英语词汇“philosopher”的英英意思、用法、释义、翻译、读音、例句、短语、词组-英语词典

A philosopher is someone engaged in the study of philosophy. Have you ever wondered about the meaning of life? This is the type of weighty question a philosopher tackles.

In ancient Greek, the word philosopho meant a “lover of wisdom.” Thales of Miletus, who lived in the 7th century B.C., generally gets credit for being the first western philosopher, though he is much less well known than Socrates, Plato or Aristotle. René Descartes, famous for his declaration, “I think, therefore I am,” is considered the first modern philosopher, though he lived in the 17th century.

WORD FAMILY

philosopher: philosophers+/philosophical: philosophically/philosophise: philosophised, philosophiser, philosophises, philosophising/philosophiser: philosophisers/philosophize: philosophized, philosophizer, philosophizes, philosophizing/philosophizer: philosophizers/philosophizing: philosophizings/philosophy: philosopher, philosophic, philosophical, philosophies, philosophise, philosophize

USAGE EXAMPLES

The philosopher Roger Scruton, writing in this newspaper, thoroughly undid this argument simply by asking, “But what created the laws of physics?”

Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)

Hoover Institution senior fellow and prominent libertarian conservative philosopher Thomas Sowell announced his retirement in a final column Tuesday morning.

Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)

In The Implosion of Meaning in the Media, the philosopher Jean Baudrillard describes this kind of voter alienation as a tactic.

The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)

1n a specialist in philosophy

Exp|Hypo|Hyper

Pierre Abelard

French philosopher and theologian; lover of Heloise (1079-1142)

Anaxagoras

a presocratic Athenian philosopher who maintained that everything is composed of very small particles that were arranged by some eternal intelligence (500-428 BC)

Anaximander

a presocratic Greek philosopher and student of Thales who believed the universal substance to be infinity rather than something resembling ordinary objects (611-547 BC)

Anaximenes

a presocratic Greek philosopher and associate of Anaximander who believed that all things are made of air in different degrees of density (6th century BC)

Hannah Arendt

United States historian and political philosopher (born in Germany) (1906-1975)

Aristotle

one of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers; pupil of Plato; teacher of Alexander the Great (384-322 BC)

Abul-Walid Mohammed ibn-Ahmad Ibn-Mohammed ibn-Roshd

Arabian philosopher born in Spain; wrote detailed commentaries on Aristotle that were admired by the Schoolmen (1126-1198)

Abu Ali al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina

Arabian physician and influential Islamic philosopher; his interpretation of Aristotle influenced St. Thomas Aquinas; writings on medicine were important for almost 500 years (980-1037)

Viscount St. Albans

English statesman and philosopher; precursor of British empiricism; advocated inductive reasoning (1561-1626)

Jeremy Bentham

English philosopher and jurist; founder of utilitarianism (1748-1831)

Henri Louis Bergson

French philosopher who proposed elan vital as the cause of evolution and development (1859-1941)

Bishop Berkeley

Irish philosopher and Anglican bishop who opposed the materialism of Thomas Hobbes (1685-1753)

Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius

a Roman who was an early Christian philosopher and statesman who was executed for treason; Boethius had a decisive influence on medieval logic (circa 480-524)

Giordano Bruno

Italian philosopher who used Copernican principles to develop a pantheistic monistic philosophy; condemned for heresy by the Inquisition and burned at the stake (1548-1600)

Martin Buber

Israeli religious philosopher (born in Austria); as a Zionist he promoted understanding between Jews and Arabs; his writings affected Christian thinkers as well as Jews (1878-1965)

Ernst Cassirer

German philosopher concerned with concept formation in the human mind and with symbolic forms in human culture generally (1874-1945)

Cleanthes

ancient Greek philosopher who succeeded Zeno of Citium as the leader of the Stoic school (300-232 BC)

Isidore Auguste Marie Francois Comte

French philosopher remembered as the founder of positivism; he also established sociology as a systematic field of study

Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat

French mathematician and philosopher (1743-1794)

