Bishop Berkeley

Irish philosopher and Anglican bishop who opposed the materialism of Thomas Hobbes (1685-1753)

Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius

a Roman who was an early Christian philosopher and statesman who was executed for treason; Boethius had a decisive influence on medieval logic (circa 480-524)

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

German Lutheran theologian and pastor whose works concern Christianity in the modern world; an active opponent of Nazism, he was arrested and sent to Buchenwald and later executed (1906-1945)

Giordano Bruno

Italian philosopher who used Copernican principles to develop a pantheistic monistic philosophy; condemned for heresy by the Inquisition and burned at the stake (1548-1600)

Martin Buber

Israeli religious philosopher (born in Austria); as a Zionist he promoted understanding between Jews and Arabs; his writings affected Christian thinkers as well as Jews (1878-1965)

Rudolf Karl Bultmann

a Lutheran theologian in Germany (1884-1976)

Jean Caulvin

Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)

Albert Camus

French writer who portrayed the human condition as isolated in an absurd world (1913-1960)

Thomas Carlyle

Scottish historian who wrote about the French Revolution (1795-1881)

Caspar

(New Testament) one of the three sages from the east who came bearing gifts for the infant Jesus

Ernst Cassirer

German philosopher concerned with concept formation in the human mind and with symbolic forms in human culture generally (1874-1945)

Cleanthes

ancient Greek philosopher who succeeded Zeno of Citium as the leader of the Stoic school (300-232 BC)

Isidore Auguste Marie Francois Comte

French philosopher remembered as the founder of positivism; he also established sociology as a systematic field of study

Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat

French mathematician and philosopher (1743-1794)

Kong the Master

Chinese philosopher whose ideas and sayings were collected after his death and became the basis of a philosophical doctrine known a Confucianism (circa 551-478 BC)

The Admirable Crichton

Scottish man of letters and adventurer (1560-1582)

Democritus

Greek philosopher who developed an atomistic theory of matter (460-370 BC)

Jacques Derrida

French philosopher and critic (born in Algeria); exponent of deconstructionism (1930-2004)

Rene Descartes

French philosopher and mathematician; developed dualistic theory of mind and matter; introduced the use of coordinates to locate a point in two or three dimensions (1596-1650)

John Dewey

United States pragmatic philosopher who advocated progressive education (1859-1952)

Denis Diderot

French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France; principal editor of an encyclopedia that disseminated the scientific and philosophical knowledge of the time (1713-1784)

Diogenes

an ancient Greek philosopher and Cynic who rejected social conventions (circa 400-325 BC)

John Duns Scotus

Scottish theologian who was very influential in the Middle Ages (1265-1308)

William James Durant

United States historian (1885-1981)

Johann Maier Eck

a German Roman Catholic theologian who was an indefatigable opponent of Martin Luther (1486-1543)

Johannes Eckhart

German Roman Catholic theologian and mystic (1260-1327)

Jonathan Edwards

American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)

Empedocles

Greek philosopher who taught that all matter is composed of particles of fire and water and air and earth (fifth century BC)

Epictetus

Greek philosopher who was a Stoic (circa 50-130)

Epicurus

Greek philosopher who believed that the world is a random combination of atoms and that pleasure is the highest good (341-270 BC)

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe; although his criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther (1466-1536)

Eusebius of Caesarea

Christian bishop of Caesarea in Palestine; a church historian and a leading early Christian exegete (circa 270-340)

John Hope Franklin

United States historian noted for studies of Black American history (born in 1915)

Frederick James Furnivall

English philologist who first proposed the Oxford English Dictionary (1825-1910)

Samuel Rawson Gardiner

British historian remembered for his ten-volume history of England (1829-1902)

Geoffrey of Monmouth

Welsh chronicler who wrote an account of the kings of Britain which is now believed to contain little historical fact but it is a source of the Arthurian legend (circa 1100-1154)

Edward Gibbon

English historian best known for his history of the Roman Empire (1737-1794)

Gregory the Great

(Roman Catholic Church) an Italian pope distinguished for his spiritual and temporal leadership; a saint and Doctor of the Church (540?-604)

St. Gregory of Nazianzen

(Roman Catholic Church) a church father known for his constant fight against perceived heresies; a saint and Doctor of the Church (329-391)

Ernst Heinrich Haeckel

German biologist and philosopher; advocated Darwinism and formulated the theory of recapitulation; was an exponent of materialistic monism (1834-1919)

David Hartley

English philosopher who introduced the theory of the association of ideas (1705-1757)

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

German philosopher whose three stage process of dialectical reasoning was adopted by Karl Marx (1770-1831)

Martin Heidegger

German philosopher whose views on human existence in a world of objects and on Angst influenced the existential philosophers (1889-1976)

Heraclitus

a presocratic Greek philosopher who said that fire is the origin of all things and that permanence is an illusion as all things are in perpetual flux (circa 500 BC)

Johann Friedrich Herbart

German philosopher (1776-1841)

Johann Gottfried von Herder

German philosopher who advocated intuition over reason (1744-1803)

Herodotus

the ancient Greek known as the father of history; his accounts of the wars between the Greeks and Persians are the first known examples of historical writing (485-425 BC)

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

Richard Hooker

English theologian (1554-1600)

Mark Hopkins

United States educator and theologian (1802-1887)

Baron Karl Wilhelm von Humboldt

German philologist noted for his studies of the relation between language and culture (1767-1835)

David Hume

Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776)

Edmund Husserl

German philosopher who developed phenomenology (1859-1938)

Hypatia

Greek philosopher and astronomer; she invented the astrolabe (370-415)

Saint Ignatius of Loyola

Spaniard and Roman Catholic theologian and founder of the Society of Jesus; a leading opponent of the Reformation (1491-1556)

Saint Irenaeus

Greek theologian who was bishop of Lyons and an antiheretical writer; a saint and Doctor of the Church (circa 130-200)

William James

United States pragmatic philosopher and psychologist (1842-1910)

Cornelius Jansenius

a Dutch Roman Catholic theologian (1585-1638)

Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

(Roman Catholic Church) one of the great Fathers of the early Christian Church whose major work was his translation of the Scriptures from Hebrew and Greek into Latin (which became the Vulgate); a saint and Doctor of the Church (347-420)

