| 单词 | family |
| 释义 | family (once / 20 pages) 1n 2n 3n 4n If you say, "my family — they're crazy," you're probably talking about a group of people who are related to you by blood or marriage. Sometimes the word family specifically means a group of parents and children, so you could be referring to your crazy parents or kids. Family is used many different ways. It can mean "household," or the people you live with, or it can refer to a partner and the children you are raising together. Your family can include people you've never met, like distant cousins, if you're using it to talk about the wider group of all of your relatives. There's also the scientific term family, which is a term that ranks the way different organisms are related to each other. WORD FAMILYfamily: familial, families, subfamily, superfamily+/subfamily: subfamilies/superfamily: superfamilies USAGE EXAMPLESNow 36 years old, she grew up in a family where office work was the norm, and attended college intending to become a teacher. Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017) After a year at cozy Williams, the empty dorm felt cavernous and overwhelming to the Robinson family. New York Times(Jan 02, 2017) Mark Campbell was part of a group of Kurdish activists who visited Mr Lock's family. BBC(Jan 02, 2017) 1 1n primary social group; parents and children he wanted to have a good job before starting a family Syn|Exp|Hypo|Hyper family unit Bronte sisters a 19th century family of three sisters who all wrote novels Marx Brothersa family of United States comedians consisting of four brothers with an anarchic sense of humor couple, match, mates a pair of people who live together man and wife, marriage, married coupletwo people who are married to each other power couplea couple both of whom have high-powered careers or are politically influential DINKa couple who both have careers and no children (an acronym for dual income no kids) mixed marriagemarriage of two people from different races or different religions or different cultures clan, kin, kin group, kindred, kinship group, tribe group of people related by blood or marriage 2n a social unit living together he moved his family to Virginia Syn|Hypo|Hyper home, house, household, menage broken home a family in which the parents have separated or divorced conjugal family, nuclear familya family consisting of parents and their children and grandparents of a marital partner extended familya family consisting of the nuclear family and their blood relatives foster familythe family of a fosterling foster homea household in which an orphaned or delinquent child is placed (usually by a social-service agency) menage a troishousehold for three; an arrangement where a married couple and a lover of one of them live together while sharing sexual relations social unit, unit an organization regarded as part of a larger social group 3n people descended from a common ancestor his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower Syn|Hypo|Hyper family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, phratry, sept people members of a family line homefolkthe people of your home locality (especially your own family) housearistocratic family line dynastya sequence of powerful leaders in the same family gens, namefamily based on male descent royal family, royal house, royal line, royaltyroyal persons collectively Bourbon, Bourbon dynastya European royal line that ruled in France (from 1589-1793) and Spain and Naples and Sicily Capetian dynastya Frankish dynasty founded by Hugh Capet that ruled from 987 to 1328 Carlovingian dynasty, Carolingian dynastya Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne's father that ruled from 751 to 987 Flavian dynastya dynasty of Roman Emperors from 69 to 96 including Vespasian and his sons Titus and Domitian Han, Han dynastyimperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; remembered as one of the great eras of Chinese civilization Hanover, Hanoverian line, House of Hanoverthe English royal house that reigned from 1714 to 1901 (from George I to Victoria) Habsburg, Hapsburga royal German family that provided rulers for several European states and wore the crown of the Holy Roman Empire from 1440 to 1806 Hohenzollerna German noble family that ruled Brandenburg and Prussia House of Lancaster, Lancaster, Lancastrian linethe English royal house that reigned from 1399 to 1461; its emblem was a red rose Liao, Liao dynastythe dynasty that ruled much of Manchuria and northeastern China from 947 to 1125 Merovingian, Merovingian dynastya Frankish dynasty founded by Clovis I that reigned in Gaul and Germany from about 500 to 750 Ming, Ming dynastythe imperial dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 Ottoman, Ottoman dynastythe Turkish dynasty that ruled the Ottoman Empire from the 13th century to its dissolution after World War I Plantagenet, Plantagenet linethe family name of a line of English kings that reigned from 1154 to 1485 Ptolemaic dynasty, Ptolemyan ancient dynasty of Macedonian kings who ruled Egypt from 323 BC to 30 BC; founded by Ptolemy I and ended with Cleopatra Ch'in, Ch'in dynasty, Qin, Qin dynastythe Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall Ch'ing, Ch'ing dynasty, Manchu, Manchu dynasty, Qing, Qing dynastythe last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries; during the Qing dynasty China was ruled by the Manchu Romanoff, Romanovthe Russian imperial line that ruled from 1613 to 1917 Saxe-Coburg-Gothathe name of the royal family that ruled Great Britain from 1901-1917; the name was changed to Windsor in 1917 in response to anti-German feelings in World War I Seljukany one of the Turkish dynasties that ruled Asia Minor from the 11th to the 13th centuries; they successfully invaded Byzantium and defended the Holy Land against Crusaders Shang, Shang dynastythe imperial dynasty ruling China from about the 18th to the 12th centuries BC Stuartthe royal family that ruled Scotland from 1371-1714 and ruled England from 1603 to 1649 and again from 1660 to 1714 Song, Song dynasty, Sung, Sung dynastythe imperial dynasty of China from 960 to 1279; noted for art and literature and philosophy Tang, Tang dynastythe imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907 House of Tudor, Tudoran English dynasty descended from Henry Tudor; Tudor monarchs ruled from Henry VII to Elizabeth I (from 1485 to 1603) Omayyad, Ommiad, Umayyadthe first dynasty of Arab caliphs whose capital was Damascus ValoisFrench royal house from 1328 to 1589 Wei, Wei dynastyany of several imperial dynasties of China ruling from 220 to 265 and from 386 to 556 House of Windsor, Windsorthe British royal family since 1917 House of York, Yorkthe English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose Mongol dynasty, Yuan, Yuan dynastythe imperial dynasty of China from 1279 to 1368 Chou, Chou dynasty, Chow, Chow dynasty, Zhou, Zhou dynastythe imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Taoism Mediciaristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century ancestry, blood, blood line, bloodline, descent, line, line of descent, lineage, origin, parentage, pedigree, stemma, stock the descendants of one individual 4n a person having kinship with another or others 2he's family Syn|Hypo|Hyper kin, kinsperson affine (anthropology) kin by marriage relation, relative a person related by blood or marriage 1n a collection of things sharing a common attribute Syn|Hypo|Hyper category, class grammatical category, syntactic category (grammar) a category of words having the same grammatical properties paradigm, substitution classthe class of all items that can be substituted into the same position (or slot) in a grammatical sentence (are in paradigmatic relation with one another) brass family(music) the family of brass instruments violin family(music) the family of bowed stringed instruments woodwind family(music) the family of woodwind instruments stampa type or class sexeither of the two categories (male or female) into which most organisms are divided declensiona class of nouns or pronouns or adjectives in Indo-European languages having the same (or very similar) inflectional forms conjugationa class of verbs having the same inflectional forms denominationa class of one kind of unit in a system of numbers or measures or weights or money histocompatibility complexa family of fifty or more genes on the sixth human chromosome that code for proteins on the surfaces of cells and that play a role in the immune response case, grammatical casenouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence form class, part of speech, word classone of the traditional categories of words intended to reflect their functions in a grammatical context numberthe grammatical category for the forms of nouns and pronouns and verbs that are used depending on the number of entities involved (singular or dual or plural) persona grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party gender, grammatical gendera grammatical category in inflected languages governing the agreement between nouns and pronouns and adjectives; in some languages it is quite arbitrary but in Indo-European languages it is usually based on sex or animateness tensea grammatical category of verbs used to express distinctions of time participant role, semantic role(linguistics) the underlying relation that a constituent has with the main verb in a clause accumulation, aggregation, assemblage, collection several things grouped together or considered as a whole 2n (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera 3sharks belong to the fish family Hypo|Hyper Filoviridae a family of threadlike RNA viruses that cause diseases in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys and chimpanzees) bacteria familya family of bacteria protoctist familyany of the families of Protoctista Endamoebidae, family Endamoebidaea large family of endoparasitic amebas that invade the digestive tract fish familyany of various families of fish chordate familyany family in the phylum Chordata bird familya family of warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings amphibian familyany family of amphibians reptile familya family of reptiles arthropod familyany of the arthropods mammal familya family of mammals coelenterate familya family of coelenterates ctenophore familya family of ctenophores worm familya family of worms mollusk familya family of mollusks Panorpidae, family Panorpidaea family of insects of the order Mecoptera Bittacidae, family Bittacidaea family of predacious tropical insects of the order Mecoptera echinoderm familya family of echinoderms form family(biology) an artificial taxonomic category for organisms of which the true relationships are obscure moss familya family of mosses liliopsid family, monocot familyfamily of flowering plants having a single cotyledon (embryonic leaf) in the seed dicot family, magnoliopsid familyfamily of flowering plants having two cotyledons (embryonic leaves) in the seed which usually appear at germination fungus