Kong the Master

Chinese philosopher whose ideas and sayings were collected after his death and became the basis of a philosophical doctrine known a Confucianism (circa 551-478 BC)

Democritus

Greek philosopher who developed an atomistic theory of matter (460-370 BC)

Jacques Derrida

French philosopher and critic (born in Algeria); exponent of deconstructionism (1930-2004)

Rene Descartes

French philosopher and mathematician; developed dualistic theory of mind and matter; introduced the use of coordinates to locate a point in two or three dimensions (1596-1650)

John Dewey

United States pragmatic philosopher who advocated progressive education (1859-1952)

Denis Diderot

French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France; principal editor of an encyclopedia that disseminated the scientific and philosophical knowledge of the time (1713-1784)

Diogenes

an ancient Greek philosopher and Cynic who rejected social conventions (circa 400-325 BC)

Empedocles

Greek philosopher who taught that all matter is composed of particles of fire and water and air and earth (fifth century BC)

Epictetus

Greek philosopher who was a Stoic (circa 50-130)

Epicurus

Greek philosopher who believed that the world is a random combination of atoms and that pleasure is the highest good (341-270 BC)

Ernst Heinrich Haeckel

German biologist and philosopher; advocated Darwinism and formulated the theory of recapitulation; was an exponent of materialistic monism (1834-1919)

David Hartley

English philosopher who introduced the theory of the association of ideas (1705-1757)

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

German philosopher whose three stage process of dialectical reasoning was adopted by Karl Marx (1770-1831)

Heraclitus

a presocratic Greek philosopher who said that fire is the origin of all things and that permanence is an illusion as all things are in perpetual flux (circa 500 BC)

Johann Friedrich Herbart

German philosopher (1776-1841)

Johann Gottfried von Herder

German philosopher who advocated intuition over reason (1744-1803)

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

David Hume

Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776)

Edmund Husserl

German philosopher who developed phenomenology (1859-1938)

Hypatia

Greek philosopher and astronomer; she invented the astrolabe (370-415)

William James

United States pragmatic philosopher and psychologist (1842-1910)

Immanuel Kant

influential German idealist philosopher (1724-1804)

Soren Aabye Kierkegaard

Danish philosopher who is generally considered. along with Nietzsche, to be a founder of existentialism (1813-1855)

Lao-tse

Chinese philosopher regarded as the founder of Taoism (6th century BC)

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz

German philosopher and mathematician who thought of the universe as consisting of independent monads and who devised a system of the calculus independent of Newton (1646-1716)

John Locke

English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)

Titus Lucretius Carus

Roman philosopher and poet; in a long didactic poem he tried to provide a scientific explanation of the universe (96-55 BC)

Raymond Lully

Spanish philosopher (1235-1315)

Ernst Mach

Austrian physicist and philosopher who introduced the Mach number and who founded logical positivism (1838-1916)

Niccolo Machiavelli

a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527)

Rabbi Moses Ben Maimon

Spanish philosopher considered the greatest Jewish scholar of the Middle Ages who codified Jewish law in the Talmud (1135-1204)

Nicolas de Malebranche

French philosopher (1638-1715)

Herbert Marcuse

United States political philosopher (born in Germany) concerned about the dehumanizing effects of capitalism and modern technology (1898-1979)

Karl Marx

founder of modern communism; wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels in 1848; wrote Das Kapital in 1867 (1818-1883)

George Herbert Mead

United States philosopher of pragmatism (1863-1931)

John Stuart Mill

English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism (1806-1873)

James Mill

Scottish philosopher who expounded Bentham's utilitarianism; father of John Stuart Mill (1773-1836)

Baron de la Brede et de Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

George Edward Moore

English philosopher (1873-1958)

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche

influential German philosopher remembered for his concept of the superman and for his rejection of Christian values; considered, along with Kierkegaard, to be a founder of existentialism (1844-1900)

William of Ockham

English scholastic philosopher and assumed author of Occam's Razor (1285-1349)

Origen

Greek philosopher and theologian who reinterpreted Christian doctrine through the philosophy of Neoplatonism; his work was later condemned as unorthodox (185-254)