St. John Chrysostom

(Roman Catholic Church) a Church Father who was a great preacher and bishop of Constantinople; a saint and Doctor of the Church (347-407)

Joseph ben Matthias

Jewish general who led the revolt of the Jews against the Romans and then wrote a history of those events (37-100)

Benjamin Jowett

English classical scholar noted for his translations of Plato and Aristotle (1817-1893)

Immanuel Kant

influential German idealist philosopher (1724-1804)

Soren Aabye Kierkegaard

Danish philosopher who is generally considered. along with Nietzsche, to be a founder of existentialism (1813-1855)

John Knox

Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572)

Lao-tse

Chinese philosopher regarded as the founder of Taoism (6th century BC)

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz

German philosopher and mathematician who thought of the universe as consisting of independent monads and who devised a system of the calculus independent of Newton (1646-1716)

Titus Livius

Roman historian whose history of Rome filled 142 volumes (of which only 35 survive) including the earliest history of the war with Hannibal (59 BC to AD 17)

John Locke

English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)

Lorenzo the Magnificent

Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492)

Titus Lucretius Carus

Roman philosopher and poet; in a long didactic poem he tried to provide a scientific explanation of the universe (96-55 BC)

Raymond Lully

Spanish philosopher (1235-1315)

Martin Luther

German theologian who led the Reformation; believed that salvation is granted on the basis of faith rather than deeds (1483-1546)

Thomas Babington Macaulay

English historian noted for his history of England (1800-1859)

Ernst Mach

Austrian physicist and philosopher who introduced the Mach number and who founded logical positivism (1838-1916)

Niccolo Machiavelli

a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527)

Alfred Thayer Mahan

United States naval officer and historian (1840-1914)

Rabbi Moses Ben Maimon

Spanish philosopher considered the greatest Jewish scholar of the Middle Ages who codified Jewish law in the Talmud (1135-1204)

Frederic William Maitland

English historian noted for his works on the history of English law (1850-1906)

Nicolas de Malebranche

French philosopher (1638-1715)

Edmond Malone

English scholar remembered for his chronology of Shakespeare's plays and his editions of Shakespeare and Dryden (1741-1812)

Herbert Marcuse

United States political philosopher (born in Germany) concerned about the dehumanizing effects of capitalism and modern technology (1898-1979)

Karl Marx

founder of modern communism; wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels in 1848; wrote Das Kapital in 1867 (1818-1883)

John Bach McMaster

United States historian who wrote a nine volume history of the people of the United States (1852-1932)

George Herbert Mead

United States philosopher of pragmatism (1863-1931)

Philipp Melanchthon

German theologian and Luther's successor as leader of the Reformation in Germany (1497-1560)

Melchior

(New Testament) one of the three sages from the east who came bearing gifts for the infant Jesus; usually represented as a king of Nubia

John Stuart Mill

English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism (1806-1873)

James Mill

Scottish philosopher who expounded Bentham's utilitarianism; father of John Stuart Mill (1773-1836)

Theodor Mommsen

German historian noted for his history of Rome (1817-1903)

Baron de la Brede et de Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

George Edward Moore

English philosopher (1873-1958)

Friedrich Max Muller

British philologist (born in Germany) who specialized in Sanskrit (1823-1900)

Sir James Augustus Henry Murray

Scottish philologist and the lexicographer who shaped the Oxford English Dictionary (1837-1915)

George Gilbert Aime Murphy

British classical scholar (born in Australia) who advocated the League of Nations and the United Nations (1866-1957)

John Henry Newman

English prelate and theologian who (with John Keble and Edward Pusey) founded the Oxford movement; Newman later turned to Roman Catholicism and became a cardinal (1801-1890)

Barthold George Niebuhr

German historian noted for his critical approach to sources and for his history of Rome (1776-1831)

Reinhold Niebuhr

United States Protestant theologian (1892-1971)

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche

influential German philosopher remembered for his concept of the superman and for his rejection of Christian values; considered, along with Kierkegaard, to be a founder of existentialism (1844-1900)

Michel de Notredame

French astrologer who wrote cryptic predictions whose interpretations are still being debated (1503-1566)

William of Ockham

English scholastic philosopher and assumed author of Occam's Razor (1285-1349)

Origen

Greek philosopher and theologian who reinterpreted Christian doctrine through the philosophy of Neoplatonism; his work was later condemned as unorthodox (185-254)

Jose Ortega y Gasset

Spanish philosopher who advocated leadership by an intellectual elite (1883-1955)

Erwin Panofsky

art historian (1892-1968)

Cyril Northcote Parkinson

British historian noted for ridicule of bureaucracies (1909-1993)

Parmenides

a presocratic Greek philosopher born in Italy; held the metaphysical view that being is the basic substance and ultimate reality of which all things are composed; said that motion and change are sensory illusions (5th century BC)

Blaise Pascal

French mathematician and philosopher and Jansenist; invented an adding machine; contributed (with Fermat) to the theory of probability (1623-1662)

Charles Sanders Peirce

United States philosopher and logician; pioneer of pragmatism (1839-1914)

Ralph Barton Perry

United States philosopher (1876-1957)

Plato

ancient Athenian philosopher; pupil of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle (428-347 BC)

Plotinus

Roman philosopher (born in Egypt) who was the leading representative of Neoplatonism (205-270)

Edward Bouverie Pusey

English theologian who (with John Henry Newman and John Keble) founded the Oxford movement (1800-1882)

Pythagoras

Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem; considered to be the first true mathematician (circa 580-500 BC)

Willard Van Orman Quine

United States philosopher and logician who championed an empirical view of knowledge that depended on language (1908-2001)

Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

Indian philosopher and statesman who introduced Indian philosophy to the West (1888-1975)

Rasmus Christian Rask

Danish philologist whose work on Old Norse pioneered in the field of comparative linguistics (1787-1832)

Thomas Reid

Scottish philosopher of common sense who opposed the ideas of David Hume (1710-1796)

James Harvey Robinson

United States historian who stressed the importance of intellectual and social events for the course of history (1863-1936)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society; ideas influenced the French Revolution (1712-1778)

Bertrand Arthur William Russell

English philosopher and mathematician who collaborated with Whitehead (1872-1970)

Jean-Paul Sartre

French writer and existentialist philosopher (1905-1980)

Saxo Grammaticus

Danish historian who chronicled the history of Denmark (including the legend of Hamlet) (1150?-1220?)