familyincludes lichen families plant familya family of plants fern familyfamilies of ferns and fern allies Rhizobiaceae, family Rhizobiaceaea small family of rod-shaped bacteria Bacillaceae, family Bacillaceaetypically rod-shaped usually Gram-positive bacteria that produce endospores Myxophyceae, Schizophyceae, family Myxophyceae, family Schizophyceaeformer terms for Cyanophyceae Nostocaceae, family Nostocaceaeblue-green algae Oscillatoriaceae, family Oscillatoriaceaeblue green algae Pseudomonodaceae, family Pseudomonodaceaerod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria; include important plant and animal pathogens Athiorhodaceae, family Athiorhodaceaesmall motile sulphur bacteria Thiobacteriaceae, family Thiobacteriaceaefree-living coccoid to rod-shaped bacteria that derive energy from oxidizing sulfur or sulfur compounds Spirillaceae, family Spirillaceaerigid spirally curved elongate bacteria Bacteroidaceae, family Bacteroidaceaefamily of bacteria living usually in the alimentary canal or on mucous surfaces of warm-blooded animals; sometimes associated with acute infective processes Corynebacteriaceae, family Corynebacteriaceaea large family of mostly Gram-positive and aerobic and nonmotile rod-shaped bacteria of the order Eubacteriales Enterobacteriaceae, family Enterobacteriaceaea large family of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria of the order Eubacteriales Rickettsiaceae, family Rickettsiaceaemicroorganism resembling bacteria inhabiting arthropod tissues but capable of causing disease in vertebrates Chlamydiaceae, family ChlamydiaceaeGram-negative parasites in warm-blooded vertebrates Mycoplasmataceae, family Mycoplasmataceaepleomorphic Gram-negative nonmotile microorganism similar to both viruses and bacteria; parasitic in mammals Actinomycetaceae, family Actinomycetaceaefilamentous anaerobic bacteria Streptomycetaceae, family Streptomycetaceaehigher bacteria typically aerobic soil saprophytes Mycobacteriaceae, family Mycobacteriaceaea family of bacteria Myxobacteriaceae, Polyangiaceae, family Myxobacteriaceae, family Polyangiaceaebacteria living mostly in soils and on dung Micrococcaceae, family Micrococcaceaespherical or elliptical usually aerobic eubacteria that produce yellow or orange or red pigment; includes toxin-producing forms as well as harmless commensals and saprophytes Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacteriaceae, family Lactobacillaceae, family Lactobacteriaceaelactic acid bacteria and important pathogens; bacteria that ferment carbohydrates chiefly into lactic acid Spirochaetaceae, family Spirochaetaceaelarge coarsely spiral bacteria; free-living in fresh or salt water or commensal in bodies of oysters Treponemataceae, family Treponemataceaesmall spirochetes some parasitic or pathogenic Globigerinidae, family Globigerinidaea family of protoctists Nummulitidae, family Nummulitidaea family of fossil protoctists Arcellidae, family Arcellidaesoil and freshwater protozoa; cosmopolitan in distribution Tribonemaceae, family Tribonemaceaesimple filamentous freshwater yellow-green algae Laminariaceae, family Laminariaceaelarge family of marine brown algae including many economically important large kelps chiefly of northern waters Fucaceae, family Fucaceaesmall family of brown algae: gulfweeds; rockweeds Euglenaceae, family Euglenaceaeconsidered green algae Ulvaceae, family Ulvaceae, sea-lettuce familythin flat or tubular green algae Volvocaceae, family Volvocaceaeunicellular or colonial biflagellate free-swimming flagellates Chlamydomonadaceae, family Chlamydomonadaceaegreen algae some of which are colored red by hematochrome Zygnemataceae, family Zygnemataceaepond scums: common freshwater algae forming green slimy masses Oedogoniaceae, family Oedogoniaceaefilamentous green algae Characeae, family Characeaegreen algae superficially resembling horsetail ferns: stoneworts Desmidiaceae, family Desmidiaceaeunicellular algae Gigartinaceae, family Gigartinaceaea family of protoctist Rhodymeniaceae, family Rhodymeniaceaea family of protoctist Bangiaceae, family Bangiaceaea family of protoctist Peridiniidae, family Peridiniidaemarine and freshwater dinoflagellates Eimeriidae, family Eimeriidaea family of protoctist in the order Coccidia Plasmodiidae, family Plasmodiidaemalaria parasites Haemoproteidae, family Haemoproteidaebird parasites Babesiidae, family Babesiidaepiroplasms and cattle pathogens Cobitidae, family Cobitidaeloaches Cyprinidae, family Cyprinidaea family of fish including: carp; tench; roach; rudd; dace Electrophoridae, family Electrophoridaesmall family comprising the electric eels Catostomidae, family Catostomidaesuckers; closely related to the family Cyprinidae Cyprinodontidae, family Cyprinodontidaelarge family of small soft-finned fishes; killifishes; flagfishes; swordtails; guppies Poeciliidae, family Poeciliidaetopminnows Holocentridae, family Holocentridaesquirrelfishes and soldierfishes Anomalopidae, family Anomalopidaea family of fish including: flashlight fishes Zeidae, family Zeidaea family of fish in the order Zeomorphi Caproidae, family Caproidaeboarfishes Fistulariidae, family Fistulariidaecornetfishes Gasterosteidae, family Gasterosteidaesticklebacks Syngnathidae, family Syngnathidaepipefishes Macrorhamphosidae, family Macrorhamphosidaebellows fishes Centriscidae, family Centriscidaeshrimpfishes Aulostomidae, family Aulostomidaetrumpetfishes Amphioxidae, Branchiostomidae, family Amphioxidae, family Branchiostomidaelancelets Salpidae, family Salpidaea small family of tunicates in the class Thaliacea Doliolidae, family Doliolidaeoceanic tunicates Petromyzontidae, family Petromyzontidaelampreys Myxinidae, family Myxinidaeslime-producing marine animals: hagfishes Chimaeridae, family Chimaeridaea family of Holocephali Hexanchidae, family Hexanchidaeprimitive sharks Lamnidae, family Lamnidaeoceanic sharks Isuridae, family Isuridaein some classifications another name for the family Lamnidae Cetorhinidae, family Cetorhinidaein some older classifications considered the family of the basking sharks Alopiidae, family Alopiidaethresher sharks Orectolobidae, family Orectolobidaenurse sharks and carpet sharks Carchariidae, Odontaspididae, family Carchariidae, family Odontaspididaesand sharks; in some classifications coextensive with family Carcharhinidae Rhincodontidae, family Rhincodontidaesmall-toothed sharks comprising only one species Scyliorhinidae, family Scyliorhinidaesmall bottom-dwelling sharks Carcharhinidae, family Carcharhinidaelargest family of living sharks; found worldwide especially in tropical waters; dorsal fin lacks spines: requiem sharks including tiger sharks and soupfin sharks Triakidae, family Triakidaesmall sharks with smooth skins and lacking spines on their dorsal fins Squalidae, family Squalidaedogfishes having a spine in each dorsal fin Sphyrnidae, family Sphyrnidaehammerhead sharks; bonnethead sharks Squatinidae, family Squatinidaebottom-dwelling ray-like sharks Torpedinidae, family Torpedinidaeelectric rays Pristidae, family Pristidaelarge primitive rays with elongated snouts Rhinobatidae, family Rhinobatidaeprimitive rays with guitar-shaped bodies Dasyatidae, family Dasyatidaesting rays Myliobatidae, family Myliobatidaeeagle rays Mobulidae, family Mobulidaelarge rays lacking venomous spines: mantas Rajidae, family Rajidaebottom-dwelling tropical rays: skates Struthionidae, family Struthionidaetall terrestrial birds: ostriches Casuaridae, family Casuaridaea family of large ostrich-like birds including cassowaries Apterygidae, family Apterygidaecoextensive with the order Apterygiformes Rheidae, family Rheidaea family of birds coextensive with the order Rheiformes Aepyornidae, family Aepyornidaecoextensive with the order Aepyorniformes Dinornithidae, family Dinornithidaemoas Meliphagidae, family Meliphagidaehoney eaters Prunellidae, family Prunellidaehedge sparrow Alaudidae, family Alaudidaelarks Motacillidae, family Motacillidaepipits and wagtails Fringillidae, family Fringillidaefinches: goldfinches; bullfinches; chaffinches; siskins; canaries; cardinals; grosbeaks; crossbills; linnets; buntings Carduelinae, subfamily Carduelinaeused in some classifications for a subgroup of finches Emberizidae, subfamily Emberizidae, subfamily Emberizinaebuntings and some New World sparrows Coerebidae, Dacninae, family Coerebidae, family Dacninaethe honeycreepers Passeridae, family Passeridaetrue sparrows: Old world birds formerly considered weaverbirds Ploceidae, family Ploceidaeweaverbirds Drepanididae, family DrepanididaeHawaiian honeycreepers Menuridae, family Menuridaelyrebirds Atrichornithidae, family Atrichornithidaescrubbirds Eurylaimidae, family Eurylaimidaecoextensive with the suborder Eurylaimi Tyrannidae, superfamily TyrannidaeNew World tyrant flycatchers most numerous in Central America and South America but also in the United States and Canada Cotingidae, family Cotingidaecotingas; umbrella birds Pipridae, family Pipridaemanakins Furnariidae, family Furnariidaee.g. ovenbirds Formicariidae, family Formicariidaeantbirds Dendrocolaptidae, family Dendrocolaptidaewoodhewers or woodcreepers Pittidae, family Pittidaepittas Muscicapidae, family MuscicapidaeOld World (true) flycatchers Turdidae, family Turdidaethrushes; in some classifications considered a subfamily (Turdinae) of the family Muscicapidae Turdinae, subfamily Turdinaealternative classification for the thrushes Sylviidae, family Sylviidaein some classifications considered a subfamily (Sylviinae) of the family Muscicapidae: Old World (true) warblers; American kinglets and gnatcatchers Sylviinae, subfamily Sylviinaealternative classification for the Old World warblers Timaliidae, family Timaliidaebabblers Parulidae, family ParulidaeNew World warblers Paradisaeidae, family Paradisaeidaebirds of paradise Icteridae, family IcteridaeAmerican orioles; American blackbirds; bobolinks; meadowlarks Oriolidae, family OriolidaeOld World orioles Sturnidae, family SturnidaeOld World starlings Corvidae, family Corvidaecrow; raven; rook; jackdaw; chough; magpie; jay Garrulinae, subfamily Garrulinaesubfamily of the crow family: jays Cracticidae, family CracticidaeAustralian birds formerly included in the family Laniidae Troglodytidae, family Troglodytidaewrens Mimidae, family Mimidaesometimes considered a subfamily of Troglodytidae: mockingbirds; catbirds; thrashers Acanthisittidae, Xenicidae, family Acanthisittidae, family Xenicidaealternative names for the family comprising the New Zealand wrens Certhiidae, family Certhiidaecreepers Sittidae, family Sittidaenuthatches Paridae, family Paridaetitmice and chickadees Irenidae, family Irenidaea family of birds of the suborder Oscines Hirundinidae, family Hirundinidaeswallows and martins Artamidae, family Artamidaewood swallows Thraupidae, family Thraupidaetanagers Laniidae, family Laniidaeshrikes Malaconotinae, subfamily Malaconotinaean African bush shrikes Ptilonorhynchidae, family Ptilonorhynchidaebowerbirds Cinclidae, family Cinclidaewater ouzels Vireonidae, family Vireonidaesmall insectivorous American