Jose Ortega y Gasset

Spanish philosopher who advocated leadership by an intellectual elite (1883-1955)

Parmenides

a presocratic Greek philosopher born in Italy; held the metaphysical view that being is the basic substance and ultimate reality of which all things are composed; said that motion and change are sensory illusions (5th century BC)

Blaise Pascal

French mathematician and philosopher and Jansenist; invented an adding machine; contributed (with Fermat) to the theory of probability (1623-1662)

Charles Sanders Peirce

United States philosopher and logician; pioneer of pragmatism (1839-1914)

Ralph Barton Perry

United States philosopher (1876-1957)

Plato

ancient Athenian philosopher; pupil of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle (428-347 BC)

Plotinus

Roman philosopher (born in Egypt) who was the leading representative of Neoplatonism (205-270)

Pythagoras

Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem; considered to be the first true mathematician (circa 580-500 BC)

Willard Van Orman Quine

United States philosopher and logician who championed an empirical view of knowledge that depended on language (1908-2001)

Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

Indian philosopher and statesman who introduced Indian philosophy to the West (1888-1975)

Thomas Reid

Scottish philosopher of common sense who opposed the ideas of David Hume (1710-1796)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society; ideas influenced the French Revolution (1712-1778)

Bertrand Arthur William Russell

English philosopher and mathematician who collaborated with Whitehead (1872-1970)

Arthur Schopenhauer

German pessimist philosopher (1788-1860)

Albert Schweitzer

French philosopher and physician and organist who spent most of his life as a medical missionary in Gabon (1875-1965)

Lucius Annaeus Seneca

Roman statesman and philosopher who was an advisor to Nero; his nine extant tragedies are modeled on Greek tragedies (circa 4 BC - 65 AD)

Socrates

ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC)

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)

Oswald Spengler

German philosopher who argued that cultures grow and decay in cycles (1880-1936)

Benedict de Spinoza

Dutch philosopher who espoused a pantheistic system (1632-1677)

Rudolf Steiner

Austrian philosopher who founded anthroposophy (1861-1925)

Dugald Stewart

Scottish philosopher and follower of Thomas Reid (1753-1828)

Sir Rabindranath Tagore

Indian writer and philosopher whose poetry (based on traditional Hindu themes) pioneered the use of colloquial Bengali (1861-1941)

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin

French paleontologist and philosopher (1881-1955)

Thales of Miletus

a presocratic Greek philosopher and astronomer (who predicted an eclipse in 585 BC) who was said by Aristotle to be the founder of physical science; he held that all things originated in water (624-546 BC)

Theophrastus

Greek philosopher who was a student of Aristotle and who succeeded Aristotle as the leader of the Peripatetics (371-287 BC)

Simone Weil

French philosopher (1909-1943)

Alfred North Whitehead

English philosopher and mathematician who collaborated with Bertrand Russell (1861-1947)

Bernard Arthur Owen Williams

English philosopher credited with reviving the field of moral philosophy (1929-2003)

Ludwig Josef Johan Wittgenstein

British philosopher born in Austria; a major influence on logic and logical positivism (1889-1951)

Xenophanes

Greek philosopher (560-478 BC)

Zeno of Citium

ancient Greek philosopher who founded the Stoic school (circa 335-263 BC)

Zeno of Elea

ancient Greek philosopher who formulated paradoxes that defended the belief that motion and change are illusory (circa 495-430 BC)

Simone de Beauvoir

French feminist and existentialist and novelist (1908-1986)

Albert Camus

French writer who portrayed the human condition as isolated in an absurd world (1913-1960)

Martin Heidegger

German philosopher whose views on human existence in a world of objects and on Angst influenced the existential philosophers (1889-1976)