Arthur Meier Schlesinger

United States historian (1888-1965)

Arthur Meier Schlesinger Jr.

United States historian and advisor to President Kennedy (born in 1917)

Arthur Schopenhauer

German pessimist philosopher (1788-1860)

Albert Schweitzer

French philosopher and physician and organist who spent most of his life as a medical missionary in Gabon (1875-1965)

Lucius Annaeus Seneca

Roman statesman and philosopher who was an advisor to Nero; his nine extant tragedies are modeled on Greek tragedies (circa 4 BC - 65 AD)

Walter William Skeat

English philologist (1835-1912)

Fausto Paolo Sozzini

Italian theologian who argued against Trinitarianism (1539-1604)

Socrates

ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC)

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)

Oswald Spengler

German philosopher who argued that cultures grow and decay in cycles (1880-1936)

Benedict de Spinoza

Dutch philosopher who espoused a pantheistic system (1632-1677)

Rudolf Steiner

Austrian philosopher who founded anthroposophy (1861-1925)

Dugald Stewart

Scottish philosopher and follower of Thomas Reid (1753-1828)

William Stubbs

English historian noted for his constitutional history of medieval England (1825-1901)

Emanuel Swedenborg

Swedish theologian (1688-1772)

Publius Cornelius Tacitus

Roman historian who wrote major works on the history of the Roman Empire (56-120)

Sir Rabindranath Tagore

Indian writer and philosopher whose poetry (based on traditional Hindu themes) pioneered the use of colloquial Bengali (1861-1941)

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin

French paleontologist and philosopher (1881-1955)

Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus

Carthaginian theologian whose writing influenced early Christian theology (160-230)

Thales of Miletus

a presocratic Greek philosopher and astronomer (who predicted an eclipse in 585 BC) who was said by Aristotle to be the founder of physical science; he held that all things originated in water (624-546 BC)

Theophrastus

Greek philosopher who was a student of Aristotle and who succeeded Aristotle as the leader of the Peripatetics (371-287 BC)

Thucydides

ancient Greek historian remembered for his history of the Peloponnesian War (460-395 BC)

Paul Johannes Tillich

United States theologian (born in Germany) (1886-1965)

John Ronald Reuel Tolkien

British philologist and writer of fantasies (born in South Africa) (1892-1973)

Arnold Joseph Toynbee

English historian who studied the rise and fall of civilizations looking for cyclical patterns (1889-1975)

Sir George Otto Trevelyan

English historian who wrote a history of the American revolution and a biography of his uncle Lord Macaulay (1838-1928)

George Macaulay Trevelyan

English historian and son of Sir George Otto Trevelyan whose works include a social history of England and a biography of Garibaldi (1876-1962)

Barbara Wertheim Tuchman

United States historian (1912-1989)

Frederick Jackson Turner

United States historian who stressed the role of the western frontier in American history (1861-1951)

Marcus Terentius Varro

Roman scholar (116-27 BC)

Giorgio Vasari

Italian painter and art historian (1511-1574)

Karl Adolph Verner

Danish philologist (1846-1896)

Sir Paul Gavrilovich Vinogradoff

British historian (born in Russia) (1854-1925)

Fourth Earl of Orford

English writer and historian; son of Sir Robert Walpole (1717-1797)

Aby Moritz Warburg

German art historian (1866-1929)

Isaac Watts

English poet and theologian (1674-1748)

Simone Weil

French philosopher (1909-1943)

Alfred North Whitehead

English philosopher and mathematician who collaborated with Bertrand Russell (1861-1947)

Eliezer Wiesel

United States writer (born in Romania) who survived Nazi concentration camps and is dedicated to keeping alive the memory of the Holocaust (born in 1928)

Bernard Arthur Owen Williams

English philosopher credited with reviving the field of moral philosophy (1929-2003)

Johann Joachim Winckelmann

German archaeologist and art historian said to be the father of archaeology (1717-1768)

Ludwig Josef Johan Wittgenstein

British philosopher born in Austria; a major influence on logic and logical positivism (1889-1951)

Friedrich August Wolf

German classical scholar who claimed that the Iliad and Odyssey were composed by several authors (1759-1824)

Comer Vann Woodward

United States historian (1908-1999)

John Wickliffe

English theologian whose objections to Roman Catholic doctrine anticipated the Protestant Reformation (1328-1384)

Xenophanes

Greek philosopher (560-478 BC)

Xenophon

Greek general and historian; student of Socrates (430-355 BC)

Zeno of Citium

ancient Greek philosopher who founded the Stoic school (circa 335-263 BC)

Zeno of Elea

ancient Greek philosopher who formulated paradoxes that defended the belief that motion and change are illusory (circa 495-430 BC)

Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf

German theologian (1700-1760)

Huldreich Zwingli

Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland (1484-1531)

Cassandra

(Greek mythology) a prophetess in Troy during the Trojan War whose predictions were true but were never believed

anomalist

someone who has a special interest in exceptional cases

exponent

someone who expounds and interprets or explains

alchemist

one who was versed in the practice of alchemy and who sought an elixir of life and a panacea and an alkahest and the philosopher's stone

aphorist

someone who formulates aphorisms or who repeats aphorisms

bel esprit

a witty or clever person with a fine mind

clever Dick, clever clogs

an intellectual who is ostentatiously and irritatingly knowledgeable

decipherer, decoder

the kind of intellectual who converts messages from a code to plain text

egghead

an intellectual; a very studious and academic person

expositor, expounder

a person who explains

Einstein, brain, brainiac, genius, mastermind

someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality

highbrow

a person of intellectual or erudite tastes

mentor, wise man

a wise and trusted guide and advisor

bookman, scholar, scholarly person, student

a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines

doubter, sceptic, skeptic

someone who habitually doubts accepted beliefs

specifier

someone who draws up specifications giving details (as for obtaining a patent)

subjectivist

a person who subscribes to subjectivism

synthesiser, synthesist, synthesizer

an intellectual who synthesizes or uses synthetic methods

idealogue, theoretician, theoriser, theorist, theorizer

someone who theorizes (especially in science or art)

creative thinker, mind, thinker

an important intellectual

thinker

someone who exercises the mind (usually in an effort to reach a decision)