songbirds Bombycillidae, family Bombycillidaea family of birds of the suborder Oscines Accipitridae, family Accipitridaehawks; Old World vultures; kites; harriers; eagles Falconidae, family Falconidaea family of birds of the order Falconiformes Pandionidae, family Pandionidaeospreys Sagittariidae, family Sagittariidaesecretary birds Cathartidae, family Cathartidaecondors; turkey buzzards; king vultures Strigidae, family Strigidaea family of nocturnal birds of the order Strigiformes Tytonidae, family Tytonidaecomprising only the barn owls Salamandridae, family Salamandridaesalamanders Ambystomatidae, family AmbystomatidaeNew World salamanders Cryptobranchidae, family Cryptobranchidaelarge aquatic salamanders: hellbenders; giant salamanders Dicamptodontidae, family Dicamptodontidaelarge and small highly aquatic salamanders Plethodontidae, family Plethodontidaesmall mostly terrestrial New World salamanders having neither lungs nor gills as adults Amphiumidae, family Amphiumidaecongo snakes Sirenidae, family Sirenidaesirens Ranidae, family Ranidaea family nearly cosmopolitan in distribution: true frogs Leptodactylidae, family LeptodactylidaeNew World frogs; in some classifications essentially coextensive with the family Bufonidae Polypedatidae, family PolypedatidaeOld World tree frogs Ascaphidae, family Ascaphidaefamily of one species of frog: tailed frog Leiopelmatidae, Liopelmidae, family Leiopelmatidae, family Liopelmidaeprimitive New Zealand frogs Bufonidae, family Bufonidaetrue toads Discoglossidae, family Discoglossidaefamily of Old World toads having a fixed disklike tongue Pelobatidae, family Pelobatidaethe amphibian family of spadefoot toads Hylidae, family Hylidaethe amphibian family of tree frogs Brevicipitidae, Microhylidae, family Brevicipitidae, family Microhylidaenarrow-mouthed toads and sheep frogs; some burrow and some are arboreal; found worldwide Pipidae, family Pipidaetongueless frogs Xenopodidae, family Xenopodidaein some classifications the family of the genus Xenopus which is otherwise included in the family Pipidae Caeciliadae, Caeciliidae, family Caeciliadae, family Caeciliidaecoextensive with the order Gymnophiona: legless amphibians Chelonidae, Cheloniidae, family Chelonidae, family Cheloniidaegreen turtles; hawksbills Dermochelyidae, family Dermochelyidaesea turtles Chelydridae, family Chelydridaesnapping turtles Kinosternidae, family Kinosternidaemud turtles; musk turtles Emydidae, family Emydidaebox and water turtles Testudinidae, family Testudinidaeland tortoises Trionychidae, family Trionychidaesoft-shelled turtles Gekkonidae, family Gekkonidaegeckos Pygopodidae, family PygopodidaeAustralian and Tasmanian lizards Iguania, Iguanidae, family Iguania, family IguanidaeNew World lizards Amphisbaenidae, family Amphisbaenidaeworm lizards Xantusiidae, family Xantusiidaenight lizards Scincidae, family Scincidaeskinks Teiidae, family Teiidaewhiptails; etc. Agamidae, family Agamidaean Old World reptile family of Sauria Anguidae, family Anguidaealligator lizards Xenosauridae, family Xenosauridaemonotypic family of Mexican lizards Anniellidae, family Anniellidaelegless lizards Lanthanotidae, family Lanthanotidaestout-bodied lizards Helodermatidae, family Helodermatidaeonly known venomous lizards Lacertidae, family LacertidaeOld World lizards Chamaeleonidae, Chamaeleontidae, Rhiptoglossa, family Chamaeleonidae, family Chamaeleontidae, family RhiptoglossaOld World chameleons; in some classifications they are considered a superfamily of Sauria Varanidae, family Varanidaemonitor lizards Crocodylidae, family Crocodylidaetrue crocodiles Alligatoridae, family Alligatoridaealligators; caimans Gavialidae, family Gavialidaegavials Ceratopsidae, family CeratopsidaeAmerican ceratopsian dinosaurs Hadrosauridae, family Hadrosauridaeduck-billed dinosaurs; upper Cretaceous Iguanodontidae, family Iguanodontidaeiguanodons Titanosauridae, family Titanosauridaeherbivorous dinosaurs of the Cretaceous Megalosauridae, family Megalosauridaemegalosaurs Dromaeosauridae, family Dromaeosauridaeswift-running bipedal dinosaurs Edaphosauridae, family Edaphosauridaea family of reptiles of the order Pelycosauria Pterodactylidae, family Pterodactylidaea reptile family in the order Pterosauria Ichthyosauridae, family Ichthyosauridaelater ichthyosaurs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous; widely distributed in both hemispheres Colubridae, family Colubridaenonvenomous snakes; about two-thirds of all living species Typhlopidae, family Typhlopidaeblind snakes Leptotyphlopidae, family Leptotyphlopidaeblind snakes Boidae, family Boidaeboas and pythons Pythoninae, subfamily PythoninaeOld World boas: pythons; in some classifications considered a separate family from Boidae Pythonidae, family Pythonidaein some classifications a family separate from Boidae comprising Old World boas Elapidae, family Elapidaecobras; kraits; mambas; coral snakes; Australian taipan and tiger snakes Hydrophidae, family Hydrophidaesea snakes Viperidae, family ViperidaeOld World vipers Crotalidae, family CrotalidaeNew World vipers: pit vipers Phalangiidae, family Phalangiidaea family of Phalangida Argiopidae, family Argiopidae, orb-weaverspiders that spin orb webs; cosmopolitan in distribution Theridiidae, family Theridiidaea family of comb-footed spiders Theraphosidae, family Theraphosidaelarge tropical spiders; tarantulas Lycosidae, family Lycosidaewolf spiders Ctenizidae, family Ctenizidaelarge burrowing spiders Ixodidae, family Ixodidaehard ticks Argasidae, family Argasidaesoft ticks Acaridae, family Acaridaemites Trombidiidae, family Trombidiidaemites Trombiculidae, family Trombiculidaemites Sarcoptidae, family Sarcoptidaesmall whitish mites Tetranychidae, family Tetranychidaeplant-feeding mites Scutigeridae, family Scutigeridaea family of Chilopoda Geophilidae, family Geophilidaesmall extremely elongate centipedes that live in earth Limulidae, family Limulidaehorseshoe crabs Meleagrididae, family Meleagrididaeturkeys and some extinct forms Tetraonidae, family Tetraonidaegrouse Cracidae, family Cracidaecurassows; guans; chachalacas Megapodiidae, family Megapodiidaemegapodes Phasianidae, family Phasianidaepheasants; quails; partridges Perdicidae, Perdicinae, subfamily Perdicidae, subfamily PerdicinaeOld World partridges Numididae, Numidinae, subfamily Numididae, subfamily Numidinaeguinea fowl and related birds of Africa and Madagascar Opisthocomidae, family Opisthocomidaecomprising the hoatzins Tinamidae, family Tinamidaecomprising the tinamous Raphidae, family Raphidaeextinct dodos and solitaires Columbidae, family Columbidaedoves and pigeons Pteroclididae, family Pteroclididaesandgrouses Psittacidae, family Psittacidaecoextensive with the order Psittaciformes Loriinae, subfamily Loriinaelories Cuculidae, family Cuculidaeincludes cuckoo; ani; roadrunner Musophagidae, family Musophagidaetouracos Coraciidae, family Coraciidaerollers Alcedinidae, family Alcedinidaekingfishers Meropidae, family Meropidaebee-eaters Bucerotidae, family Bucerotidaehornbills Upupidae, family Upupidaehoopoes Phoeniculidae, family Phoeniculidaewood hoopoes Momotidae, family Momotidaea family of birds of the order Coraciiformes Todidae, family Todidaea family of birds of the order Coraciiformes Apodidae, family Apodidaeswifts; in former classifications included in the order Coraciiformes Hemiprocnidae, family Hemiprocnidaetree swifts Trochilidae, family Trochilidaehummingbirds Caprimulgidae, family Caprimulgidaegoatsuckers Podargidae, family Podargidaefrogmouths Steatornithidae, family Steatornithidaeoilbirds Picidae, family Picidaewoodpeckers Capitonidae, family Capitonidaebarbets Bucconidae, family Bucconidaepuffbirds Indicatoridae, family Indicatoridaehoney guides Galbulidae, family Galbulidaejacamars Ramphastidae, family Ramphastidaetoucans Trogonidae, family Trogonidaecoextensive with the order Trogoniformes Anatidae, family Anatidaeswimming birds having heavy short-legged bodies and bills with a horny tip: swans; geese; ducks Merginae, subfamily Merginaemergansers and closely related diving birds Anserinae, subfamily Anserinaeused in some classifications for the swans Anhimidae, family Anhimidaescreamers Tachyglossidae, family Tachyglossidaeechidnas Ornithorhynchidae, family Ornithorhynchidaeplatypus Didelphidae, family Didelphidaeopossums Caenolestidae, family Caenolestidaesmall marsupials of southern South America Peramelidae, family Peramelidaebandicoots Macropodidae, family Macropodidaekangaroos; wallabies Potoroinae, subfamily Potoroinaerat kangaroos Phalangeridae, family Phalangeridaephalangers; koalas Vombatidae, family Vombatidaewombats Dasyuridae, family Dasyuridae, family Dasyurinaedasyures; native cats; pouched mice; banded anteaters; Tasmanian devils Notoryctidae, family Notoryctidaepouched moles Talpidae, family Talpidaemoles Chrysochloridae, family Chrysochloridaegolden moles Soricidae, family Soricidaeshrews Erinaceidae, family Erinaceidaetrue hedgehogs Tenrecidae, family Tenrecidaetenrecs and extinct related forms Potamogalidae, family Potamogalidaeotter shrews Pennatulidae, family Pennatulidaesea pens Pleurobrachiidae, family Pleurobrachiidaesea gooseberries Cestidae, family Cestidaecoextensive with the order Cestida; ctenophores having a greatly flattened and elongated body Fasciolidae, family Fasciolidaea family of Trematoda Schistosomatidae, family Schistosomatidaea family of Trematoda Taeniidae, family Taeniidaea family of Cestoda Ascaridae, family Ascaridaelarge roundworms parasitic in intestines of vertebrates Oxyuridae, family Oxyuridaepinworms Cephalobidae, family Cephalobidaea family of Nematoda Tylenchidae, family Tylenchidaea family of Nematoda Ancylostomatidae, family Ancylostomatidaehookworms Filariidae, family Filariidaethreadlike roundworms Dracunculidae, family Dracunculidaegreatly elongated roundworm Branchiobdellidae, family Branchiobdellidaesmall annelid worms with the posterior end modified into an adhesive sucker; especially formerly regarded as modified leeches Terebellidae, family Terebellidaemarine burrowing or tube-forming polychete worms usually having long thick bodies Hirudinidae, family Hirudinidaea family of Hirudinea Haliotidae, family Haliotidaeabalones Strombidae, family Strombidaethe family of conchs Helicidae, family Helicidaeland snails including the common edible snail and some pests Limacidae, family Limacidaeslugs Neritidae, family Neritidaeneritids Buccinidae, family Buccinidaewhelks Cymatiidae, family Cymatiidaetritons Naticidae, family Naticidaemoonshells Littorinidae, family Littorinidaeperiwinkles Patellidae, family Patellidaemarine limpets Fissurellidae, family Fissurellidaemarine limpets Ancylidae, family Ancylidaefreshwater gastropod Aplysiidae, Tethyidae, family Aplysiidae, family Tethyidaesea hares Akeridae, family Akeridaebubble shells Physidae, family Physidaefreshwater snails Cypraeidae, family Cypraeidaefamily of marine gastropods comprising the cowries Myacidae, family Myacidaesoft-shell clams Veneridae, family Veneridaehard-shell clams Solenidae, family Solenidaerazor