Jean-Paul Sartre

French writer and existentialist philosopher (1905-1980)

nativist

a philosopher who subscribes to nativism

Cynic

a member of a group of ancient Greek philosophers who advocated the doctrine that virtue is the only good and that the essence of virtue is self-control

eclectic, eclecticist

someone who selects according to the eclectic method

empiricist

a philosopher who subscribes to empiricism

epistemologist

a specialist in epistemology

aesthetician, esthetician

a philosopher who specializes in the nature of beauty

ethician, ethicist

a philosopher who specializes in ethics

existential philosopher, existentialist, existentialist philosopher

a philosopher who emphasizes freedom of choice and personal responsibility but who regards human existence in a hostile universe as unexplainable

gymnosophist

member of a Hindu sect practicing gymnosophy (especially nudism)

libertarian

someone who believes the doctrine of free will

mechanist

a philosopher who subscribes to the doctrine of mechanism

moralist

a philosopher who specializes in morals and moral problems

naturalist

an advocate of the doctrine that the world can be understood in scientific terms

necessitarian

someone who does not believe the doctrine of free will

nominalist

a philosopher who has adopted the doctrine of nominalism

pluralist

a philosopher who believes that no single explanation can account for all the phenomena of nature

pre-Socratic

any philosopher who lived before Socrates

realist

a philosopher who believes that universals are real and exist independently of anyone thinking of them

Scholastic

a Scholastic philosopher or theologian

Sophist

any of a group of Greek philosophers and teachers in the 5th century BC who speculated on a wide range of subjects

Stoic

a member of the ancient Greek school of philosophy founded by Zeno

transcendentalist

advocate of transcendentalism

yogi

one who practices yoga and has achieved a high level of spiritual insight

Karl Popper, Popper, Sir Karl Raimund Popper

British philosopher (born in Austria) who argued that scientific theories can never be proved to be true, but are tested by attempts to falsify them (1902-1994)

Calvinist, Genevan

an adherent of the theological doctrines of John Calvin

egalitarian, equalitarian

a person who believes in the equality of all people

elitist

someone who believes in rule by an elite group

determinist, fatalist, predestinarian, predestinationist

anyone who submits to the belief that they are powerless to change their destiny

pragmatist

an adherent of philosophical pragmatism

utilitarian

someone who believes that the value of a thing depends on its utility

bookman, scholar, scholarly person, student

a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines

2n a wise person who is calm and rational; someone who lives a life of reason with equanimity