illusionist, seer, visionary

a person with unusual powers of foresight

wonderer

someone who is curious about something

academician, schoolman

a scholar who is skilled in academic disputation

alum, alumna, alumnus, grad, graduate

a person who has received a degree from a school (high school or college or university)

anticipant, anticipator

one who anticipates

Arabist

a scholar who specializes in Arab languages and culture

bibliographer

someone trained in compiling bibliographies

bibliophile, book lover, booklover

someone who loves (and usually collects) books

brain-worker, brainworker

someone whose profession involves using his head to solve problems

Cabalist, Kabbalist

a student of the Jewish Kabbalah

classifier

a person who creates classifications

cryptanalyst, cryptographer, cryptologist

decoder skilled in the analysis of codes and cryptograms

divergent thinker

a thinker who moves away from the problem as stated and often has novel ideas and solutions

diviner

someone who claims to discover hidden knowledge with the aid of supernatural powers

Dr., doctor

a person who holds Ph.D. degree (or the equivalent) from an academic institution

doubting Thomas

someone who demands physical evidence in order to be convinced (especially when this demand is out of place)

excogitator

a thinker who considers carefully and thoroughly

fantast, futurist

someone who predicts the future

forecaster, predictor, prognosticator, soothsayer

someone who makes predictions of the future (usually on the basis of special knowledge)

goliard

a wandering scholar in medieval Europe; famed for intemperance and riotous behavior and the composition of satirical and ribald Latin songs

historian, historiographer

a person who is an authority on history and who studies it and writes about it

humanist

a classical scholar or student of the liberal arts

initiate, learned person, pundit, savant

someone who has been admitted to membership in a scholarly field

Islamist

a scholar who knowledgeable in Islamic studies

licentiate

holds a license (degree) from a (European) university

Masorete, Masorite, Massorete

a scholar who is expert on the Masorah (especially one of the Jewish scribes who contributed to the Masorah)

master

someone who holds a master's degree from academic institution

mujtihad

an Islamic scholar who engages in ijtihad, the effort to derive rules of divine law from Muslim sacred texts

muller, muser, ponderer, ruminator

a reflective thinker characterized by quiet contemplation

musicologist

a student of musicology

arranger, organiser, organizer

a person who brings order and organization to an enterprise

bookworm, pedant, scholastic

a person who pays more attention to formal rules and book learning than they merit

pessimist

a person who expects the worst

philomath

a lover of learning

philosopher

a specialist in philosophy

philosophiser, philosophizer

someone who considers situations from a philosophical point of view

post doc, postdoc

a scholar or researcher who is involved in academic study beyond the level of a doctoral degree

convergent thinker, problem solver, solver

a thinker who focuses on the problem as stated and tries to synthesize information and knowledge to achieve a solution

prodigy

an unusually gifted or intelligent (young) person; someone whose talents excite wonder and admiration

reader

a person who enjoys reading

ratiocinator, reasoner

someone who reasons logically

Renaissance man

a scholar during the Renaissance who (because knowledge was limited) could know almost everything about many topics

Renaissance man, generalist

a modern scholar who is in a position to acquire more than superficial knowledge about many different interests

rocket scientist

a clever thinker

sage

a mentor in spiritual and philosophical topics who is renowned for profound wisdom

salutatorian, salutatory speaker

a graduating student with the second highest academic rank; may deliver the opening address at graduation exercises

scholiast

a scholar who writes explanatory notes on an author (especially an ancient commentator on a classical author)

Schoolman, medieval Schoolman

a scholar in one of the universities of the Middle Ages; versed in scholasticism

Shakespearean, Shakespearian

a Shakespearean scholar

Sinologist

a student of Chinese history and language and culture

speculator

someone who makes conjectures without knowing the facts

theologian, theologiser, theologist, theologizer

someone who is learned in theology or who speculates about theology

valedictorian, valedictory speaker

the student with the best grades who usually delivers the valedictory address at commencement