clams Tridacnidae, family Tridacnidaelarge marine hard-shell clams Cardiidae, family Cardiidaesomewhat heart-shaped sand-burrowing bivalve mollusks Ostreidae, family Ostreidaeoysters Pteriidae, family Pteriidaepearl oysters Anomiidae, family Anomiidaesaddle oysters Arcidae, family Arcidaeark shells Mytilidae, family Mytilidaemarine mussels Unionidae, family Unionidaefreshwater mussels found worldwide Pectinidae, family Pectinidaescallops Teredinidae, family Teredinidaeshipworms Pholadidae, family Pholadidaea family of Bivalvia Nautilidae, family Nautilidaespiral-shelled cephalopods Octopodidae, family Octopodidaea family of Octopoda Argonautidae, family Argonautidaerepresented solely by the genus Argonauta Sepiidae, family Sepiidaetrue cuttlefishes Spirulidae, family Spirulidaecoextensive with the genus Spirula; included in the order Belemnoidea in some older classifications Belemnitidae, family Belemnitidaefamily of extinct Mesozoic cephalopods Cancridae, family Cancridaemany of the best known edible crabs Portunidae, family Portunidaeswimming crabs Pinnotheridae, family Pinnotheridaetiny soft-bodied crabs Lithodidae, family Lithodidaedeep-sea crabs of cold waters Majidae, family Majidaespider crabs Homaridae, family Homaridaelarge-clawed lobsters Nephropsidae, family Nephropsidaein some classifications coextensive with the Homaridae Palinuridae, family Palinuridaespiny lobsters Astacidae, Astacura, family Astacidaecrayfish Paguridae, family Paguridaehermit crabs Crangonidae, family Crangonidaeshrimps Palaemonidae, family Palaemonidaeprawns Peneidae, family Peneidaetropical prawns Mysidae, family Mysidaesmall shrimp-like crustaceans Squillidae, family Squillidaecrustaceans that burrow in mud or under stones in shallow water along the seashore Armadillidiidae, family Armadillidiidaepill bugs Oniscidae, family Oniscidaea family of Isopoda Porcellionidae, family Porcellionidaesow bugs Orchestiidae, family Orchestiidaebeach fleas Triopidae, family Triopidaea family of Notostraca Balanidae, family Balanidaestalkless barnacles Lepadidae, family Lepadidaegoose barnacles Peripatidae, family Peripatidaea family of Onychophora Peripatopsidae, family Peripatopsidaea family of Onychophora Ciconiidae, family Ciconiidaestorks Balaenicipitidae, family Balaenicipitidaeshoebills Threskiornithidae, family Ibidiidae, family Threskiornithidaeibises Plataleidae, family Plataleidaespoonbills Phoenicopteridae, family Phoenicopteridaeflamingos Ardeidae, family Ardeidaeherons; egrets; night herons; bitterns Gruidae, family Gruidaecranes Cariamidae, family Cariamidaecrane-like South American wading birds Rallidae, family Rallidaerails; crakes; gallinules; coots Otididae, family Otididaebustards Turnicidae, family Turnicidaesmall Old World birds resembling but not related to true quail Psophiidae, family Psophiidaetrumpeters Charadriidae, family Charadriidaeplover family Scolopacidae, family Scolopacidaesandpiper family: sandpipers; woodcocks; snipes; tattlers; curlews; godwits; dowitchers Recurvirostridae, family Recurvirostridaelong-legged shorebirds Haematopodidae, family Haematopodidaeoystercatchers Phalaropidae, family Phalaropidaephalaropes Glareolidae, family GlareolidaeOld World shorebirds: pratincoles and coursers Burhinidae, family Burhinidaelarge wading birds resembling the plovers: stone curlews Laridae, family Laridaegull family: gulls and terns Sterninae, subfamily Sterninaeterns Rynchopidae, family Rynchopidaecoextensive with the genus Rynchops: skimmers Stercorariidae, family Stercorariidaejaegers and skuas: Alcidae, family Alcidaeweb-footed diving seabirds of northern seas: auks; puffins; guillemots; murres; etc. Gavidae, family Gavidaeloon family Podicipedidae, family Podicipedidaecoextensive with the order Podicipitiformes Pelecanidae, family Pelecanidaepelicans Fregatidae, family Fregatidaefrigate birds Sulidae, family Sulidaegannets and boobies Phalacrocoracidae, family Phalacrocoracidaecormorants Anhingidae, family Anhingidaesnakebirds Phaethontidae, family Phaethontidaetropicbirds Spheniscidae, family Spheniscidaecomprising all existing penguins Diomedeidae, family Diomedeidaealbatrosses Procellariidae, family Procellariidaepetrels; fulmars; shearwaters; Hydrobatidae, family Hydrobatidaestorm petrels Pelecanoididae, family Pelecanoididaediving petrels Balaenidae, family Balaenidaeright whales Balaenopteridae, family Balaenopteridaerorquals; blue whales Eschrichtiidae, family Eschrichtiidaecomprising only the grey whales Physeteridae, family Physeteridaesperm whales Hyperodontidae, Ziphiidae, family Hyperodontidae, family Ziphiidaebeaked whales; in some especially former classifications included in the family Physeteridae Delphinidae, family Delphinidaedolphins Platanistidae, family Platanistidaeriver dolphins Monodontidae, family Monodontidaenarwhals Trichechidae, family Trichechidaecomprising only the manatees Dugongidae, family Dugongidaea family of mammals of order Sirenia including dugongs and Steller's sea cow Otariidae, family Otariidaeeared seals: sea lions and fur seals Phocidae, family Phocidaeearless seals Odobenidae, family Odobenidaewalruses and extinct forms Orycteropodidae, family Orycteropodidaeaardvarks Canidae, family Canidaedogs; wolves; jackals; foxes Hyaenidae, family Hyaenidaehyenas Felidae, family Felidaecats; wildcats; lions; leopards; cheetahs; saber-toothed tigers Ursidae, family Ursidaebears and extinct related forms Viverridae, Viverrinae, family Viverridae, family Viverrinaegenets; civets; mongooses Phyllostomatidae, Phyllostomidae, family Phyllostomatidae, family PhyllostomidaeNew World leaf-nosed bats Rhinolophidae, family RhinolophidaeOld World leaf-nosed bats Hipposideridae, family HipposideridaeOld World leafnose bats Megadermatidae, family MegadermatidaeOld World false vampire bats Vespertilionidae, family Vespertilionidaethe majority of common bats of temperate regions of the world Molossidae, family Molossidaemastiff bats; freetail bats Desmodontidae, family Desmodontidaetrue vampire bats Cicindelidae, family Cicindelidaetiger beetles Coccinellidae, family Coccinellidaethe ladybugs Carabidae, family Carabidaeground beetles Lampyridae, family Lampyridaefireflies Cerambycidae, family Cerambycidaelong-horned beetles Chrysomelidae, family Chrysomelidaeleaf beetles Dermestidae, family Dermestidaecarpet beetles Cleridae, family Cleridaebeetles that prey on other insects Lamellicornia, superfamily Lamellicorniascarabaeid beetles and stag beetles Scarabaeidae, family Scarabaeidaescarab or dung beetles Melolonthidae, subfamily Melolonthidaeconsidered a separate family in some classification systems Cetoniidae, subfamily Cetoniidaeconsidered a separate family in some classification systems Lucanidae, family Lucanidaestag beetles Elateridae, family Elateridaeclick beetles and certain fireflies Dytiscidae, family Dytiscidaewater beetles Gyrinidae, family Gyrinidaewhirligig beetles Anobiidae, family Anobiidaedeathwatch beetles Curculionidae, family Curculionidaetrue weevils: snout beetles Meloidae, family Meloidaeblister beetles Ipidae, Scolytidae, family Ipidae, family Scolytidaelarge family of bark-boring or wood-boring short-beaked beetles; very destructive to forest and fruit trees Staphylinidae, family Staphylinidaerove beetles Tenebrionidae, family Tenebrionidaea family of arthropods including darkling beetles and mealworms Bruchidae, family Bruchidaeseed beetles Pediculidae, family Pediculidaetrue lice: human lice and related forms Phthiriidae, family Phthiriidaecrab lice Pulicidae, family Pulicidaemany common fleas attacking humans and domestic animals Cecidomyidae, family Cecidomyidaegall midges Muscoidea, superfamily Muscoideatwo-winged flies especially the families: Muscidae; Gasterophilidae; Calliphoridae; Tachinidae Muscidae, family Muscidaetwo-winged flies especially the housefly Glossinidae, family Glossinidaeflies closely related to the Muscidae: tsetse flies Calliphoridae, family Calliphoridaeblowflies Tachinidae, family Tachinidaeparasites on other insects Gasterophilidae, family Gasterophilidaehorse botflies Cuterebridae, family CuterebridaeNew World botflies Hypodermatidae, Oestridae, family Hypodermatidae, family Oestridaewarble flies Tabanidae, family Tabanidaehorseflies Bombyliidae, family Bombyliidaebee flies Asilidae, family Asilidaerobber flies Trephritidae, Trypetidae, family Trephritidae, family Trypetidaefruit flies; some leaf miners Drosophilidae, family Drosophilidaefruit flies Hippoboscidae, family Hippoboscidaewinged or wingless dipterans: louse flies Culicidae, family Culicidaemosquitoes Ceratopogonidae, family Ceratopogonidaebiting midges; sand flies Chironomidae, family Chironomidaemidges Mycetophilidae, family Mycetophylidaefungus gnats Psychodidae, family Psychodidaevery small two-winged flies with hairy wings that develop in moss and damp vegetable matter: sand flies Sciaridae, family Sciaridaefungus gnats Tipulidae, family Tipulidaecrane flies Simuliidae, family Simuliidaeblackflies and sand flies Apoidea, superfamily Apoideabees Apidae, family Apidaehoneybees; carpenter bees; bumblebees Andrenidae, family Andrenidaea large family of solitary short-tongued bees most of which burrow in the ground Halictidae, family Halictidaea family of small solitary bees; many are valuable pollinators for agriculture Megachilidae, family Megachilidaeleaf-cutting and mason bees Vespidae, family Vespidaean arthropod family of the order Hymenoptera including: yellow jackets; hornets; mason wasps Sphecoidea, superfamily Sphecoideafamilies Sphecidae and Stizidae Sphecidae, family Sphecidaemud daubers; some digger wasps Stizidae, family Stizidaecicada killers Cynipidae, family Cynipidaea family of Hymenoptera Chalcidae, Chalcididae, family Chalcidae, family Chalcididaean arthropod family including: chalcidflies Ichneumonidae, family Ichneumonidaeichneumon flies Tenthredinidae, family Tenthredinidaesawflies Formicidae, family Formicidaeants Dorylinae, subfamily Dorylinaearmy ants Termitidae, family Termitidaetermites Rhinotermitidae, family Rhinotermitidaelarge widely distributed family of termites of temperate to tropical regions Mastotermitidae, family Mastotermitidaeprimitive termites Kalotermitidae, family Kalotermitidaeprimitive termites of warm regions Acrididae, Locustidae, family Acrididae, family Locustidaeshort-horned grasshoppers; true locusts Tettigoniidae, family Tettigoniidaelong-horned grasshoppers; katydids Stenopelmatidae, family Stenopelmatidaelong-horned grasshoppers Gryllidae, family Gryllidaecrickets Phasmatidae, Phasmidae, family Phasmatidae, family Phasmidaestick insects Phillidae, Phyllidae, family Phillidae, family Phyllidaeleaf insects Blattidae, family Blattidaedomestic cockroaches Cryptocercidae, family Cryptocercidaea family of Blattodea Manteidae, Mantidae, family Manteidae, family Mantidaemantises Capsidae, Miridae, family Capsidae, family Miridaeleaf bugs Tingidae, family Tingidaelace bugs Lygaeidae, family Lygaeidaelygaeid bugs Coreidae, family Coreidaesquash bugs and leaf-footed bugs Cimicidae, family