Hyper

individual, mortal, person, somebody, someone, soul

a human being

单词	philosopher
释义	philosopher (once / 197 pages) n A philosopher is someone engaged in the study of philosophy. Have you ever wondered about the meaning of life? This is the type of weighty question a philosopher tackles. In ancient Greek, the word philosopho meant a “lover of wisdom.” Thales of Miletus, who lived in the 7th century B.C., generally gets credit for being the first western philosopher, though he is much less well known than Socrates, Plato or Aristotle. René Descartes, famous for his declaration, “I think, therefore I am,” is considered the first modern philosopher, though he lived in the 17th century. WORD FAMILY philosopher: philosophers+/philosophical: philosophically/philosophise: philosophised, philosophiser, philosophises, philosophising/philosophiser: philosophisers/philosophize: philosophized, philosophizer, philosophizes, philosophizing/philosophizer: philosophizers/philosophizing: philosophizings/philosophy: philosopher, philosophic, philosophical, philosophies, philosophise, philosophize USAGE EXAMPLES The philosopher Roger Scruton, writing in this newspaper, thoroughly undid this argument simply by asking, “But what created the laws of physics?” Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016) Hoover Institution senior fellow and prominent libertarian conservative philosopher Thomas Sowell announced his retirement in a final column Tuesday morning. Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016) In The Implosion of Meaning in the Media, the philosopher Jean Baudrillard describes this kind of voter alienation as a tactic. The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016) 1n a specialist in philosophy Exp\|Hypo\|Hyper Pierre Abelard French philosopher and theologian; lover of Heloise (1079-1142) Anaxagoras a presocratic Athenian philosopher who maintained that everything is composed of very small particles that were arranged by some eternal intelligence (500-428 BC) Anaximander a presocratic Greek philosopher and student of Thales who believed the universal substance to be infinity rather than something resembling ordinary objects (611-547 BC) Anaximenes a presocratic Greek philosopher and associate of Anaximander who believed that all things are made of air in different degrees of density (6th century BC) Hannah Arendt United States historian and political philosopher (born in Germany) (1906-1975) Aristotle one of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers; pupil of Plato; teacher of Alexander the Great (384-322 BC) Abul-Walid Mohammed ibn-Ahmad Ibn-Mohammed ibn-Roshd Arabian philosopher born in Spain; wrote detailed commentaries on Aristotle that were admired by the Schoolmen (1126-1198) Abu Ali al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina Arabian physician and influential Islamic philosopher; his interpretation of Aristotle influenced St. Thomas Aquinas; writings on medicine were important for almost 500 years (980-1037) Viscount St. Albans English statesman and philosopher; precursor of British empiricism; advocated inductive reasoning (1561-1626) Jeremy Bentham English philosopher and jurist; founder of utilitarianism (1748-1831) Henri Louis Bergson French philosopher who proposed elan vital as the cause of evolution and development (1859-1941) Bishop Berkeley Irish philosopher and Anglican bishop who opposed the materialism of Thomas Hobbes (1685-1753) Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius a Roman who was an early Christian philosopher and statesman who was executed for treason; Boethius had a decisive influence on medieval logic (circa 480-524) Giordano Bruno Italian philosopher who used Copernican principles to develop a pantheistic monistic philosophy; condemned for heresy by the Inquisition and burned at the stake (1548-1600) Martin Buber Israeli religious philosopher (born in Austria); as a Zionist he promoted understanding between Jews and Arabs; his writings affected Christian thinkers as well as Jews (1878-1965) Ernst Cassirer German philosopher concerned with concept formation in the human mind and with symbolic forms in human culture generally (1874-1945) Cleanthes ancient Greek philosopher who succeeded Zeno of Citium as the leader of the Stoic school (300-232 BC) Isidore Auguste Marie Francois Comte French philosopher remembered as the founder of positivism; he also established sociology as a systematic field of study Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat French mathematician and philosopher (1743-1794) Kong the Master Chinese philosopher whose ideas and sayings were collected after his death and became the basis of a philosophical doctrine known a Confucianism (circa 551-478 BC) Democritus Greek philosopher who developed an atomistic theory of matter (460-370 BC) Jacques Derrida French philosopher and critic (born in Algeria); exponent of deconstructionism (1930-2004) Rene Descartes French philosopher and mathematician; developed dualistic theory of mind and matter; introduced the use of coordinates to locate a point in two or three dimensions (1596-1650) John Dewey United States pragmatic philosopher who advocated progressive education (1859-1952) Denis Diderot French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France; principal editor of an encyclopedia that disseminated the scientific and philosophical knowledge of the time (1713-1784) Diogenes an ancient Greek philosopher and Cynic who rejected social conventions (circa 400-325 BC) Empedocles Greek philosopher who