Vedist

a scholar of or an authority on the Vedas

individual, mortal, person, somebody, someone, soul

a human being

单词	intellectual
释义	intellectual (once / 139 pages) adjn The adjective intellectual describes something related to or using the mind or intellect. Your creative pursuit of singing in a rock band is different from your intellectual interest in 16th-century drama. Intellectual is often used to describe intensive reasoning and deep thinking, particularly in relation to subjects that tend to spark deep discussion, such as literature or philosophy. An intellectual is also a noun for a cerebral or brainy person who engages in deep thinking, like Plato, Albert Einstein, or your classmate who can speak at length about the relationship between French existentialism and ice hockey. WORD FAMILY intellectual: anti-intellectual, intellectualisation, intellectualization, intellectually, intellectuals, nonintellectual+/intellect: intellects, intellectual/intellectualization: intellectualizations USAGE EXAMPLES Ten years later, Capucci led a delegation of clerics and intellectuals to Iraq in a show of solidarity against UN sanctions. BBC(Jan 02, 2017) They’d be well advised to fire their Growth Hackers and start prioritizing intellectual integrity over content farming. Salon(Jan 02, 2017) In somewhat of a statistical and intellectual improbability, Couch Slouch agrees with both sides. Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017) 1adj of or associated with or requiring the use of the mind intellectual problems Syn noetic, rational mental involving the mind or an intellectual process 2adj involving intelligence rather than emotions or instinct Syn\|Ant cerebral emotional determined or actuated by emotion rather than reason 3adj appealing to or using the intellect satire is an intellectual weapon intellectual workers engaged in creative literary or artistic or scientific labor has tremendous intellectual sympathy for oppressed people coldly intellectual sort of the intellectual type intellectual literature Syn\|Ant educated possessing an education (especially having more than average knowledge) highbrow, highbrowed highly cultured or educated rational having its source in or being guided by the intellect (as distinguished from experience or emotion) reflective devoted to matters of the mind good, serious appealing to the mind sophisticated intellectually appealing mental involving the mind or an intellectual process scholarly characteristic of scholars or scholarship nonintellectual not intellectual anti-intellectual, philistine smug and ignorant and indifferent or hostile to artistic and cultural values lowbrow, lowbrowed, uncultivated characteristic of a person who is not cultivated or does not have intellectual tastes mindless requiring little mental effort unscholarly not scholarly 4n a person who uses the mind creatively Syn\|Exp\|Hypo\|Hyper intellect Pierre Abelard French philosopher and theologian; lover of Heloise (1079-1142) Saint Ambrose (Roman Catholic Church) Roman priest who became bishop of Milan; the first Church Father born and raised in the Christian faith; composer of hymns; imposed orthodoxy on the early Christian church and built up its secular power; a saint and Doctor of the Church (340?-397) Anaxagoras a presocratic Athenian philosopher who maintained that everything is composed of very small particles that were arranged by some eternal intelligence (500-428 BC) Anaximander a presocratic Greek philosopher and student of Thales who believed the universal substance to be infinity rather than something resembling ordinary objects (611-547 BC) Anaximenes a presocratic Greek philosopher and associate of Anaximander who believed that all things are made of air in different degrees of density (6th century BC) Saint Thomas Aquinas (Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology; presented philosophical proofs of the existence of God (1225-1274) Hannah Arendt United States historian and political philosopher (born in Germany) (1906-1975) Aristotle one of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers; pupil of Plato; teacher of Alexander the Great (384-322 BC) Arius a Greek who was a Christian theologian active in Alexandria and who was declared a heretic for his doctrines about God (which came to be known as Arianism) (256?-336) Jakob Hermandszoon Dutch Protestant theologian who founded Arminianism which opposed the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin (1559-1609) Arnold of Brescia Italian theologian who censured the worldly possessions of monks and the temporal power of bishops and was condemned for dogmatic errors by the Second Lateran Council (early 12th century) Athanasius the Great (Roman Catholic Church) Greek patriarch of Alexandria who championed Christian orthodoxy against Arianism; a church father, saint, and Doctor of the Church (293-373) Augustine of Hippo (Roman Catholic Church) one of the great Fathers of the early Christian church; after a dramatic conversion to Christianity he became bishop of Hippo Regius in North Africa; St. Augustine emphasized man's need for grace (354-430) Abul-Walid Mohammed ibn-Ahmad Ibn-Mohammed ibn-Roshd Arabian philosopher born in Spain; wrote detailed commentaries on Aristotle that were admired by the Schoolmen (1126-1198) Abu Ali al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina Arabian physician and influential Islamic philosopher; his interpretation of Aristotle influenced St. Thomas Aquinas; writings on medicine were important for almost 500 years (980-1037) Viscount St. Albans English statesman and philosopher; precursor of British empiricism; advocated inductive reasoning (1561-1626) Balthasar (New Testament) one of the three sages from the east who came bearing gifts for the infant Jesus Karl Barth Swiss Protestant theologian (1886-1968) St. Basil the Great (Roman Catholic Church) the bishop of Caesarea who defended the Roman Catholic Church against the heresies of the 4th century; a saint and Doctor of the Church (329-379) Simone de Beauvoir French feminist and existentialist and novelist (1908-1986) the Venerable Bede (Roman Catholic Church) English monk and scholar (672-735) Roberto Francesco Romolo Bellarmine Italian cardinal and theologian (1542-1621) Jeremy Bentham English philosopher and jurist; founder of utilitarianism (1748-1831) Henri Louis Bergson French philosopher who proposed elan vital as the cause of evolution and development (1859-1941) Bishop Berkeley Irish philosopher and Anglican bishop who opposed the materialism of Thomas Hobbes (1685-1753) Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius a Roman who was an early Christian philosopher and statesman who was executed for treason; Boethius had a decisive influence on medieval logic (circa 480-524) Dietrich Bonhoeffer German Lutheran theologian and pastor whose works concern Christianity in the modern world; an active opponent of Nazism, he was arrested and sent to Buchenwald and later executed (1906-1945) Giordano Bruno Italian philosopher who used Copernican principles to develop a pantheistic monistic philosophy; condemned for heresy by the Inquisition and burned at the stake (1548-1600) Martin Buber Israeli religious philosopher (born in Austria); as a Zionist he promoted understanding between Jews and Arabs; his writings affected Christian thinkers as well as Jews (1878-1965) Rudolf Karl Bultmann a Lutheran theologian in Germany (1884-1976) Jean Caulvin Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564) Albert Camus French writer who portrayed the human condition as isolated in an absurd world (1913-1960) Thomas Carlyle Scottish historian who wrote about the French Revolution (1795-1881) Caspar (New Testament) one of the three sages from the east who came bearing gifts for the infant Jesus Ernst Cassirer German philosopher concerned with concept formation in the human mind and with symbolic forms in human culture generally (1874-1945) Cleanthes ancient Greek philosopher who succeeded Zeno of Citium as the leader of the Stoic school (300-232 BC) Isidore Auguste Marie Francois Comte French