Cimicidaewingless flat-bodied bloodsucking insects Notonectidae, family Notonectidaeaquatic carnivorous insects Belostomatidae, family Belostomatidaewater bugs Nepidae, family Nepidaewater scorpions Corixidae, family Corixidaewater bugs Gerridae, Gerrididae, family Gerridae, family Gerrididaean arthropod family that includes water striders Reduviidae, family Reduviidaeassassin bugs Pyrrhocoridae, family Pyrrhocoridaefirebugs Aleyrodidae, family Aleyrodidaewhiteflies Coccoidea, superfamily Coccoideascale insects and mealybugs Coccidae, family Coccidaescale insects Diaspididae, family Diaspididaearmored scales Dactylopiidae, family Dactylopiidaecochineal insects Pseudococcidae, family Pseudococcidaescalelike insects: mealybugs Aphidoidea, superfamily Aphidoideaplant lice Aphididae, family Aphididaesmall soft-bodied plant lice Adelgidae, family Adelgidaeplant lice Phylloxeridae, family Phylloxeridaeplant lice Chermidae, Psyllidae, family Chermidae, family Psyllidaejumping plant lice Cicadidae, family Cicadidaecicadas Cercopidae, family Cercopidaefroghoppers or spittlebugs Cicadellidae, family Cicadellidaeleafhoppers Jassidae, family Jassidaefamily of small leafhoppers coextensive with the Cicadellidae and not distinguished from it in some classifications Membracidae, family Membracidaeplant hoppers: treehoppers Fulgoridae, family Fulgoridaeplant hoppers: lantern flies Psocidae, family Psocidaea family of small soft-bodied insects that feed on decaying vegetation; related to booklice Atropidae, family Atropidaebooklice Ephemeridae, family Ephemeridaemayflies Myrmeleontidae, family Myrmeleontidaeantlions Chrysopidae, family Chrysopidaegreen lacewings Hemerobiidae, family Hemerobiidaebrown lacewings Corydalidae, family Corydalidaedobsons Sialidae, family Sialidaean arthropod family including: alderflies Raphidiidae, family Raphidiidaea family of arthropods of the suborder Megaloptera, including snakeflies Mantispidae, family Mantispidaemantispids Sisyridae, family Sisyridaean arthropod family of the order Neuroptera that includes spongeflies Lepismatidae, family Lepismatidaefirebrats Machilidae, family Machilidaejumping bristletails Thripidae, family Thripidaethrips Forficulidae, family Forficulidaetypical earwigs Nymphalidae, family Nymphalidaelarge beautifully colored butterflies Satyridae, family Satyridaea widely distributed family of butterflies common near the edges of woods Danaidae, family Danaidaesmall family of usually tropical butterflies: monarch butterflies Pieridae, family Pieridaearthropod family including cabbage butterflies; sulphur butterflies Lycaenidae, family Lycaenidaefamily of small usually brilliantly colored butterflies; males have short forelegs Tortricidae, family Tortricidaeleaf rollers and codling moths Lymantriidae, family Lymantriidaetussock moths Geometridae, family Geometridaemeasuring worms Pyralidae, Pyralididae, family Pyralidae, family Pyralididaebee moths; corn borers; flour moths Tineoidea, superfamily Tineoideaclothes moths; carpet moths; leaf miners Tineidae, family Tineidaeclothes moths Gracilariidae, Gracillariidae, family Gracilariidaeleaf miners Gelechiidae, family Gelechiidaeimportant economic pests Noctuidae, family Noctuidaecutworms; armyworms Sphingidae, family Sphingidaehawkmoths Bombycidae, family BombycidaeChinese silkworm moth Saturniidae, family Saturniidaeimportant and widely distributed family of moths including some of the largest insects known Arctiidae, family Arctiidaetiger moths Lasiocampidae, family Lasiocampidaetent caterpillars; eggars; lappet moths Antedonidae, family Antedonidaefeather stars Holothuridae, family Holothuridaea family of Holothuroidea Leporidae, family Leporidaehares and rabbits Ochotonidae, family Ochotonidaepikas and extinct forms Muroidea, superfamily Muroideaa superfamily of rodents essentially equal to the suborder Myomorpha but with the Dipodidae excluded Muridae, family Muridaeoriginally Old World rats now distributed worldwide; distinguished from the Cricetidae by typically lacking cheek pouches Hydromyinae, subfamily Hydromyinaewater rats of Australia and New Guinea Cricetidae, family Cricetidaemostly small New World rodents including New World mice and lemmings and voles and hamsters Gerbillinae, subfamily Gerbillinaegerbils Hystricidae, family HystricidaeOld World porcupines Erethizontidae, family ErethizontidaeNew World arboreal porcupines Heteromyidae, family Heteromyidaesmall New World burrowing mouselike rodents with fur-lined cheek pouches and hind limbs and tail adapted to leaping; adapted to desert conditions: pocket mice; kangaroo mice; kangaroo rats Zapodidae, family Zapodidaejumping mice Dipodidae, family DipodidaeOld World jerboas Gliridae, family Gliridaedormice and other Old World forms Geomyidae, family GeomyidaeNorth American pocket gophers Sciuridae, family Sciuridaea mammal family of true squirrels including: ground squirrels; marmots; chipmunks; flying squirrels; spermophiles Petauristidae, subfamily PetauristidaeOld World flying squirrels Castoridae, family Castoridaebeavers Aplodontiidae, family Aplodontiidaemountain beavers Caviidae, family Caviidaea family of Hystricomorpha Hydrochoeridae, family Hydrochoeridaecapybara Dasyproctidae, family Dasyproctidaeagoutis and pacas Capromyidae, family Capromyidaecoypus Chinchillidae, family Chinchillidaesmall bushy-tailed South American burrowing rodents Spalacidae, family Spalacidaemole rats Bathyergidae, family Bathyergidaemole rats; sand rats Uintatheriidae, family Uintatheriidaean extinct family of Dinocerata Procaviidae, family Procaviidaeincludes all recent members of the order Hyracoidea Equidae, family Equidaehorses; asses; zebras; extinct animals Rhinocerotidae, family Rhinocerotidae, rhinoceros familyrhinoceroses Tapiridae, family Tapiridaetapirs and extinct related forms Suidae, family Suidaepigs; hogs; boars Tayassuidae, family Tayassuidaepeccaries Hippopotamidae, family Hippopotamidaehippopotami Bovidae, family Bovidaetrue antelopes; cattle; oxen; sheep; goats Bovinae, subfamily Bovinaeterm not used technically; essentially coextensive with genus Bos: cattle; buffalo; and sometimes includes kudu Antilocapridae, family Antilocapridaecomprising only the pronghorns Cervidae, family Cervidaedeer: reindeer; moose or elks; muntjacs; roe deer Tragulidae, family Tragulidaechevrotains Camelidae, family Camelidaecamels and llamas and vicunas Giraffidae, family Giraffidaegiraffes Mustelidae, family Mustelidaeweasels; polecats; ferrets; minks; fishers; otters; badgers; skunks; wolverines; martens Lutrinae, subfamily Lutrinaesubdivision not used in some classifications: otters Mephitinae, subfamily Mephitinaesubdivision not used in some classifications: skunks Melinae, subfamily Melinaesubdivision not used in some classifications: badgers Dasypodidae, family Dasypodidaearmadillos Bradypodidae, family Bradypodidaea family of edentates comprising the true sloths Megalonychidae, family Megalonychidaemammal family consisting of the two-toed sloths Megatheriidae, family Megatheriidaeextinct ground sloths Mylodontidae, family Mylodontidaeextinct South American edentates Myrmecophagidae, family MyrmecophagidaeNew World anteaters Manidae, family Manidaecoextensive with the order Pholidota Hominidae, family Hominidaemodern man and extinct immediate ancestors of man Pongidae, family Pongidaeusually considered as comprising orangutans; gorillas; chimpanzees; and sometimes gibbons Hylobatidae, family Hylobatidaeused in some classifications for the lesser apes (gibbons and siamangs); sometimes considered a subfamily of Pongidae Cercopithecidae, family CercopithecidaeOld World monkeys: guenon; baboon; colobus monkey; langur; macaque; mandrill; mangabey; patas; proboscis monkey Platyrrhini, superfamily PlatyrrhiniNew World monkeys: capuchin; douroucouli; howler monkey; saki; spider monkey; squirrel monkey; titi; uakari; woolly monkey; marmoset; tamarin Callithricidae, family Callithricidaemarmosets Cebidae, family Cebidaeall the New World monkeys except marmosets and tamarins Tupaiidae, family Tupaiidaetree shrews; in some classifications tree shrews are considered prosimian primates Lemuridae, family Lemuridaetypical lemurs; of Madagascar Daubentoniidae, family Daubentoniidaecomprising solely the aye-aye Lorisidae, family Lorisidaeslow-moving omnivorous nocturnal primates of tropical Asia; usually tailless Indriidae, family Indriidaea family of Lemuroidea Tarsiidae, family Tarsiidaecoextensive with the genus Tarsius: tarsiers Cynocephalidae, family Cynocephalidaea family of Dermoptera Elephantidae, family Elephantidaeelephants Mammutidae, family Mammutidae, family Mastodontidaeextinct family: mastodons Gomphotheriidae, family Gomphotheriidaeelephants extinct since the Pleistocene Procyonidae, family Procyonidaeraccoons; coatis; cacomistles; kinkajous; and sometimes pandas Bassariscidae, subfamily Bassariscidaein some classifications considered a separate family Ailuropodidae, family Ailuropodidaein some classifications considered the family comprising the giant pandas Latimeridae, family Latimeridaeextinct except for the coelacanth Ceratodontidae, family Ceratodontidaelungfishes having hornlike ridges on the teeth Siluridae, family SiluridaeOld World catfishes Ameiuridae, family AmeiuridaeNorth American catfishes Laricariidae, family Laricariidaearmored catfish Ariidae, family Ariidaesea catfishes Gadidae, family Gadidaelarge family of important mostly marine food fishes Macrouridae, Macruridae, family Macrouridae, family Macruridaegrenadiers Anguillidae, family Anguillidaeeels that live in fresh water as adults but return to the sea to spawn Muraenidae, family Muraenidaemarine eels Congridae, family Congridaemarine eels Gonorhynchidae, family Gonorhynchidaecoextensive with the genus Gonorhynchus Clupeidae, family Clupeidaeherrings; shad; sardines; etc. Engraulidae, family Engraulidaeanchovies Salmonidae, family Salmonidaesalmon and trout Coregonidae, family Coregonidaesoft-finned fishes comprising the freshwater whitefishes; formerly included in the family Salmonidae Osmeridae, family Osmeridaesmelts Elopidae, family Elopidaetarpons and ladyfishes Albulidae, family Albulidaebonefish Argentinidae, family Argentinidaesmall marine soft-finned fishes with long silvery bodies; related to salmons and trouts Myctophidae, family Myctophidaedeep-sea fishes comprising the lantern fishes Synodontidae, family Synodontidaesoft-finned bottom-dwelling fishes Chlorophthalmidae, family Chlorophthalmidaesmall family of soft-finned bottom-dwellers with large eyes; relatives of lizardfishes Osteoglossidae, family Osteoglossidaea family of large fishes that live in freshwater; includes bandfish and bonytongues Lampridae, family Lampridaeopahs Trachipteridae, family Trachipteridaeribbonfishes Regalecidae, family Regalecidaeribbonfishes Ogcocephalidae, family Ogcocephalidaebatfishes: sluggish bottom-dwelling spiny fishes Lophiidae, family Lophiidaelarge-headed marine fishes comprising the anglers Batrachoididae, family Batrachoididaetoadfishes; related to anglers and batfishes