taught that all matter is composed of particles of fire and water and air and earth (fifth century BC) Epictetus Greek philosopher who was a Stoic (circa 50-130) Epicurus Greek philosopher who believed that the world is a random combination of atoms and that pleasure is the highest good (341-270 BC) Ernst Heinrich Haeckel German biologist and philosopher; advocated Darwinism and formulated the theory of recapitulation; was an exponent of materialistic monism (1834-1919) David Hartley English philosopher who introduced the theory of the association of ideas (1705-1757) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel German philosopher whose three stage process of dialectical reasoning was adopted by Karl Marx (1770-1831) Heraclitus a presocratic Greek philosopher who said that fire is the origin of all things and that permanence is an illusion as all things are in perpetual flux (circa 500 BC) Johann Friedrich Herbart German philosopher (1776-1841) Johann Gottfried von Herder German philosopher who advocated intuition over reason (1744-1803) Thomas Hobbes English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) David Hume Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776) Edmund Husserl German philosopher who developed phenomenology (1859-1938) Hypatia Greek philosopher and astronomer; she invented the astrolabe (370-415) William James United States pragmatic philosopher and psychologist (1842-1910) Immanuel Kant influential German idealist philosopher (1724-1804) Soren Aabye Kierkegaard Danish philosopher who is generally considered. along with Nietzsche, to be a founder of existentialism (1813-1855) Lao-tse Chinese philosopher regarded as the founder of Taoism (6th century BC) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz German philosopher and mathematician who thought of the universe as consisting of independent monads and who devised a system of the calculus independent of Newton (1646-1716) John Locke English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704) Titus Lucretius Carus Roman philosopher and poet; in a long didactic poem he tried to provide a scientific explanation of the universe (96-55 BC) Raymond Lully Spanish philosopher (1235-1315) Ernst Mach Austrian physicist and philosopher who introduced the Mach number and who founded logical positivism (1838-1916) Niccolo Machiavelli a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527) Rabbi Moses Ben Maimon Spanish philosopher considered the greatest Jewish scholar of the Middle Ages who codified Jewish law in the Talmud (1135-1204) Nicolas de Malebranche French philosopher (1638-1715) Herbert Marcuse United States political philosopher (born in Germany) concerned about the dehumanizing effects of capitalism and modern technology (1898-1979) Karl Marx founder of modern communism; wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels in 1848; wrote Das Kapital in 1867 (1818-1883) George Herbert Mead United States philosopher of pragmatism (1863-1931) John Stuart Mill English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism (1806-1873) James Mill Scottish philosopher who expounded Bentham's utilitarianism; father of John Stuart Mill (1773-1836) Baron de la Brede et de Montesquieu French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755) George Edward Moore English philosopher (1873-1958) Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche influential German philosopher remembered for his concept of the superman and for his rejection of Christian values; considered, along with Kierkegaard, to be a founder of existentialism (1844-1900) William of Ockham English scholastic philosopher and assumed author of Occam's Razor (1285-1349) Origen Greek philosopher and theologian who reinterpreted Christian doctrine through the philosophy of Neoplatonism; his work was later condemned as unorthodox (185-254) Jose Ortega y Gasset Spanish philosopher who advocated leadership by an intellectual elite (1883-1955) Parmenides a presocratic Greek philosopher born in Italy; held the metaphysical view that being is the basic substance and ultimate reality of which all things are composed; said that motion and change are sensory illusions (5th century BC) Blaise Pascal French mathematician and philosopher and Jansenist; invented an adding machine; contributed (with Fermat) to the theory of probability (1623-1662) Charles Sanders Peirce United States philosopher and logician; pioneer of pragmatism (1839-1914) Ralph Barton Perry United States philosopher (1876-1957) Plato ancient Athenian philosopher; pupil of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle (428-347 BC) Plotinus Roman philosopher (born in Egypt) who was the leading representative of Neoplatonism (205-270) Pythagoras Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem; considered to be the first true mathematician (circa 580-500 BC) Willard Van Orman Quine United States philosopher and logician who championed an empirical view of knowledge that depended on language (1908-2001) Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Indian philosopher and statesman who introduced Indian philosophy to the West (1888-1975) Thomas Reid Scottish philosopher of common sense who opposed the ideas of David Hume (1710-1796) Jean-Jacques Rousseau French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society; ideas influenced the French Revolution (1712-1778) Bertrand Arthur William Russell English philosopher and mathematician who collaborated with Whitehead (1872-1970) Arthur Schopenhauer German pessimist philosopher (1788-1860) Albert Schweitzer French philosopher and physician and organist who spent most of his life as a medical missionary in Gabon (1875-1965) Lucius Annaeus Seneca Roman statesman and philosopher who was an advisor to Nero; his nine extant tragedies are modeled on Greek tragedies (circa 4 BC - 65 AD) Socrates ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC) Herbert Spencer English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903) Oswald Spengler German philosopher who argued that cultures grow and decay in cycles (1880-1936) Benedict de Spinoza Dutch philosopher who espoused a pantheistic system (1632-1677) Rudolf Steiner Austrian philosopher who founded anthroposophy (1861-1925) Dugald Stewart Scottish philosopher and follower of Thomas Reid (1753-1828) Sir Rabindranath Tagore Indian writer and philosopher whose poetry (based on traditional Hindu themes) pioneered the use of colloquial Bengali (1861-1941) Pierre Teilhard de Chardin French paleontologist and philosopher (1881-1955) Thales of Miletus a presocratic Greek philosopher and astronomer (who predicted an eclipse in 585 BC) who was said by Aristotle to be the founder of physical science; he held that all things originated in water (624-546 BC) Theophrastus Greek philosopher who was a student of Aristotle and who succeeded Aristotle as the leader of the Peripatetics (371-287 BC) Simone Weil French philosopher (1909-1943) Alfred North Whitehead English philosopher and mathematician who collaborated with Bertrand Russell (1861-1947) Bernard Arthur Owen Williams English philosopher credited with reviving the field of moral philosophy (1929-2003) Ludwig Josef Johan Wittgenstein British philosopher born in Austria; a major influence on logic and logical positivism (1889-1951) Xenophanes Greek philosopher (560-478 BC) Zeno of Citium ancient Greek philosopher who founded the Stoic school (circa 335-263 BC) Zeno of Elea ancient Greek philosopher who formulated paradoxes that defended the belief that motion and change are illusory (circa 495-430 BC) Simone de Beauvoir French feminist and existentialist and novelist (1908-1986) Albert Camus French writer who portrayed the human condition as isolated in an absurd world (1913-1960) Martin Heidegger German philosopher whose views on human existence in a world of objects and on Angst influenced the existential philosophers (1889-1976) Jean-Paul Sartre French writer and existentialist philosopher (1905-1980) nativist a philosopher who subscribes to nativism Cynic a member of a group of ancient Greek philosophers who advocated the doctrine that virtue is the only good and that the essence of virtue is self-control eclectic, eclecticist someone who selects according to the eclectic method empiricist a philosopher who subscribes to empiricism epistemologist a specialist in epistemology aesthetician, esthetician a philosopher who specializes in the nature of beauty ethician, ethicist a philosopher who specializes in ethics existential philosopher, existentialist, existentialist philosopher a philosopher who emphasizes freedom of choice and personal responsibility but who regards human existence in a hostile universe as unexplainable gymnosophist member of a Hindu sect practicing gymnosophy (especially nudism) libertarian someone who believes the doctrine of free will mechanist a philosopher who subscribes to the doctrine of mechanism moralist a philosopher who specializes in morals and moral problems naturalist an advocate of the doctrine that the world can be understood in scientific terms necessitarian someone who does not believe the doctrine of free will nominalist a philosopher who has adopted the doctrine of nominalism pluralist a philosopher who believes that no single explanation can account for all the phenomena of nature pre-Socratic any philosopher who lived before Socrates realist a philosopher who believes that universals are real and exist independently of anyone thinking of them Scholastic a Scholastic philosopher or theologian Sophist any of a group of Greek philosophers and teachers in the 5th century BC who speculated on a wide range of subjects Stoic a member of the ancient Greek school of philosophy founded by Zeno transcendentalist advocate of transcendentalism yogi one who practices yoga and has achieved a high level of spiritual insight Karl Popper, Popper, Sir Karl Raimund Popper British philosopher (born in Austria) who argued that scientific theories can never be proved to be true, but are tested by attempts to falsify them (1902-1994) Calvinist, Genevan an adherent of the theological doctrines of John Calvin egalitarian, equalitarian a person who believes in the equality of all people elitist someone who believes in rule by an elite group determinist, fatalist, predestinarian, predestinationist anyone who submits to the belief that they are powerless to change their destiny pragmatist an adherent of philosophical pragmatism utilitarian someone who believes that the value of a thing depends on its utility bookman, scholar, scholarly person, student a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines 2n a wise person who is calm and rational; someone who lives a life of reason with equanimity Hyper individual, mortal, person, somebody, someone, soul a human being
随便看	tax policy tax program tax rate tax return tax revenue tax shelter sea poker sea-poose sea poppy seaport sea power sea purse sea-purse sea puss sea-puss seaquake sear sea raven search search and destroy mission search and rescue mission search engine searcher searcher beetle searching