philosopher remembered as the founder of positivism; he also established sociology as a systematic field of study Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat French mathematician and philosopher (1743-1794) Kong the Master Chinese philosopher whose ideas and sayings were collected after his death and became the basis of a philosophical doctrine known a Confucianism (circa 551-478 BC) The Admirable Crichton Scottish man of letters and adventurer (1560-1582) Democritus Greek philosopher who developed an atomistic theory of matter (460-370 BC) Jacques Derrida French philosopher and critic (born in Algeria); exponent of deconstructionism (1930-2004) Rene Descartes French philosopher and mathematician; developed dualistic theory of mind and matter; introduced the use of coordinates to locate a point in two or three dimensions (1596-1650) John Dewey United States pragmatic philosopher who advocated progressive education (1859-1952) Denis Diderot French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France; principal editor of an encyclopedia that disseminated the scientific and philosophical knowledge of the time (1713-1784) Diogenes an ancient Greek philosopher and Cynic who rejected social conventions (circa 400-325 BC) John Duns Scotus Scottish theologian who was very influential in the Middle Ages (1265-1308) William James Durant United States historian (1885-1981) Johann Maier Eck a German Roman Catholic theologian who was an indefatigable opponent of Martin Luther (1486-1543) Johannes Eckhart German Roman Catholic theologian and mystic (1260-1327) Jonathan Edwards American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758) Empedocles Greek philosopher who taught that all matter is composed of particles of fire and water and air and earth (fifth century BC) Epictetus Greek philosopher who was a Stoic (circa 50-130) Epicurus Greek philosopher who believed that the world is a random combination of atoms and that pleasure is the highest good (341-270 BC) Desiderius Erasmus Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe; although his criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther (1466-1536) Eusebius of Caesarea Christian bishop of Caesarea in Palestine; a church historian and a leading early Christian exegete (circa 270-340) John Hope Franklin United States historian noted for studies of Black American history (born in 1915) Frederick James Furnivall English philologist who first proposed the Oxford English Dictionary (1825-1910) Samuel Rawson Gardiner British historian remembered for his ten-volume history of England (1829-1902) Geoffrey of Monmouth Welsh chronicler who wrote an account of the kings of Britain which is now believed to contain little historical fact but it is a source of the Arthurian legend (circa 1100-1154) Edward Gibbon English historian best known for his history of the Roman Empire (1737-1794) Gregory the Great (Roman Catholic Church) an Italian pope distinguished for his spiritual and temporal leadership; a saint and Doctor of the Church (540?-604) St. Gregory of Nazianzen (Roman Catholic Church) a church father known for his constant fight against perceived heresies; a saint and Doctor of the Church (329-391) Ernst Heinrich Haeckel German biologist and philosopher; advocated Darwinism and formulated the theory of recapitulation; was an exponent of materialistic monism (1834-1919) David Hartley English philosopher who introduced the theory of the association of ideas (1705-1757) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel German philosopher whose three stage process of dialectical reasoning was adopted by Karl Marx (1770-1831) Martin Heidegger German philosopher whose views on human existence in a world of objects and on Angst influenced the existential philosophers (1889-1976) Heraclitus a presocratic Greek philosopher who said that fire is the origin of all things and that permanence is an illusion as all things are in perpetual flux (circa 500 BC) Johann Friedrich Herbart German philosopher (1776-1841) Johann Gottfried von Herder German philosopher who advocated intuition over reason (1744-1803) Herodotus the ancient Greek known as the father of history; his accounts of the wars between the Greeks and Persians are the first known examples of historical writing (485-425 BC) Thomas Hobbes English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) Richard Hooker English theologian (1554-1600) Mark Hopkins United States educator and theologian (1802-1887) Baron Karl Wilhelm von Humboldt German philologist noted for his studies of the relation between language and culture (1767-1835) David Hume Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776) Edmund Husserl German philosopher who developed phenomenology (1859-1938) Hypatia Greek philosopher and astronomer; she invented the astrolabe (370-415) Saint Ignatius of Loyola Spaniard and Roman Catholic theologian and founder of the Society of Jesus; a leading opponent of the Reformation (1491-1556) Saint Irenaeus Greek theologian who was bishop of Lyons and an antiheretical writer; a saint and Doctor of the Church (circa 130-200) William James United States pragmatic philosopher and psychologist (1842-1910) Cornelius Jansenius a Dutch Roman Catholic theologian (1585-1638) Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus (Roman Catholic Church) one of the great Fathers of the early Christian Church whose major work was his translation of the Scriptures from Hebrew and Greek into Latin (which became the Vulgate); a saint and Doctor of the Church (347-420) St. John Chrysostom (Roman Catholic Church) a Church Father who was a great preacher and bishop of Constantinople; a saint and Doctor of the Church (347-407) Joseph ben Matthias Jewish general who led the revolt of the Jews against the Romans and then wrote a history of those events (37-100) Benjamin Jowett English classical scholar noted for his translations of Plato and Aristotle (1817-1893) Immanuel Kant influential German idealist philosopher (1724-1804) Soren Aabye Kierkegaard Danish philosopher who is generally considered. along with Nietzsche, to be a founder of existentialism (1813-1855) John Knox Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572) Lao-tse Chinese philosopher regarded as the founder of Taoism (6th century BC) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz German philosopher and mathematician who thought of the universe as consisting of independent monads and who devised a system of the calculus independent of Newton (1646-1716) Titus Livius Roman historian whose history of Rome filled 142 volumes (of which only 35 survive) including the earliest history of the war with Hannibal (59 BC to AD 17) John Locke English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704) Lorenzo the Magnificent Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492) Titus Lucretius Carus Roman philosopher and poet; in a long didactic poem he tried to provide a scientific explanation of the universe (96-55 BC) Raymond Lully Spanish philosopher (1235-1315) Martin Luther German theologian who led the Reformation; believed that salvation is granted on the basis of faith rather than deeds (1483-1546) Thomas Babington Macaulay English historian noted for his history of England (1800-1859) Ernst Mach Austrian physicist and philosopher who introduced the Mach number and who founded logical positivism (1838-1916) Niccolo Machiavelli a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527) Alfred Thayer Mahan United States naval officer and historian (1840-1914) Rabbi Moses Ben Maimon Spanish philosopher considered the greatest Jewish scholar of the Middle Ages who codified Jewish law in the Talmud (1135-1204) Frederic William Maitland English historian noted for his works on the history of English law (1850-1906) Nicolas de Malebranche French philosopher (1638-1715) Edmond Malone English scholar remembered for his chronology of Shakespeare's plays and his editions of Shakespeare and Dryden (1741-1812) Herbert Marcuse United States political philosopher (born in Germany) concerned about the dehumanizing effects