Antennariidae, family Antennariidaefrogfishes; tropical spiny-finned marine fishes having large nearly vertical mouths; related to toadfishes and anglers Belonidae, family Belonidaeferocious fishes of warm regions resembling but unrelated to the freshwater gars Exocoetidae, family Exocoetidaeflying fishes; closely related to the halfbeaks Hemiramphidae, family Hemiramphidaehalfbeaks; marine and freshwater fishes closely related to the flying fishes but not able to glide Scomberesocidae, Scombresocidae, family Scomberesocidae, family Scombresocidaeonly sauries Ophiodontidae, family Ophiodontidaefishes closely related to greenlings Anabantidae, family Anabantidaesmall freshwater spiny-finned fishes of Africa and southern Asia Percidae, family Percidaeactive freshwater fishes; true perches and pike perches Trichodontidae, family Trichodontidaetwo species of elongate compressed scaleless large-eyed fishes that live in sand or mud Ophidiidae, family Ophidiidaeeellike marine fishes Brotulidae, family Brotulidaechiefly deep-sea fishes related to the Ophidiidae Carapidae, family Carapidaepearlfishes: related to the Brotulidae Centropomidae, family Centropomidaea family of fish or the order Perciformes including robalos Esocidae, family Esocidaepikes; pickerels; muskellunges Centrarchidae, family Centrarchidaesunfish family Serranidae, family Serranidaemarine fishes: sea basses; sea perches; groupers; jewfish Embiotocidae, family Embiotocidaeviviparous percoid fishes comprising the surf fishes Priacanthidae, family Priacanthidaesmall carnivorous percoid fishes found worldwide in tropical seas Apogonidae, family Apogonidaebright-colored marine fishes that incubate eggs in the mouth Malacanthidae, family Malacanthidaeshort-headed marine fishes; often brightly colored Pomatomidae, family Pomatomidaefood and game fishes related to pompanos Rachycentridae, family Rachycentridaefamily of pelagic fishes containing solely the cobia Echeneididae, family Echeneidae, family Echeneididaefishes having a sucking disk on the head for clinging to other fishes and to ships Carangidae, family Carangidaelarge family of narrow-bodied marine food fishes with widely forked tails; chiefly of warm seas Coryphaenidae, family Coryphaenidaelarge active pelagic percoid fish Bramidae, family Bramidaedeep-bodied percoid fishes of the open seas Branchiostegidae, family Branchiostegidaesmall family of marine fishes having covered gills Characidae, family Characidaetropical freshwater fishes of Africa and South America and Central America Characinidae, family Characinidaeformer name of the Characidae Cichlidae, family Cichlidaecichlids Lutjanidae, family Lutjanidaesnappers Haemulidae, family Haemulidaegrunts Sparidae, family Sparidaeporgies; scups Sciaenidae, family Sciaenidaewarm-water marine fishes including the drums and grunts and croakers and sea trout Mullidae, family Mullidaegoatfishes or red mullets Mugilidae, family Mugilidaegrey mullets Atherinidae, family Atherinidaesmall spiny-finned fishes of both salt and fresh water Sphyraenidae, family Sphyraenidaemonotypic family of large active fishes of tropical and subtropical waters: barracuda Pempheridae, family Pempheridaesweepers Kyphosidae, family Kyphosidaesea chubs Ephippidae, family Ephippidaesmall family comprising the spadefishes Chaetodontidae, family Chaetodontidaebutterfly fishes Pomacentridae, family Pomacentridaedamselfishes Labridae, family Labridaewrasses Scaridae, family Scaridaeparrotfishes Polynemidae, family Polynemidaethreadfins Opisthognathidae, family Opisthognathidaejawfishes Uranoscopidae, family Uranoscopidaestargazers Dactyloscopidae, family Dactyloscopidaesand stargazers Blenniidae, family Blenniidaea family of fish including: combtooth blennies Clinidae, family Clinidaeviviparous blennies of temperate and tropical seas Pholidae, family Pholidae, family Pholididaea family of fish of suborder Blennioidea Stichaeidae, family Stichaeidaepricklebacks Anarhichadidae, family Anarhichadidaewolffishes Zoarcidae, family Zoarcidaeeelpouts Ammodytidae, family Ammodytidaesand lances Callionymidae, family Callionymidaedragonets Gobiidae, family Gobiidaegobies Eleotridae, family Eleotridaesleepers Percophidae, family Percophidaepercoid flatheads Toxotidae, family Toxotidaearcherfishes Microdesmidae, family Microdesmidaeworm fish Acanthuridae, family Acanthuridaesurgeonfishes Gempylidae, family Gempylidaesnake mackerels Trichiuridae, family Trichiuridaecutlassfishes Scombridae, family Scombridaemarine food fishes: mackerels; chub mackerels; tuna Katsuwonidae, family Kasuwonidaein some classifications considered a separate family comprising the oceanic bonitos Xiphiidae, family Xiphiidaecomprising the common swordfishes Istiophoridae, family Istiophoridaesailfishes; spearfishes; marlins Luvaridae, family Luvaridaelouvars Stromateidae, family Stromateidaebutterfishes: harvest fishes; dollar fishes Gobiesocidae, family Gobiesocidaeclingfishes Lobotidae, family Lobotidaetripletails Gerreidae, Gerridae, family Gerreidae, family Gerridaemojarras Sillaginidae, family Sillaginidaesmall family of small food fishes in shallow waters of the Pacific around Indonesia Amiidae, family Amiidaeonly the bowfins Polyodontidae, family Polyodontidaepaddlefishes Acipenseridae, family Acipenseridaesturgeons Lepisosteidae, family Lepisosteidaecomprises the genus Lepisosteus Scorpaenidae, family Scorpaenidaescorpionfishes; rockfishes; lionfishes Cottidae, family Cottidaesculpins Cyclopteridae, family Cyclopteridaelumpfishes Liparidae, Liparididae, family Liparidae, family Liparididaesnailfishes Agonidae, family Agonidaepoachers Hexagrammidae, family Hexagrammidaegreenlings Platycephalidae, family Platycephalidaescorpaenoid flatheads Triglidae, family Triglidaein some classifications restricted to the gurnards and subdivided into the subfamilies Triglinae (true sea robins) and Peristediinae (armored sea robins) Triglinae, subfamily Triglinaein some classifications considered a subfamily of Triglidae comprising searobins having ordinary scales and no barbels (true searobins) Peristediinae, subfamily Peristediinaein some classifications considered a subfamily of Triglidae comprising the armored searobins Dactylopteridae, family Dactylopteridaeflying gurnards Balistidae, family Balistidaetriggerfishes Monocanthidae, family Monocanthidaefilefishes Ostraciidae, family Ostraciidae, family Ostraciontidaeboxfishes Tetraodontidae, family Tetraodontidaepuffers Diodontidae, family Diodontidaespiny puffers Molidae, family Molidaeocean sunfishes Pleuronectidae, family Pleuronectidaerighteye flounders Bothidae, family Bothidaea family of fish of the order Heterosomata Cynoglossidae, family Cynoglossidaetonguefishes Soleidae, family Soleidaesoles Anthocerotaceae, family Anthocerotaceaehornworts Dicranaceae, family Dicranaceaemosses having costate leaves and long-stalked capsules with cleft peristome Bryaceae, family Bryaceaea family of acrocarpous mosses Mniaceae, family Mniaceaefamily of erect mosses with club-shaped paraphyses and the hexagonal cells of the upper leaf surface; sometimes treated as a subfamily of Bryaceae Jungermanniaceae, family Jungermanniaceaecomprising the leafy members of the order Jungermanniales Marchantiaceae, family Marchantiaceaeliverworts with prostrate and usually dichotomously branched thalli Sphaerocarpaceae, family Sphaerocarpaceaeliverworts with bilaterally symmetrical gametophytes; sometimes placed in the order Jungermanniales gymnosperm familya family of gymnosperms liliid monocot familyfamily of monocotyledonous plants of the subclass Liliidae; mostly herbs usually with petaloid sepals and petals and compound pistils magnoliid dicot familyfamily of dicotyledonous flowering plants regarded as among the most primitive of extant angiosperms hamamelid dicot familyfamily of mostly woody dicotyledonous flowering plants with flowers often unisexual and often borne in catkins caryophylloid dicot familyfamily of relatively early dicotyledonous plants including mostly flowers dilleniid dicot familyfamily of more or less advanced dicotyledonous trees and shrubs and herbs asterid dicot familyfamily of more or less advanced dicotyledonous herbs and some trees and shrubs rosid dicot familya family of dicotyledonous plants Myricaceae, family Myricaceae, wax-myrtle familyconstituting the order Myricales Leitneriaceae, corkwood family, family Leitneriaceaecoextensive with the genus Leitneria; commonly isolated in a distinct order Juncaceae, family Juncaceae, rush familytufted herbs resembling grasses: rushes Apocynaceae, dogbane family, family Apocynaceaechiefly tropical trees or shrubs or herbs having milky juice and often showy flowers; many are sources of drugs Araceae, arum family, family Araceaeanthurium; calla lily; jack-in-the-pulpit; philodendron Acoraceae, subfamily Acoraceaeused in some classifications for the genus Acorus which is usually assigned to Araceae Lemnaceae, duckweed family, family Lemnaceaefamily of small free-floating thalloid plants Aristolochiaceae, birthwort family, family Aristolochiaceaefamily of birthworts (including wild ginger) Rafflesiaceae, family Rafflesiaceaea family of parasitic plants of the order Aristolochiales Hydnoraceae, family Hydnoraceaea family of flowering plants in Africa and Argentina that are parasitic on the roots of other plants Campanulaceae, bellflower family, family Campanulaceaefamily of plants of the order Campanulales; in some classifications includes Lobeliaceae Orchidaceae, family Orchidaceae, orchid familyenormous cosmopolitan family of perennial terrestrial or epiphytic plants with fleshy tubers or rootstocks and unusual flowers Burmanniaceae, family Burmanniaceaefamily of chiefly tropical herbs with basal leaves like bracts and small flowers Dioscoreaceae, family Dioscoreaceae, yam familyyams Primulaceae, family Primulaceae, primrose familya dicotyledonous family of the order Primulales with a regular flower; widely distributed in the northern hemisphere Myrsinaceae, family Myrsinaceae, myrsine familyfamily of Old World tropical trees and shrubs; some in Florida Plumbaginaceae, family Plumbaginaceae, leadwort family, sea-lavender familyperennial herbs and shrubs and lianas; cosmopolitan especially in saltwater areas Theophrastaceae, family Theophrastaceaefamily of mainly tropical American trees and shrubs similar to those of the Myrsinaceae; often included in the Myrsinaceae Graminaceae, Gramineae, Poaceae, family Graminaceae, family Gramineae, family Poaceae, grass familythe grasses: chiefly herbaceous but some woody plants including cereals; bamboo; reeds; sugar cane Cyperaceae, family Cyperaceae, sedge familybulrush; chufa; cotton grass; papyrus; umbrella plant Pandanaceae, family Pandanaceae, screw-pine familyfamily of woody plants of the order Pandanales including pandanus Typhaceae, cattail family, family Typhaceaeperennial marsh plants with creeping rootstocks and long linear leaves Sparganiaceae, bur-reed family, family Sparganiaceaecoextensive with the genus Sparganium Cucurbitaceae, family Cucurbitaceae, gourd