of capitalism and modern technology (1898-1979) Karl Marx founder of modern communism; wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels in 1848; wrote Das Kapital in 1867 (1818-1883) John Bach McMaster United States historian who wrote a nine volume history of the people of the United States (1852-1932) George Herbert Mead United States philosopher of pragmatism (1863-1931) Philipp Melanchthon German theologian and Luther's successor as leader of the Reformation in Germany (1497-1560) Melchior (New Testament) one of the three sages from the east who came bearing gifts for the infant Jesus; usually represented as a king of Nubia John Stuart Mill English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism (1806-1873) James Mill Scottish philosopher who expounded Bentham's utilitarianism; father of John Stuart Mill (1773-1836) Theodor Mommsen German historian noted for his history of Rome (1817-1903) Baron de la Brede et de Montesquieu French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755) George Edward Moore English philosopher (1873-1958) Friedrich Max Muller British philologist (born in Germany) who specialized in Sanskrit (1823-1900) Sir James Augustus Henry Murray Scottish philologist and the lexicographer who shaped the Oxford English Dictionary (1837-1915) George Gilbert Aime Murphy British classical scholar (born in Australia) who advocated the League of Nations and the United Nations (1866-1957) John Henry Newman English prelate and theologian who (with John Keble and Edward Pusey) founded the Oxford movement; Newman later turned to Roman Catholicism and became a cardinal (1801-1890) Barthold George Niebuhr German historian noted for his critical approach to sources and for his history of Rome (1776-1831) Reinhold Niebuhr United States Protestant theologian (1892-1971) Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche influential German philosopher remembered for his concept of the superman and for his rejection of Christian values; considered, along with Kierkegaard, to be a founder of existentialism (1844-1900) Michel de Notredame French astrologer who wrote cryptic predictions whose interpretations are still being debated (1503-1566) William of Ockham English scholastic philosopher and assumed author of Occam's Razor (1285-1349) Origen Greek philosopher and theologian who reinterpreted Christian doctrine through the philosophy of Neoplatonism; his work was later condemned as unorthodox (185-254) Jose Ortega y Gasset Spanish philosopher who advocated leadership by an intellectual elite (1883-1955) Erwin Panofsky art historian (1892-1968) Cyril Northcote Parkinson British historian noted for ridicule of bureaucracies (1909-1993) Parmenides a presocratic Greek philosopher born in Italy; held the metaphysical view that being is the basic substance and ultimate reality of which all things are composed; said that motion and change are sensory illusions (5th century BC) Blaise Pascal French mathematician and philosopher and Jansenist; invented an adding machine; contributed (with Fermat) to the theory of probability (1623-1662) Charles Sanders Peirce United States philosopher and logician; pioneer of pragmatism (1839-1914) Ralph Barton Perry United States philosopher (1876-1957) Plato ancient Athenian philosopher; pupil of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle (428-347 BC) Plotinus Roman philosopher (born in Egypt) who was the leading representative of Neoplatonism (205-270) Edward Bouverie Pusey English theologian who (with John Henry Newman and John Keble) founded the Oxford movement (1800-1882) Pythagoras Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem; considered to be the first true mathematician (circa 580-500 BC) Willard Van Orman Quine United States philosopher and logician who championed an empirical view of knowledge that depended on language (1908-2001) Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Indian philosopher and statesman who introduced Indian philosophy to the West (1888-1975) Rasmus Christian Rask Danish philologist whose work on Old Norse pioneered in the field of comparative linguistics (1787-1832) Thomas Reid Scottish philosopher of common sense who opposed the ideas of David Hume (1710-1796) James Harvey Robinson United States historian who stressed the importance of intellectual and social events for the course of history (1863-1936) Jean-Jacques Rousseau French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society; ideas influenced the French Revolution (1712-1778) Bertrand Arthur William Russell English philosopher and mathematician who collaborated with Whitehead (1872-1970) Jean-Paul Sartre French writer and existentialist philosopher (1905-1980) Saxo Grammaticus Danish historian who chronicled the history of Denmark (including the legend of Hamlet) (1150?-1220?) Arthur Meier Schlesinger United States historian (1888-1965) Arthur Meier Schlesinger Jr. United States historian and advisor to President Kennedy (born in 1917) Arthur Schopenhauer German pessimist philosopher (1788-1860) Albert Schweitzer French philosopher and physician and organist who spent most of his life as a medical missionary in Gabon (1875-1965) Lucius Annaeus Seneca Roman statesman and philosopher who was an advisor to Nero; his nine extant tragedies are modeled on Greek tragedies (circa 4 BC - 65 AD) Walter William Skeat English philologist (1835-1912) Fausto Paolo Sozzini Italian theologian who argued against Trinitarianism (1539-1604) Socrates ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC) Herbert Spencer English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903) Oswald Spengler German philosopher who argued that cultures grow and decay in cycles (1880-1936) Benedict de Spinoza Dutch philosopher who espoused a pantheistic system (1632-1677) Rudolf Steiner Austrian philosopher who founded anthroposophy (1861-1925) Dugald Stewart Scottish philosopher and follower of Thomas Reid (1753-1828) William Stubbs English historian noted for his constitutional history of medieval England (1825-1901) Emanuel Swedenborg Swedish theologian (1688-1772) Publius Cornelius Tacitus Roman historian who wrote major works on the history of the Roman Empire (56-120) Sir Rabindranath Tagore Indian writer and philosopher whose poetry (based on traditional Hindu themes) pioneered the use of colloquial Bengali (1861-1941) Pierre Teilhard de Chardin French paleontologist and philosopher (1881-1955) Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus Carthaginian theologian whose writing influenced early Christian theology (160-230) Thales of Miletus a presocratic Greek philosopher and astronomer (who predicted an eclipse in 585 BC) who was said by Aristotle to be the founder of physical science; he held that all things originated in water (624-546 BC) Theophrastus Greek philosopher who was a student of Aristotle and who succeeded Aristotle as the leader of the Peripatetics (371-287 BC) Thucydides ancient Greek historian remembered for his history of the Peloponnesian War (460-395 BC) Paul Johannes Tillich United States theologian (born in Germany) (1886-1965) John Ronald Reuel Tolkien British philologist and writer of fantasies (born in South Africa) (1892-1973) Arnold Joseph Toynbee English historian who studied the rise and fall of civilizations looking for cyclical patterns (1889-1975) Sir George Otto Trevelyan English historian who wrote a history of the American revolution and a biography of his uncle Lord Macaulay (1838-1928) George Macaulay Trevelyan English historian and son of Sir George Otto Trevelyan whose works include a social history of England and a biography of Garibaldi (1876-1962) Barbara Wertheim Tuchman United States historian (1912-1989) Frederick Jackson Turner United States historian who stressed the role of the western frontier in American history (1861-1951) Marcus Terentius Varro Roman scholar (116-27 BC) Giorgio Vasari Italian painter and art historian (1511-1574) Karl Adolph Verner Danish philologist (1846-1896) Sir Paul Gavrilovich Vinogradoff British historian (born in Russia) (1854-1925) Fourth Earl of Orford English writer and historian; son of Sir Robert Walpole (1717-1797) Aby Moritz Warburg German art historian (1866-1929) Isaac Watts English poet and theologian (1674-1748) Simone Weil French philosopher (1909-1943) Alfred North Whitehead English philosopher and mathematician who collaborated with Bertrand Russell (1861-1947) Eliezer Wiesel United States writer (born in Romania) who survived Nazi concentration camps and is dedicated to keeping alive the memory of the Holocaust (born in 1928) Bernard Arthur Owen Williams English philosopher credited with reviving the field of moral philosophy (1929-2003) Johann Joachim Winckelmann German archaeologist and art historian said to be the father of archaeology (1717-1768) Ludwig Josef Johan Wittgenstein British philosopher born in Austria; a major influence on logic and logical positivism (1889-1951) Friedrich August Wolf German classical scholar who claimed that the Iliad and Odyssey were composed by several authors (1759-1824) Comer Vann Woodward United States historian (1908-1999) John Wickliffe English theologian whose objections to Roman Catholic doctrine anticipated the Protestant Reformation (1328-1384) Xenophanes Greek philosopher (560-478 BC) Xenophon Greek general and historian; student of Socrates (430-355 BC) Zeno of Citium ancient Greek philosopher who founded the Stoic school (circa 335-263 BC) Zeno of Elea ancient Greek philosopher who formulated paradoxes that defended the belief that motion and change are illusory (circa 495-430 BC) Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf German theologian (1700-1760) Huldreich Zwingli Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland (1484-1531) Cassandra (Greek mythology) a prophetess in Troy during the Trojan War whose predictions were true but were never believed anomalist someone who has a special interest in exceptional cases exponent someone who expounds and interprets or explains alchemist one who was versed in the practice of alchemy and who sought an elixir of life and a panacea and an alkahest and the philosopher's stone aphorist someone who formulates aphorisms or who repeats aphorisms bel esprit a witty or clever person with a fine mind clever Dick, clever clogs an intellectual who is ostentatiously and irritatingly knowledgeable decipherer, decoder the kind of intellectual who converts messages from a code to plain text egghead an intellectual; a very studious and academic person expositor, expounder a person who explains Einstein, brain, brainiac, genius, mastermind someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality highbrow a person of intellectual or erudite tastes mentor, wise man a wise and trusted guide and advisor bookman, scholar, scholarly person, student a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines doubter, sceptic, skeptic someone who habitually doubts accepted beliefs specifier someone who draws up specifications giving details (as for obtaining a patent) subjectivist a person who subscribes to subjectivism synthesiser, synthesist, synthesizer an intellectual who synthesizes or uses synthetic methods idealogue, theoretician, theoriser, theorist, theorizer someone who theorizes (especially in science or art) creative thinker, mind, thinker an important intellectual thinker someone who exercises the mind (usually in an effort to reach a decision) illusionist, seer, visionary a person with unusual powers of foresight wonderer someone who is curious about something academician, schoolman a scholar who is skilled in academic disputation alum, alumna, alumnus, grad, graduate a person who has received a degree from a school (high school or college or university) anticipant, anticipator one who anticipates Arabist a scholar who specializes in Arab languages and culture bibliographer someone trained in compiling bibliographies bibliophile, book lover, booklover someone who loves (and usually collects) books brain-worker, brainworker someone whose profession involves using his head to solve problems Cabalist, Kabbalist a student of the Jewish Kabbalah classifier a person who creates classifications cryptanalyst, cryptographer, cryptologist decoder skilled in the analysis of codes and cryptograms divergent thinker a thinker who moves away from the problem as stated and often has novel ideas and solutions diviner someone who claims to discover hidden knowledge with the aid of supernatural powers Dr., doctor a person who holds Ph.D. degree (or the equivalent) from an academic institution doubting Thomas someone who demands physical evidence in order to be convinced (especially when this demand is out of place) excogitator a thinker who considers carefully and thoroughly fantast, futurist someone who predicts the future forecaster, predictor, prognosticator, soothsayer someone who makes predictions of the future (usually on the basis of special knowledge) goliard a wandering scholar in medieval Europe; famed for intemperance and riotous behavior and the composition of satirical and ribald Latin songs historian, historiographer a person who is an authority on history and who studies it and writes about it humanist a classical scholar or student of the liberal arts initiate, learned person, pundit, savant someone who has been admitted to membership in a scholarly field Islamist a scholar who knowledgeable in Islamic studies licentiate holds a license (degree) from a (European) university Masorete, Masorite, Massorete a scholar who is expert on the Masorah (especially one of the Jewish scribes who contributed to the Masorah) master someone who holds a master's degree from academic institution mujtihad an Islamic scholar who engages in ijtihad, the effort to derive rules of divine law from Muslim sacred texts muller, muser, ponderer, ruminator a reflective thinker characterized by quiet contemplation musicologist a student of musicology arranger, organiser, organizer a person who brings order and organization to an enterprise bookworm, pedant, scholastic a person who pays more attention to formal rules and book learning than they merit pessimist a person who expects the worst philomath a lover of learning philosopher a specialist in philosophy philosophiser, philosophizer someone who considers situations from a philosophical point of view post doc, postdoc a scholar or researcher who is involved in academic study beyond the level of a doctoral degree convergent thinker, problem solver, solver a thinker who focuses on the problem as stated and tries to synthesize information and knowledge to achieve a solution prodigy an unusually gifted or intelligent (young) person; someone whose talents excite wonder and admiration reader a person who enjoys reading ratiocinator, reasoner someone who reasons logically Renaissance man a scholar during the Renaissance who (because knowledge was limited) could know almost everything about many topics Renaissance man, generalist a modern scholar who is in a position to acquire more than superficial knowledge about many different interests rocket scientist a clever thinker sage a mentor in spiritual and philosophical topics who is renowned for profound wisdom salutatorian, salutatory speaker a graduating student with the second highest academic rank; may deliver the opening address at graduation exercises scholiast a scholar who writes explanatory notes on an author (especially an ancient commentator on a classical author) Schoolman, medieval Schoolman a scholar in one of the universities of the Middle Ages; versed in scholasticism Shakespearean, Shakespearian a Shakespearean scholar Sinologist a student of Chinese history and language and culture speculator someone who makes conjectures without knowing the facts theologian, theologiser, theologist, theologizer someone who is learned in theology or who speculates about theology valedictorian, valedictory speaker the student with the best grades who usually delivers the valedictory address at commencement Vedist a scholar of or an authority on the Vedas individual, mortal, person, somebody, someone, soul a human being
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