familya family of herbaceous vines (such as cucumber or melon or squash or pumpkin) Goodenia family, Goodeniaceae, family Goodeniaceaea family of sappy plants that grow in Australasia and southeast China Lobeliaceae, family Lobeliaceae, lobelia familynot recognized in all classification systems; in some classifications lobeliaceous plants are included in family Campanulaceae Proteaceae, family Proteaceae, protea familylarge family of Australian and South African shrubs and trees with leathery leaves and clustered mostly tetramerous flowers; constitutes the order Proteales Casuarinaceae, family Casuarinaceaeone genus: genus Casuarina Gentianaceae, family Gentianaceae, gentian familychiefly herbaceous plants with showy flowers; some are cultivated as ornamentals Salvadora family, Salvadoraceae, family Salvadoraceaea family of Old World shrubs and trees of order Gentianales; related to Oleaceae but having four stamens and four petals Oleaceae, family Oleaceae, olive familytrees and shrubs having berries or drupes or capsules as fruits; sometimes placed in the order Oleales: olive; ash; jasmine; privet; lilac Haemodoraceae, bloodwort family, family Haemodoraceaesome genera placed in family Liliaceae Juglandaceae, family Juglandaceae, walnut familytrees having usually edible nuts: butternuts; walnuts; hickories; pecans Combretaceae, combretum family, family Combretaceaea family of tropical trees and shrubs of the order Myrtales Elaeagnaceae, family Elaeagnaceae, oleaster familyshrubs or small trees often armed Haloragaceae, Haloragidaceae, family Haloragaceae, family Haloragidaceae, water-milfoil familya family of dicotyledonous plants of the order Myrtales Lecythidaceae, family Lecythidaceaelarge tropical trees bearing large fruits with woody skins Lythraceae, family Lythraceae, loosestrife familyherbs and shrubs and small trees with pink or purple flowers Myrtaceae, family Myrtaceae, myrtle familytrees and shrubs yielding a fragrant oil Nyssaceae, family Nyssaceae, sour-gum family, tupelo familya family of dicotyledonous trees of order Myrtales that includes the sour gum trees Punicaceae, family Punicaceaeone species: pomegranates Rhizophoraceae, family Rhizophoraceae, mangrove familytrees and shrubs that usually form dense jungles along tropical seacoasts Thymelaeaceae, daphne family, family Thymelaeaceaefamily of trees and shrubs and herbs having tough bark that are found especially in Australia and tropical Africa Trapaceae, family Trapaceaefamily comprising solely the genus Trapa; in some classifications treated as a subfamily or tribe of the family Onagraceae Cannaceae, family Cannaceaecoextensive with the genus Canna Marantaceae, arrowroot family, family Marantaceaetropical perennial herbs with usually starchy rhizomes Musaceae, banana family, family Musaceaetreelike tropical Asian herbs Strelitziaceae, family Strelitziaceae, strelitzia familywoody plants with erect stems of tropical South America and South Africa and Madagascar; in some classifications included in the family Musaceae Zingiberaceae, family Zingiberaceae, ginger familya family of tropical monocotyledonous plants of order Musales Urticaceae, family Urticaceae, nettle familya family of plants of order Urticales including many nettles with stinging hairs Cannabidaceae, family Cannabidaceae, hemp familytwo genera of erect or twining herbs that are pollinated by the wind, including the genera Cannabis and Humulus; term not used in all classifications; in some the genus Cannabis is placed in the family Moraceae and the genus Humulus in the family Urticaceae Moraceae, family Moraceae, mulberry familytrees or shrubs having a milky juice; in some classifications includes genus Cannabis Cecropiaceae, family Cecropiaceaein some classifications included in family Moraceae Ulmaceae, elm family, family Ulmaceaea dicot family of the order Urticales including: genera Ulmus, Celtis, Planera, Trema Menyanthaceae, buckbean family, family Menyanthaceaea dicotyledonous family of marsh plants of order Gentianales Loganiaceae, family Loganiaceaea dicotyledonous family of plants of order Gentianales Linaceae, family Linaceae, flax familya widely distributed family of plants Arecaceae, Palmaceae, Palmae, family Arecaceae, family Palmaceae, family Palmae, palm familychiefly tropical trees and shrubs and vines usually having a tall columnar trunk bearing a crown of very large leaves; coextensive with the order Palmales Plantaginaceae, family Plantaginaceae, plantain familycosmopolitan family of small herbs and a few shrubs; most are troublesome weeds Polygonaceae, buckwheat family, family Polygonaceaea family of plants of order Polygonales chiefly of the north temperate zone; includes the buckwheats Xyridaceae, family Xyridaceae, yellow-eyed grass familyplants of tropical to temperate regions; usually in wet places Commelinaceae, family Commelinaceae, spiderwort familylarge widely distributed family of chiefly perennial herbs or climbers: spiderworts Bromeliaceae, family Bromeliaceae, pineapple familya family of tropical American plants of order Xyridales including several (as the pineapple) of economic importance Mayacaceae, family Mayacaceaea monocotyledonous family of bog plants of order Xyridales Rapateaceae, family RapateaceaeSouth American herbs somewhat resembling members of the Juncaceae Eriocaulaceae, family Eriocaulaceae, pipewort familychiefly tropical aquatic or bog herbs: pipeworts Pontederiaceae, family Pontederiaceae, pickerelweed familyaquatic or bog plants Naiadaceae, Najadaceae, family Naiadaceae, family Najadaceae, naiad familymonotypic family of aquatic plants having narrow leaves and small flowers Alismataceae, family Alismataceae, water-plantain familyperennial or annual aquatic or marsh plants Hydrocharidaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, family Hydrocharidaceae, family Hydrocharitaceae, frog's-bit family, frogbit familysimple nearly stemless freshwater aquatic plants; widely distributed Potamogetonaceae, family Potamogetonaceae, pondweed familyplants that grow in ponds and slow streams; sometimes includes family Zosteraceae Juncaginaceae, Scheuchzeriaceae, arrow-grass family, family Juncaginaceae, family Scheuchzeriaceaea family of monocotyledonous bog herbs of order Naiadales Zannichelliaceae, family Zannichelliaceaealternative classification for some genera included in Potamogetonaceae; one species Zosteraceae, eelgrass family, family Zosteraceaeused in some classifications: essentially equivalent to Potamogetonaceae Amygdalaceae, family Amygdalaceaeused in former classifications for plum and peach and almond trees which are now usually classified as members of the genus Prunus Erythroxylaceae, family Erythroxylaceaea family of plants of order Geraniales; have drupaceous fruit Sapindaceae, family Sapindaceae, soapberry familychiefly tropical New and Old World deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs bearing leathery drupes with yellow translucent flesh; most plants produce toxic saponins Buxaceae, box family, family Buxaceaewidely distributed evergreen shrubs and trees Celastraceae, family Celastraceae, spindle-tree family, staff-tree familytrees and shrubs and woody vines usually having bright-colored fruits Empetraceae, crowberry family, family Empetraceaeheathlike shrubs Aceraceae, family Aceraceae, maple familya family of trees and shrubs of order Sapindales including the maples Aquifoliaceae, family Aquifoliaceae, holly familywidely distributed shrubs and trees Anacardiaceae, family Anacardiaceae, sumac familythe cashew family; trees and shrubs and vines having resinous (sometimes poisonous) juice; includes cashew and mango and pistachio and poison ivy and sumac Hippocastanaceae, family Hippocastanaceae, horse-chestnut familytrees having showy flowers and inedible nutlike seeds in a leathery capsule Staphylaceae, bladdernut family, family Staphylaceaea family of dicotyledonous plants of order Sapindales found mostly in the north temperate zone Ebenaceae, ebony family, family Ebenaceaefruit and timber trees of tropical and warm regions including ebony and persimmon Sapotaceae, family Sapotaceae, sapodilla familytropical trees or shrubs with milky juice and often edible fleshy fruit Symplocaceae, family Symplocaceae, sweetleaf familya dicotyledonous family of order Ebenales Styracaceae, family Styracaceae, storax family, styrax familya widely distributed family of shrubs and trees of order Ebenales Sarraceniaceae, family Sarraceniaceae, pitcher-plant familyinsectivorous plants Nepenthaceae, family Nepenthaceaecoextensive with the genus Nepenthes Droseraceae, family Droseraceae, sundew familya family of carnivorous herbs and shrubs Roridulaceae, family Roridulaceaein some classifications included in the family Droseraceae Crassulaceae, family Crassulaceae, stonecrop familysucculent shrubs and herbs Grossulariaceae, family Grossulariaceae, gooseberry familyin some classifications considered a part of the family Saxifragaceae: plants whose fruit is a berry Boraginaceae, borage family, family Boraginaceaea widely distributed family of plants distinguished by circinate flowers and nutlike fruit Convolvulaceae, family Convolvulaceae, morning-glory familymorning glory; bindweed; sweet potato; plants having trumpet-shaped flowers and a climbing or twining habit Lentibulariaceae, bladderwort family, family Lentibulariaceaecarnivorous aquatic or bog plants: genera Utricularia, Pinguicula, and Genlisea Martyniaceae, family Martyniaceaein most classifications not considered a separate family but included in the Pedaliaceae Orobanchaceae, broomrape family, family Orobanchaceaebrown or yellow leafless herbs; sometimes placed in the order Scrophulariales Pedaliaceae, family Pedaliaceae, sesame familythe family of plants of order Polemoniales Hymenophyllaceae, family Hymenophyllaceaeterrestrial (hygrophytic) or epiphytic ferns: filmy ferns Osmundaceae, family Osmundaceaelarge family of ferns widely distributed in temperate and tropical areas Schizaeaceae, family Schizaeaceaesmall family of mainly tropical ferns Marsileaceae, family Marsileaceaeclover ferns Salviniaceae, family Salviniaceaewater ferns Azollaceae, family Azollaceaeused in some classifications for the genus Azolla Ophioglossaceae, family Ophioglossaceaea family of succulent ferns of order Ophioglossales; cosmopolitan in distribution Erysiphaceae, family Erysiphaceaefamily of fungi parasitic mostly on leaves; includes powdery mildews Sphaeriaceae, family Sphaeriaceaeparasitic fungi having globose and sometimes necked or beaked perithecia Ceratostomataceae, family Ceratostomataceaefungi having carbonous perithecia with long necks Hypocreaceae, family Hypocreaceaefamily of fungi having brightly colored fleshy or membranous ascocarps; sometimes placed in its own order Hypocreales Xylariaceae, family Xylariaceaefamily of fungi characterized by dark brown to black spores Helotiaceae, family Helotiaceaea fungus family of order Helotiales Sclerotiniaceae, family Sclerotiniaceaea fungus family of order Helotiales Sclerodermataceae, family Sclerodermataceaea family of fungi or order Sclerodermatales with a single-layered peridium; includes earthballs Tulostomaceae, Tulostomataceae, family Tulostomaceae, family Tulostomataceaestalked puffballs Rhizopogonaceae, family Rhizopogonaceaea family of fungi of order Hymenogastrales having round subterranean sporophores Mucoraceae, family Mucoraceaelarge family of chiefly saprophytic fungi that includes many common molds destructive to food products Entomophthoraceae, family Entomophthoraceaemostly parasitic lower fungi that typically develop in the bodies of insects Chytridiaceae, family Chytridiaceaea family of aquatic fungi of order Chytridiales Blastodiaceae, family Blastodiaceaea family of saprobic fungi of order Blastocladiales Synchytriaceae, family Synchytriaceaea fungus family of order Chytridiales Peronosporaceae, family Peronosporaceaeparasitic fungi: downy mildews Albuginaceae, family Albuginaceaefungi that produce white sori resembling blisters on certain flowering plants Pythiaceae, family Pythiaceaefungi having sporangia usually borne successively and singly at the tips of branching sporangiophores Plasmodiophoraceae, family Plasmodiophoraceaefamily of fungi often causing hypertrophy in seed plants Tuberaceae, family Tuberaceaefamily of fungi whose ascocarps resemble tubers and vary in size from that of an acorn to that of a large apple Clavariaceae, family Clavariaceaefleshy fungi: coral fungi Hydnaceae, family Hydnaceaetooth fungi Lecanoraceae, family Lecanoraceaea fungus family of the division Lichenes Roccellaceae, family Roccellaceaea fungus family of division Lichenes Pertusariaceae, family Pertusariaceaea fungus family of division Lichenes Usneaceae, family Usneaceaefruticose lichens having prostrate or erect or pendulous thalli: genera Usnea, Evernia, Ramalina, Alectoria Cladoniaceae, family Cladoniaceaea family of lichens Parmeliaceae, family Parmeliaceaea family of lichens Agaricaceae, family Agaricaceaelarge family including many familiar mushrooms Coprinaceae, family Coprinaceaeused in some classifications for the genus Coprinus Russulaceae, family Russulaceaeused in some classification systems for the genus Russula Strophariaceae, family Strophariaceaesometimes included in family Agaricaceae Entolomataceae, family Entolomataceaea family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales Lepiotaceae, family Lepiotaceaea family of fungi having free gills and a cap that is cleanly separable from the stalk Thelephoraceae, family Thelephoraceaefungi having leathery or membranous sporophores Tricholomataceae, family Tricholomataceaea family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales Volvariaceae, family Volvariaceaea family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales Pluteaceae, family Pluteaceaea family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales Saccharomycetaceae, family Saccharomycetaceaefamily of fungi comprising the typical yeasts: reproduce by budding and ferment carbohydrates Schizosaccharomycetaceae, family Schizosaccharomycetaceaea family of fungi belonging to order Endomycetales Aspergillaceae, family Aspergillaceaefamily of fungi including some common molds Pezizaceae, family Pezizaceaelarge family comprising many typical cup fungi Morchellaceae, family Morchellaceaea family of edible fungi including the true morels Sarcoscyphaceae, family Sarcoscyphaceaefamily of fungi belonging to the order Pezizales Helvellaceae, family Helvellaceaefamily of false morels or lorchels; some are edible and some are poisonous Phallaceae, family Phallaceaea family of fungi belonging to the order Phallales and comprising the true stinkhorns Calostomataceae, family Calostomataceaea family of fungi belonging to the order Tulostomatales Clathraceae, family Clathraceaefamily of fleshy fungi resembling stinkhorns Lycoperdaceae, family Lycoperdaceaea fungus family belonging to the order Lycoperdales; includes puffballs Geastraceae, family Geastraceaea family of earthstar fungi belonging to the order Lycoperdales Nidulariaceae, family Nidulariaceaebird's-nest fungi Sphaerobolaceae, family Sphaerobolaceaemonotypic family of fungi in which the more or less spherical gleba is forcibly ejected at maturity Secotiaceae, family Secotiaceaea family of fungi that have a stalk and cap and a wrinkled mass of tissue (the gleba) where spores are produced; are often dismissed as misshapen forms of other fungi Polyporaceae, family Polyporaceaefungi that become corky or woody with age, often forming shelflike growths on trees Fistulinaceae, family Fistulinaceaea family of fungi closely related to the family Polyporaceae except that the tubes on the undersurface of the cap are separate from each other Boletaceae, family Boletaceaefamily of fleshy fungi having the germ pores easily separating from the cup and often from each other Tremellaceae, family Tremellaceaea family of basidiomycetous fungi of the order Tremellales that have the basidium divided longitudinally Auriculariaceae, family Auriculariaceaefungi having gelatinous sporophores Dacrymycetaceae, family Dacrymycetaceaea family of basidiomycetous fungi belonging to the order Tremellales having a bifurcate basidium that lacks septa Melampsoraceae, family Melampsoraceaerust fungi Pucciniaceae, family Pucciniaceaelarge important family of rust fungi Ustilaginaceae, family Ustilaginaceaea fungus family of loose smuts Tilletiaceae, family Tilletiaceaea family of smut fungi having a simple promycelium bearing the spores in an apical cluster Septobasidiaceae, family Septobasidiaceaea family of fungi belonging to the subdivision Basidiomycota Hygrophoraceae, family Hygrophoraceaea family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales; the gills of these fungi have a clean waxy appearance Cortinariaceae, family Cortinariaceaea family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales Moniliaceae, family Moniliaceaefamily of imperfect fungi having white or brightly colored hyphae and spores that are produced directly on the mycelium and not aggregated in fruiting bodies Dematiaceae, family Dematiaceaefamily of imperfect mushrooms having dark-colored hyphae or conidia Tuberculariaceae, family Tuberculariaceaelarge family of mainly saprophytic imperfect fungi Rhamnaceae, buckthorn family, family Rhamnaceaetrees and shrubs usually thorny bearing drupaceous fruit many having medicinal value Vitaceae, Vitidaceae, family Vitaceae, grapevine familya family of vines belonging to order Rhamnales Piperaceae, family Piperaceae, pepper familytropical woody vines and herbaceous plants having aromatic herbage and minute flowers in spikelets Chloranthaceae, family Chloranthaceaesmall family of tropical herbs and shrubs and trees Saururaceae, family Saururaceae, lizard's-tail familyfamily of perennial aromatic herbs: genera Saururus, Anemopsis, Houttuynia Gleicheniaceae, family Gleicheniaceaea family of ferns belonging to order Filicales Parkeriaceae, family Parkeriaceaecoextensive with the genus Ceratopteris; sometimes included in family Polypodiaceae Polypodiaceae, family Polypodiaceaeferns: a large family that in some classification systems has been subdivided into several families (including Aspleniaceae and Blechnaceae and Davalliaceae and Dennstaedtiaceae and Dryopteridaceae and Oleandraceae and Pteridaceae) Adiantaceae, family Adiantaceaeused in some classification systems for some genera of the family Polypodiaceae (or Pteridaceae) Vittariaceae, family Vittariaceaeone of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems: genus Vittaria Aspleniaceae, family Aspleniaceaeone of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems; includes genera Asplenium, Pleurosorus, Schaffneria Blechnaceae, family Blechnaceaeone of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems; includes genera Blechnum, Doodia, Sadleria, Stenochlaena, and Woodwardia Cyatheaceae, family Cyatheaceaetropical tree ferns Davalliaceae, family Davalliaceaeone of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems Dennstaedtiaceae, family Dennstaedtiaceaeone of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems Dicksoniaceae, family Dicksoniaceaetree ferns: genera Dicksonia, Cibotium, Culcita, and Thyrsopteris elegans Athyriaceae, Dryopteridaceae, family Athyriaceae, family Dryopteridaceaealternative names for one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems Lomariopsidaceae, family Lomariopsidaceaesmall family of usually scandent ferns Lophosoriaceae, family Lophosoriaceaevery small family of tree ferns Loxomataceae, family Loxomataceaevery small family of New Zealand ferns Oleandraceae, family Oleandraceaeone of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems Pteridaceae, family Pteridaceaeone of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems; Pteridaceae is itself in turn sometimes further subdivided Marattiaceae, family Marattiaceaeconstituting the order Marattiales: chiefly tropical eusporangiate ferns with gigantic fronds Psilotaceae, family Psilotaceaesmall family of lower ferns having nearly naked stems and minute scalelike leaves Psilophytaceae, family PsilophytaceaePaleozoic plants Rhyniaceae, family Rhyniaceaeprimitive plants of the Paleozoic Equisetaceae, family Equisetaceae, horsetail familysole surviving family of the Equisetales: fern allies Lepidodendraceae, family Lepidodendraceaefossil plants characterized by conspicuous spirally arranged leaf scars on the trunk Lycopodiaceae, clubmoss family, family Lycopodiaceaea family of ferns belonging to the order Lycopodiales Selaginellaceae, family Selaginellaceaelesser club mosses: terrestrial chiefly tropical plants resembling mosses Isoetaceae, family Isoetaceae, quillwort familyquillworts; coextensive with the genus Isoetes Geoglossaceae, family Geoglossaceaea family of fungi belonging to the order Helotiales Cryptogrammataceae, family Cryptogrammataceaeone of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems Thelypteridaceae, family Thelypteridaceaegenera Thelypteris, Phegopteris, and others Asclepiadaceae, family Asclepiadaceae, milkweed familywidely distributed family of herbs and shrubs of the order Gentianales; most with milky juice taxon, taxonomic category, taxonomic group animal or plant group having natural relations n a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities 4Syn|Hypo|Hyper crime syndicate, mob, syndicate Cosa Nostra, Maffia, Mafia a crime syndicate in the United States; organized in families; believed to have important relations to the Sicilian Mafia gangdom, gangland, organized crime underworld organizations n an association of people who share common beliefs or activities the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family Syn|Hypo|Hyper fellowship koinonia Christian fellowship or communion with God or with fellow Christians; said in particular of the early Christian community association a formal organization of people or groups of people |
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英语词典包含147318条英英释义在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。